Background
Methods
Study population
Instruments and data collection
Quality control of data collection
Data analysis
Ethics
Results
Characteristics | percent/mean/median (n) |
---|---|
Household head (%) | |
Male | 94 (1592) |
Education of mother of the youngest child (%) | |
No education | 31 (525) |
Up to primary | 33 (565) |
Above primary | 36 (602) |
Education of father of the youngest child (%) | |
No education | 37 (617) |
Up to primary | 31 (519) |
Above primary | 32 (556) |
Occupation of father of the youngest child (%) | |
Farmer/cultivator/homemaker | 24 (409) |
Agri & non-agri labor/boatman/shoe or umbrella mechanic | 21 (357) |
Traders/business occupation | 18 (312) |
Skilled worker/profession | 10 (163) |
Service | 10 (161) |
Rickshaw/Van puller | 9 (143) |
Staying abroad | 6 (110) |
Household head untraced, disabled, domestic maid, retired, unemployed | 2 (37) |
Mean number of household members | 5.5 (1692) |
Mean number of under-5 children per household | 1.3 (1692) |
Social status of households (Respondents' self assessment) (%) | |
Rich | 1 (17) |
Upper middle | 3 (48) |
Middle | 46 (776) |
Poor | 41 (693) |
Hardcore poor | 9 (158) |
Ownership of living house (%) | |
Self-owned | 94 (1584) |
Others (Rental, Govt. land, owned by a landlord, relative house) | 6 (108) |
Median amount of homestead land (sq. meter) | 280 (1692) |
Median amount of land other than homestead (sq. meter) | 260 (1692) |
Median number of sleeping room | 2 (1692) |
Households own (%) | |
Electricity | 45 (762) |
Almirah/wardrobe | 27 (459) |
Television (B/W) | 19 (322) |
Television (color) | 9 (147) |
Refrigerator | 2 (39) |
Motor cycle | 2 (38) |
Mobile phone | 29 (498) |
Indicators | Washed both hands before eating % (n) | Washed both hands before feeding a child % (n) | Washed both hands after defecation % (n) | Washed both hands after cleaning a child who defecated % (n) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
with only water | with water and soap | with only water | With water and soap | With only water | With water and soap | With only water | With water and soap | |
Adult caregiver | 7 (86) | 0.5 (6) | 4 (68) | 1 (16) | 18 (13) | 34 (24) | 23 (86) | 21 (79) |
Children: 3-5 years | 2 (26) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 (9) | 6 (3) | 100 (2) | 0 |
Children: 5-12 years | 4 (56) | 0.4 (6) | 4 (1) | 0 | 10 (9) | 7 (6) | 0 | 0 |
Male non-caregiver (12 years and above) | 5 (62) | 0.5 (6) | 3 (1) | 0 | 25 (23) | 10 (9) | 22 (2) | 0 |
Female non-caregiver (12 years and above) | 6 (42) | 1.1 (8) | 5 (3) | 0 | 48 (10) | 18 (8) | 19 (5) | 27 (7) |
All Persons (3+ years) | 5 (272) | 0.4 (26) | 4 (73) | 0.9 (16) | 18 (64) | 14 (50) | 23 (95) | 21 (86) |
Indicators | Before eating % (n) | Before feeding a child % (n) | After defecation % (n) | After cleaning a child who defecated % (n) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Washed both hands with only water | ||||
Structured observation: Female caregivers (events) | 7 (84) | 4 (68) | 19 (13) | 23 (86) |
Respondents' report: During last occasion prior to survey date (N = 1692) | 30 (512) | 16 (273) | 10 (166) | 13 (216) |
Handwashing Demo: Caregivers (N = 946) | - | - | 10 (97) | - |
Handwashing Demo: Children (3-5 years age) (N = 203) | - | - | 16 (32) | - |
Washed both hands with water and soap | ||||
Structured observation: Female caregivers (events) | 0.5 (6) | 1 (16) | 33 (23) | 22 (79) |
Respondents' report: During last occasion prior to survey date (N = 1692) | 12 (211) | 9 (160) | 47 (801) | 43 (735) |
Handwashing Demo: Caregivers (N = 946) | - | - | 51 (482) | - |
