Background
Methods
Design
Participant characteristics
Dietary analysis
Supplements
Statistical analysis
Results
Participant characteristics
Male competitors | Female competitors | Male | Female | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Placed | SD | DNP | SD | P result | Placed | SD | DNP | SD | P result | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Age | 36.1 | 17.4 | 31.8 | 10.1 | 0.40 | 33.7 | 9.1 | 34.7 | 11.5 | 0.86 | 32.2 | 14.0 | 34.2 | 10.2 |
Years training | 14.2 | 14.1 | 10.9 | 7.9 | 0.40 | 8.1 | 10.3 | 4.0 | 2.7 | 0.28 | 11.6 | 11.1 | 6.0 | 7.3 |
Years competing | 3.5 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 0.34 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 0.40 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.1 |
Competitions this season | 2.3 | 0.8 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 0.18 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 1.5 | 0.38 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 2.6 | 1.2 |
Diet start weight (kg) | 82.5 | 10.4 | 89.2 | 10.4 | 0.08 | 64.7 | 9.5 | 62.9 | 4.9 | 0.63 | 85.4 | 10.8 | 63.8 | 7.1 |
Diet end weight (kg) | 73.1 | 8.5 | 77.9 | 8.7 | 0.12 | 54.5 | 7.0 | 54.8 | 3.9 | 0.91 | 75.1 | 8.8 | 54.7 | 5.3 |
Total weight loss (kg) | 9.4 | 5.6 | 11.3 | 5.2 | 0.32 | 10.2 | 4.3 | 8.1 | 3.4 | 0.29 | 10.3 | 5.4 | 9.1 | 3.9 |
Weight loss per week (kg) | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.74 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.81 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
% Weight loss | 11.1 | 5.8 | 12.5 | 5.2 | 0.48 | 15.4 | 5.2 | 12.7 | 4.9 | 0.30 | 11.8 | 5.5 | 14.0 | 5.1 |
End BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 | 1.8 | 24.6 | 1.9 | 0.40 | 20.4 | 1.6 | 20.6 | 1.4 | 0.79 | 24.3 | 1.8 | 20.5 | 1.4 |
Diet length (weeks) | 23.9 | 11.3 | 23.2 | 8.2 | 0.17 | 24.1 | 8.4 | 22.4 | 9.2 | 0.71 | 24.9 | 9.6 | 23.3 | 8.6 |
Body composition estimation
Dietary intake
Macronutrients, and diet diversity
Male | Female | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diet phase | Placed | SD | DNP | SD | Mean | SD | Placed | SD | DNP | SD | Mean | SD | |
Protein | Start | 3.0 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 2.7 | 0.5 |
End | 3.3 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 0.8 | 3.0 | 0.8 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 0.6 | 2.8 | 0.8 | |
Carbohydrate | Start | 5.1 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 0.9 | 4.4 | 1.4 | 3.7 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 0.9 | 3.9 | 1.6 |
End | 4.6 | 2.2 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 4.1 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 1.5 | |
Fat | Start | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 |
End | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.3 | |
Energy | Start | 38.2 | 11.1 | 32.6 | 7.5 | 35.4 | 4.5 | 30.9 | 7.4 | 33.8 | 6.3 | 32.5 | 6.7 |
End | 35.8 | 8.6 | 29.7 | 10.1 | 32.7 | 5.5 | 29.3 | 3.9 | 29.7 | 7.6 | 29.5 | 10.8 |
Diet phase | Placed | SD | DNP | SD | Mean | SD | P value time | P value result | P value time x result | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | ||||||||||
Protein (total g per day) | Start | 254.0 | 92.7 | 232.3 | 52.3 | 242.4 | 73.4 | |||
Middle | 252.9 | 76.4 | 231.2 | 52.2 | 240.9 | 63.9 | 0.09 | 0.20 | 0.73 | |
End | 243.7 | 64.2 | 205.2 | 54.4 | 222.4 | 61.1 | ||||
Carbohydrate (total g per day) | Start | 431.1 | 165.1 | 323.6 | 78.9 | 373.8 | 135.7 | |||
Middle | 392.8 | 142.5 | 288.0 | 106.5 | 335.0 | 132.6 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.51 | |
End | 340.6 | 156.5 | 268.6 | 185.0 | 300.8 | 173.7 | ||||
