Background
Methods
Study design, setting and participants
Data collection
Measures
Survey instrument
Traditional bullying
Cyberbullying
Individual factors
Family factors
School/social factors
Data analyses
Distribution of the participants by type of bullying and role in bullying
Characteristics of participants by type of bullying and role in bullying
Correlated profiles by the type of bullying and role in bullying
Results
Prevalence and overlap of cyberbullying and traditional bullying
Distribution of the participants by type of bullying and role in bullying
Type of bullying | Bullying role | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Victim | Bully | Bully-victim | Total | |
Cyberbullying | 136 (20.6) | 29 (4.4) | 36 (5.4) | 201 (30.4) |
Traditional bullying | 122 (18.5) | 67 (10.1) | 80 (12.1) | 269 (40.7) |
Combined bullying | 58 (8.8) | 20 (3.0) | 113 (17.1) | 191 (28.9) |
Total | 316 (47.9) | 116 (17.5) | 229 (34.6) | 661 (100.0) |
Characteristics of participants by type of bullying and role in bullying
Variables | Total | Traditional bullying | Cyberbullying | Combined bullying | Involved in any types of bullying | Uninvolved | P-valuea | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Victims | Bullies/bully-victims | Victims | Bullies/bully-victims | Victims | Bullies/bully-victims | |||||
(N = 2028) | (N = 122) | (N = 147) | (N = 136) | (N = 65) | (N = 58) | (N = 133) | (N = 661) | (N = 1367) | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Individual factors | ||||||||||
Age | ||||||||||
14–16 | 1290 (63.6) | 82 (67.2) | 105 (71.4) | 89 (65.4) | 38 (58.5) | 34 (58.6) | 81 (60.9) | 429 (64.9) | 861 (63.0) | 0.446 |
17–20 | 731 (36.0) | 40 (32.8) | 42 (28.6) | 46 (33.8) | 27 (41.5) | 24 (41.4) | 52 (39.1) | 231 (34.9) | 500 (36.6) | |
Missing | 7 (0.4) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.2) | 6 (0.4) | ||||||
Gender | ||||||||||
Male | 979 (48.3) | 61 (50.0) | 101 (68.7) | 53 (39.0) | 37 (56.9) | 17 (29.3) | 77 (57.9) | 346 (52.3) | 633 (46.3) | 0.012 |
Female | 1043 (51.4) | 61 (50.0) | 45 (30.6) | 83 (61.0) | 28 (43.1) | 41 (70.7) | 56 (42.1) | 314 (47.5) | 729 (53.3) | |
Missing | 6 (0.3) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.2) | 5 (0.4) | ||||||
Academic level | ||||||||||
Above average | 875 (43.1) | 49 (40.2) | 74 (50.3) | 53 (39.0) | 26 (40.0) | 25 (43.1) | 50 (37.6) | 277 (41.9) | 598 (43.7) | 0.425 |
Average or below | 1152 (56.8) | 73 (59.8) | 73 (49.7) | 83 (61.0) | 39 (60.0) | 33 (56.9) | 83 (62.4) | 384 (58.1) | 768 (56.2) | |
Missing | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | ||||||||
Internet usage time per day | ||||||||||
< 3 h | 1135 (56.0) | 66 (54.1) | 79 (53.7) | 72 (52.9) | 28 (43.1) | 34 (58.6) | 57 (42.9) | 336 (50.8) | 799 (58.4) | 0.001 |
≥ 3 h | 882 (43.5) | 55 (45.1) | 68 (46.3) | 64 (47.1) | 37 (56.9) | 24 (41.4) | 75 (56.4) | 323 (48.9) | 559 (40.9) | |
Missing | 11 (0.5) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) | 2 (0.3) | 9 (0.7) | |||||
Internet addiction | ||||||||||
No addiction | 881 (43.4) | 51 (41.8) | 55 (37.4) | 55 (40.4) | 27 (41.5) | 13 (22.4) | 33 (24.8) | 234 (35.4) | 647 (47.3) | < 0.001 |
Addiction | 1147 (56.6) | 71 (58.2) | 92 (62.6) | 81 (59.6) | 38 (58.5) | 45 (77.6) | 100 (75.2) | 427 (64.6) | 720 (52.7) | |
Smoking (past 30 days) | ||||||||||
No | 1939 (95.6) | 117 (95.9) | 135 (91.8) | 133 (97.8) | 59 (90.8) | 57 (98.3) | 113 (85.0) | 614 (92.9) | 1325 (96.9) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 85 (4.2) | 4 (3.3) | 12 (8.2) | 3 (2.2) | 6 (9.2) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (14.3) | 44 (6.7) | 41 (3.0) | |