Handwashing Demo: Children (3-5 years age) (N = 203) | - | - | 37 (75) | - |
Characteristics | Caregivers' with this characteristic and clean palms and finger pads % (n) | Caregivers' without this characteristic and clean palms and finger pads % (n) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI), p value | Children with this characteristic and clean palms and finger pads % (n) | Children without this characteristic and clean palms and finger pads % (n) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI), p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female caregivers ever washed hands with soap (observed) | 56 (84) | 53 (446) | 1.07 (0.72, 1.56), p = 0.698 | 29 (41) | 25 (201) | 1.21 (0.81, 1.79), p = 0.356 |
Separate soap available at household for handwashing (spot checked) | 53 (215) | 55 (715) | 0.91 (0.73, 1.14), p = 0.432 | 33 (128) | 26 (325) | 1.41 (1.10, 1.81), p = 0.006 |
Spare soap available at household (spot checked) | 60 (324) | 53 (606) | 1.34 (1.08, 1.64), p = 0.006 | 33 (168) | 25 (285) | 1.41 (1.12, 1.78), p = 0.003 |
Used improved latrine (spot checked the infrastructure) | 61 (241) | 53 (689) | 1.40 (1.11, 1.77), p = 0.004 | 35 (130) | 26 (323) | 1.55 (1.21, 1.99), p = 0.001 |
Handwashing location after toilet use: within 10 feet (spot checked) | 54 (627) | 58 (303) | 0.83 (0.70, 1.06), p = 0.150 | 29 (323) | 25 (130) | 1.22 (0.96, 1.55), p = 0.104 |
Water available at handwashing locations after toilet use (spot checked) | 58 (713) | 46 (217) | 1.60 (1.29, 1.98), p = 0.000 | 31 (360) | 20 (93) | 1.72 (1.32, 2.24), p = 0.000 |
Soap available at handwashing locations after toilet use (spot checked) | 58 (493) | 52 (437) | 1.29 (1.06, 1.57), p = 0.010 | 32 (261) | 24 (192) | 1.54 (1.24, 1.93), p = 0.000 |
Self defined economic status: middle class and above | 61 (511) | 49 (419) | 1.59 (1.31, 1.93), p = 0.000 | 33 (266) | 23 (187) | 1.70 (1.36, 2.12), p = 0.000 |
Economic status based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) | ||||||
2nd quintile (compared to poorest) | 49 (165) | 47 (159) | 1.07 (0.79, 1.44), p = 0.662 | 21 (68) | 19 (63) | 1.11 (0.76, 1.63), p = 0.595 |
3rd quntile (compared to poorest) | 57 (194) | 47 (159) | 1.50 (1.11, 2.04), p = 0.009 | 27 (90) | 19 (63) | 1.64 (1.13, 2.37), p = 0.009 |
4th quintile (compared to poorest) | 59 (199) | 47 (159) | 1.64 (1.20, 2.24), p = 0.002 | 37 (119) | 19 (63) | 2.47 (1.71, 3.55), p = 0.000 |
5th quintile (compared to poorest) | 63 (213) | 47 (159) | 1.92 (1.41, 2.61) p = 0.000 | 35 (113) | 19 (63) | 2.35 (1.64, 3.36), p = .000 |
Characteristic | Mothers/caregivers | Children | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted Odds ratio* (95% Confidence Limit) | P-value | Adjusted Odds ratio* (95% Confidence Limit) | P-value | |
Separate soap available at household for handwashing (spot checked) compared to not available†
| 1.16 (0.89, 1.50) | 0.262 | ||
Spare soap available at household (spot checked) compared not available | 1.13 (0.90, 1.41) | 0.297 | 1.08 (0.84, 1.38) | 0.547 |
Used improved latrine (spot checked the infrastructure) compared to unimproved latrine | 1.14 (0.89, 1.45) | 0.307 | 1.17 (0.89, 1.53) | 0.261 |
Water available at handwashing locations after toilet use (spot checked) compared to not available | 1.38 (1.10, 1.73) | 0.006 | 1.34 (1.01, 1.77) | 0.042 |
Soap available at handwashing locations after toilet use (spot checked) compared to not available | 1.08 (0.88, 1.32) | 0.469 | 1.21 (0.95, 1.53) | 0.121 |
PCA constructed economic status: Economic score is a ordinal variable (quintiles as 1 (poorest), 2, 3, 4, 5 (Richest)) | 1.12 (1.04, 1.21) | 0.004 | 1.20 (1.09, 1.31) | 0.000 |