Fat (total g per day) | Start | 64.7 | 26.0 | 75.8 | 48.7 | 70.6 | 39.5 | |||
Middle | 61.7 | 21.7 | 69.4 | 48.6 | 65.9 | 38.5 | 0.01 | 0.57 | 0.57 | |
End | 45.4 | 20.3 | 44.8 | 23.9 | 45.1 | 22.0 | ||||
Energy (total kcal per day) | Start | 3214.8 | 1023.4 | 2824.6 | 587.5 | 3006.7 | 829.0 | |||
Middle | 3039.5 | 796.6 | 2629.9 | 575.6 | 2813.5 | 701.7 | 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.83 | |
End | 2660.6 | 571.3 | 2231.0 | 659.9 | 2423.6 | 648.4 | ||||
Female | ||||||||||
Protein (total g per day) | Start | 172.0 | 28.3 | 177.1 | 22.5 | 174.7 | 24.6 | |||
Middle | 168.3 | 34.1 | 166.3 | 24.7 | 167.2 | 28.4 | 0.93 | 0.63 | 0.56 | |
End | 150.9 | 44.1 | 166.8 | 29.3 | 159.3 | 36.5 | ||||
Carbohydrate (total g per day) | Start | 243.7 | 155.5 | 274.0 | 66.0 | 259.9 | 113.1 | |||
Middle | 220.9 | 126.3 | 226.0 | 72.1 | 223.6 | 97.1 | 0.01 | 0.90 | 0.54 | |
End | 196.7 | 99.2 | 179.0 | 84.0 | 187.3 | 88.5 | ||||
Fat (total g per day) | Start | 44.3 | 18.8 | 59.2 | 28.0 | 52.3 | 24.5 | |||
Middle | 44.1 | 19.2 | 52.7 | 19.7 | 48.7 | 19.3 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.64 | |
End | 28.6 | 6.1 | 44.0 | 22.0 | 36.8 | 17.9 | ||||
Energy (total kcal per day) | Start | 2000.8 | 551.7 | 2269.0 | 423.5 | 2143.8 | 489.2 | |||
Middle | 1898.3 | 479.8 | 1986.7 | 405.1 | 1945.4 | 405.1 | 0.01 | 0.76 | 0.70 | |
End | 1598.9 | 256.8 | 1734.4 | 363.0 | 1671.1 | 363.0 |
Cereals and cereal based products | Nuts, oilseeds and legumes | Meat and meat products | Animal and veg fats and oils | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diet Phase | Cereals | Bread | Dairy | Veg | Tubers | Nuts and Seeds | Legumes | White | Red | Processed | Fruit | Eggs | Marine | Veg | Animal | Sugar | Other | |
Male | Start | 17.7 | 0.4 | 15.2 | 11.3 | 9.5 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 9.1 | 3.9 | 1.3 | 7.4 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 |
Middle | 17.6 | 0.0 | 11.9 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 9.3 | 0.0 | 9.3 | 3.6 | 0.0 | 7.3 | 5.7 | 8.3 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 1.0 | |
End | 15.3 | 0.5 | 14.7 | 15.3 | 10.5 | 6.8 | 0.0 | 9.5 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 8.4 | 6.3 | 7.4 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Female | Start | 22.0 | 2.5 | 13.6 | 16.1 | 10.2 | 6.8 | 0.0 | 8.5 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 5.9 | 3.4 | 5.9 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 |
Middle | 18.9 | 1.9 | 11.3 | 15.1 | 8.5 | 9.4 | 0.0 | 5.7 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 9.4 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | |
End | 19.8 | 1.9 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 12.3 | 6.6 | 0.0 | 9.4 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 5.7 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 |
Male | SD | Female | SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean number of supplements used | 7.0 | 0.8 | 5.4 | 3.2 |
Protein powder (%) | 75.0 | 11.8 | 88.9 | 15.7 |
Multivitamin (%) | 53.3 | 28.3 | 60.0 | 14.1 |
BCAA supplement (%) | 49.4 | 14.9 | 53.5 | 12.8 |
Creatine supplement (%) | 48.3 | 2.4 | 50.8 | 9.0 |
Fat burners (%) | 47.8 | 11.0 | 36.5 | 11.2 |
Individual amino (%) | 42.2 | 3.1 | 31.0 | 3.3 |
Pre-workout (%) | 42.2 | 3.1 | 19.9 | 12.4 |
Omega 3 (%) | 39.4 | 0.8 | 46.6 | 12.8 |
Carb supplement (%) | 36.7 | 4.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Mineral or joint supplement (%) | 27.2 | 0.8 | 31.0 | 3.3 |
Vitamin C (%) | 23.9 | 5.5 | 28.5 | 22.6 |
Vitamin D (%) | 21.1 | 1.6 | 11.1 | 15.7 |
Miscellaneous supplement (%) | 42.8 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 7.8 |