Missing | 4 (0.2) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (0.8) | 3 (0.5) | 1 (0.1) | ||||
Alcohol use (past 30 days) | ||||||||||
No | 1510 (74.5) | 98 (80.3) | 92 (62.6) | 93 (68.4) | 42 (64.6) | 41 (70.7) | 69 (51.9) | 435 (65.8) | 1075 (78.6) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 513 (25.3) | 23 (18.9) | 55 (37.4) | 43 (31.6) | 23 (35.4) | 17 (29.3) | 64 (48.1) | 225 (34.0) | 288 (21.1) | |
Missing | 5 (0.3) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.3) | ||||||
Self-esteem | ||||||||||
Low (< 15) | 1504 (74.2) | 100 (82.0) | 111 (75.5) | 103 (75.7) | 50 (76.9) | 46 (79.3) | 101 (75.9) | 511 (77.3) | 993 (72.6) | 0.009 |
Moderate to high (≥15) | 493 (24.3) | 21 (17.2) | 30 (20.4) | 32 (23.5) | 14 (21.5) | 10 (17.2) | 29 (21.8) | 136 (20.6) | 357 (26.1) | |
Missing | 31 (1.5) | 1 (0.8) | 6 (4.1) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (3.5) | 3 (2.3) | 14 (2.1) | 17 (1.2) | |
Psychological distress | ||||||||||
No serious distress (< 13) | 1400 (69.0) | 73 (59.8) | 84 (57.1) | 78 (57.4) | 44 (67.7) | 32 (55.2) | 67 (50.4) | 378 (57.2) | 1022 (74.8) | < 0.001 |
Yes (≥13) | 628 (31.0) | 49 (40.2) | 63 (42.9) | 58 (42.6) | 21 (32.3) | 26 (44.8) | 66 (49.6) | 283 (42.8) | 345 (25.2) | |
Self-harm | ||||||||||
No | 1895 (93.4) | 112 (91.8) | 122 (83.0) | 128 (94.1) | 60 (92.3) | 46 (79.3) | 120 (90.2) | 588 (89.0) | 1307 (95.6) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 132 (6.5) | 10 (8.2) | 25 (17.0) | 8 (5.9) | 5 (7.7) | 12 (20.7) | 13 (9.8) | 73 (11.0) | 59 (4.3) | |
Missing | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | ||||||||
Suicidal ideation | ||||||||||
No | 1887 (93.0) | 106 (86.9) | 130 (88.4) | 127 (93.4) | 61 (93.8) | 49 (84.5) | 111 (83.5) | 584 (88.4) | 1303 (95.3) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 141 (7.0) | 16 (13.1) | 17 (11.6) | 9 (6.6) | 4 (6.2) | 9 (15.5) | 22 (16.5) | 77 (11.6) | 64 (4.7) | |
Family factors | ||||||||||
Living situation | ||||||||||
Both parents | 1668 (82.2) | 99 (81.1) | 119 (81.0) | 104 (76.5) | 49 (75.4) | 48 (82.8) | 109 (82.0) | 528 (79.9) | 1140 (83.4) | 0.092 |
Single parent | 310 (15.3) | 22 (18.0) | 25 (17.0) | 27 (19.9) | 14 (21.5) | 7 (12.1) | 17 (12.8) | 112 (16.9) | 198 (14.5) | |
With others | 49 (2.4) | 1 (0.8) | 3 (2.0) | 5 (3.7) | 2 (3.1) | 3 (5.2) | 7 (5.3) | 21 (3.2) | 28 (2.1) | |
Missing | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | ||||||||
Parental internet supervision | ||||||||||
No | 699 (34.5) | 42 (34.4) | 51 (34.7) | 43 (31.6) | 28 (43.1) | 15 (25.9) | 52 (39.1) | 231 (34.9) | 468 (34.2) | 0.785 |
Yes | 1319 (65.0) | 79 (64.8) | 96 (65.3) | 93 (68.4) | 37 (56.9) | 43 (74.1) | 80 (60.2) | 428 (64.8) | 891 (65.2) | |
Missing | 10 (0.5) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) | 2 (0.3) | 8 (0.6) | |||||
Dinner days with family per week | ||||||||||
0–4 times | 1078 (53.2) | 65 (53.3) | 84 (57.1) | 78 (57.4) | 42 (64.6) | 35 (60.3) | 91 (68.4) | 395 (59.8) | 683 (50.0) | < 0.001 |
5–7 times | 938 (46.3) | 56 (45.9) | 62 (42.2) | 58 (42.6) | 23 (35.4) | 23 (39.7) | 40 (30.1) | 262 (39.6) | 676 (49.5) | |
Missing | 12 (0.6) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.7) | 2 (1.5) | 4 (0.6) | 8 (0.6) | ||||
School/social factors | ||||||||||
Types of school | ||||||||||
Academic | 1573 (77.6) | 94 (77.0) | 87 (59.2) | 116 (85.3) | 47 (72.3) | 51 (87.9) | 91 (68.4) | 486 (73.5) | 1087 (79.5) | 0.002 |
