Background
Radiation-induced cataracts in populations with low levels of radiation exposure
Population size | Exposure level | Exposure age or period | Eye examination age or period | Type of cataracts involved | |
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Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors
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Otake et al. [5] | Cohort of 1983 individuals | - | H & N: Mean age = 29.3 yrs and 23.4 yrs | 1963-1964 | γ-ray threshold: 730 mGy neutron-ray threshold: 60 mGy |
Minamoto et al.[6] | Cohort of 873 individuals | Eye dose= 405 mSv | Mean age = 8.8 yrs | Mean age = 64.8 yrs | Cortical opacities PS opacities |
Nakashima et al.[7] | Cohort of 730 individuals | - | Median age = 10.5 yrs | Median age = 66.6 yrs | Threshold dose: 0.6 Sv for cortical opacities 0.7 Sv for PS cataracts |
Chernobyl children
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Day et al.[8] | 996 exposed/791 unexposed | - | Chronic | Range = 5 - 17 yrs | PS opacities |
Contaminated buildings in Taiwan
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Chen et al.[9] | Cohort of 114 individuals | 161.9 mSv | Chronic | Mean= 24.8 yrs | Focal lens defects |
Diagnostic examinations
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Klein et al.[10] | 4926 subjects | Diagnostic X-Ray exposure | - | Range = 43 - 84 yrs | PS opacities |
Treatment of benign diseases
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Wilde et al.[12] | 20 adults treated by radium irradiation | Range: 1-8 Gy | Median age = 6 months | Range = 31 - 46 yrs | Subcapsular punctuate opacities at 100 mGy |
Hall et al. [11] | 483 individuals treated by radiotherapy vs. 89 controls | 0.4 Gy (0-8.4) | Mean age = 5 months | Range = 36 - 54 yrs | PS opacities and Cortical opacities |
Chernobyl Liquidators
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Worgul et al.[13] | 8,607 Ukrainian workers | Median lens dose = 120 mGy (0-0.8) | Mean age = 36.7 yrs | Mean = 45 yrs | PS changes and Cortical cataracts |
Astronauts
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Cucinotta et al[14] | 295 astronauts | Mean eye dose = 3.6 mSv | Chronic (at least 40 yrs old at first flight) | First eye exam in 1977 | PS cataracts, Nuclear cataracts and mixed |
Rastegar et al.[15] | 21 astronauts vs. 395 unexposed | - | Mean time in space = 62 days | Mean = 59 yrs in astronauts group | Opacities in posterior capsule |
Chylack et al.[16] | 171 astronauts vs. 247 unexposed | Lens dose = 15.1 to 129.3 mSv | - | 2004-2006 | Cortical cataracts and PS opacities |
Airline pilots
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Rafnsonn et al.[17] | 274 pilots with lens opacities vs. 374 controls | Cumulative dose: 0 to 48 mSv | - | Mean = 75 yrs in cases; 66.1 yrs in controls | Nuclear cataract |
Radiologists and radiological technologists
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Chodick et al.[18] | Cohort of 35 705 radiology technicians | Median = 28.1 mGy | Range = 24 - 44 yrs | Follow up between 1983 and 2004 | Any cataract |
Interventional cardiologists: a little-studied exposed population
Method/Design
Study Aims
Population and selection
Data collection
Questionnaires
Medical information |
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Weight |
Size |
Colour of the eyes |
Left or Right handed |
Smoking status |
Diabetes |
Myopia |
Corticosteroids intake |
History of cancer and radiotherapy |
History of treated cataract |
History of eye traumatism |
Congenital cataract |
History of CT scans and localisation |
History of significant occupational exposure to ionising radiation for more than 12 consecutive months |
Occupational history
|
List of all centres and periods of activity |
For each period, precise: |
Coronary angiography? |
Mean number of procedures per week or year |
Radial or femoral access route |
Coronary angioplasty? |
Mean number of procedures per week or year |
Radial or femoral access route |
Pacemaker or intracardiac defibrillator: implantation ? |
Mean number of procedures per week or year |
Mean fluoroscopy time per procedure |
Pacemaker or intracardiac defibrillator: resynchronisation? |
Mean number of procedures per week or year |
Mean fluroscopy time per procedure |
Radiofrequency catheter ablation except atrial fibrillation ? |
Mean number of procedures per week or year |
Mean fluroscopy time per procedure |
Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation? |
Mean number of procedures per week or year |
Mean fluroscopy time per procedure |
Frequency of use of radiation protection tools: |
Lead apron |
Lead thyroid shield |
Lead eye glasses (goggles) |
Other eye protection |
Lead gloves |
Protective mobile screen |
Radiation protection cabin |
Frequency of use of dosimetric badge |
Ophthalmologic examinations
For each eye: |
History of treated cataract |
Eyeglasses or contact lenses power (in diopters) |
Measured refraction (in diopters) |
Best corrected visual acuity |
Intraocular pressure |
LOCS III classification for lens opacities |
Nuclear (Color/Opalescence) |
No opacities |
Stages 1 to 6 |
Completely opacified |
Not evaluable |
Cortical |
No opacities |
Stages 1 to 5 |
Completely opacified |
Not evaluable |
Posterior subcapsular |
No opacities |
Stages 1 to 5 |
Completely opacified |
Not evaluable |
Other significant pathologies (glaucoma, etc...) |