Vocational | 455 (22.4) | 28 (23.0) | 60 (40.8) | 20 (14.7) | 18 (27.7) | 7 (12.1) | 42 (31.6) | 175 (26.5) | 280 (20.5) | |
School climate | ||||||||||
Positive (> 32) | 1491 (73.5) | 85 (69.7) | 98 (66.7) | 99 (72.8) | 41 (63.1) | 32 (55.2) | 72 (54.1) | 427 (64.6) | 1064 (77.8) | < 0.001 |
Negative (≤32) | 537 (26.5) | 37 (30.3) | 49 (33.3) | 37 (27.2) | 24 (36.9) | 26 (44.8) | 61 (45.9) | 234 (35.4) | 303 (22.2) | |
Perceived social support | ||||||||||
Low (1–2.9) | 35 (1.7) | 4 (3.3) | 5 (3.4) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.7) | 2 (1.5) | 14 (2.1) | 21 (1.5) | 0.009 |
Moderate (3–5) | 840 (41.4) | 53 (43.4) | 64 (43.5) | 57 (41.9) | 34 (52.3) | 32 (55.2) | 63 (47.4) | 303 (45.8) | 537 (39.3) | |
High (5.1–7) | 1153 (56.9) | 65 (53.3) | 78 (53.1) | 78 (57.4) | 30 (46.2) | 25 (43.1) | 68 (51.1) | 344 (52.0) | 809 (59.2) |
Individual factors
Family factors
School/social factors
Correlate profiles by the type and role of bullying
Variables | Traditional bullying | Cyberbullying | Combined bullying | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Victims (N = 122) | Bullies/bully-victims (N = 147) | Victims (N = 136) | Bullies/bully-victims (N = 65) | Victims (N = 58) | Bullies/bully-victims (N = 133) | |||||||
AOR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR (95% CI) | P-value | |
Gender | ||||||||||||
Female | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
Male | 1.28 (0.84,1.95) | 0.244 | 2.80 (2.00,3.91) | < 0.001 | 0.83 (0.54,1.30) | 0.405 | 1.49 (0.90,2.47) | 0.115 | 0.62 (0.32,1.18) | 0.138 | 1.79 (1.17,2.73) | 0.010 |
Internet addiction | ||||||||||||
No addiction | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
Addiction | 1.17 (0.84,1.63) | 0.325 | 1.46 (1.02,2.08) | 0.041 | 1.15 (0.74,1.78) | 0.529 | 1.28 (0.78,2.11) | 0.319 | 2.60 (1.36,4.97) | 0.006 | 2.61 (1.63,4.20) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol use | ||||||||||||
No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
Yes | 0.79 (0.52,1.21) | 0.257 | 1.88 (1.33,2.64) | 0.001 | 1.68 (1.13,2.50) | 0.012 | 1.87 (1.09,3.22) | 0.026 | 1.47 (0.86,2.50) | 0.151 | 2.90 (1.98,4.26) | < 0.001 |
Psychological distress | ||||||||||||
No serious distress | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
Yes | 1.74 (1.16,2.61) | 0.009 | 1.91 (1.27,2.88) | 0.003 | 1.98 (1.36,2.87) | 0.001 | 1.27 (0.74,2.20) | 0.368 | 1.25 (0.66,2.37) | 0.476 | 2.08 (1.33,3.24) | 0.003 |
Self-harm | ||||||||||||
No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
Yes | 1.20 (0.57,2.54) | 0.615 | 4.01 (2.31,6.94) | < 0.001 | 0.98 (0.46,2.09) | 0.951 | 1.78 (0.60,5.24) | 0.282 | 3.55 (1.74,7.27) | 0.001 | 1.24 (0.62,2.49) | 0.525 |
Suicidal ideation | ||||||||||||
No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
Yes | 2.34 (1.28,4.27) | 0.008 | 1.32 (0.70,2.49) | 0.377 | 0.96 (0.46,2.00) | 0.913 | 0.94 (0.33,2.66) | 0.905 | 1.46 (0.56,3.83) | 0.420 | 2.43 (1.41,4.18) | 0.003 |
Type of school | ||||||||||||
Academic | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
Vocational | 1.18 (0.71,1.96) | 0.502 | 2.43 (1.52,3.90) | 0.001 | 0.74 (0.43,1.29) | 0.277 | 1.43 (0.81,2.52) | 0.204 | 0.68 (0.28,1.67) | 0.381 | 1.83 (1.10,3.06) | 0.023 |
School climate | ||||||||||||
Negative | 1.41 (0.80,2.46) | 0.220 | 1.55 (1.04,2.29) | 0.032 | 1.19 (0.80,1.76) | 0.384 | 1.95 (1.17,3.23) | 0.012 | 2.69 (1.37,5.27) | 0.006 | 2.58 (1.68,3.96) | < 0.001 |
Positive | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |