Background
Methods
Ethics and study design
Sample size and measurement reproducibility
Periodontal examination and clinical variables
Questionnaires
Assessment of confounders
Statistical methods
Results
Sample description
Women (n = 320) | Men (n = 272) | P-value | Overall (N = 592) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
OHIP-14 Total, mean (SD) | 9.57 (11.70) | 5.83 (8.54) | < 0.001* | 7.85 (10.53) |
OHIP-14 domains, mean (SD) | ||||
Functional limitation | 1.23 (2.01) | 0.85 (1.58) | 0.032* | 1.05 (1.83) |
Physical pain | 2.54 (2.70) | 1.93 (2.40) | 0.008* | 2.26 (2.58) |
Psychological discomfort | 1.67 (2.58) | 0.86 (1.94) | < 0.001* | 1.30 (2.34) |
Physical disability | 1.58 (2.47) | 0.97 (1.91) | 0.003* | 1.30 (2.25) |
Psychological disability | 1.28 (2.20) | 0.58 (1.54) | < 0.001* | 0.96 (1.95) |
Social disability | 0.41 (1.27) | 0.17 (0.74) | 0.029* | 0.30 (1.07) |
Handicap | 0.87 (1.87) | 0.47 (1.34) | 0.008* | 0.68 (1.66) |
SXI-5, mean (SD) | 7.1 (2.1) | 6.3 (1.5) | 0.001* | 6.7 (1.9) |
PSS-10, mean (SD) | 14.2 (8.2) | 16.1 (7.6) | 0.002* | 15.1 (8.0) |
Age, mean (SD) | 71.9 (6.2) | 73.4 (6.6) | 0.007* | 72.6 (6.4) |
Mean PD (mm), mean (SD) | 1.88 (0.70) | 2.00 (0.88) | 0.372* | 1.94 (0.79) |
Mean CAL (mm), mean (SD) | 2.86 (1.28) | 3.22 (1.76) | 0.259* | 3.02 (1.53) |
Mean Rec (mm), mean (SD) | 0.98 (0.94) | 1.24 (1.26) | 0.047* | 1.10 (1.10) |
Mean BoP (%), mean (SD) | 15.1 (20.7) | 14.9 (21.5) | 0.026* | 15.0 (21.1) |
Missing teeth, mean (SD) | 10.9 (6.7) | 11.9 (6.8) | < 0.001* | 12,72 (6.77) |
Periodontitis, n (%) | ||||
Severity | ||||
Healthy | 104 (32.5) | 68 (25.0) | 0.032# | 172 (29.1) |
Stage I (Mild) | 48 (15.0) | 36 (13.2) | 84 (14.2) | |
Stage II (Moderate) | 79 (24.7) | 77 (28.3) | 156 (26.4) | |
Stage III (Severe/Advanced) | 89 (27.8) | 91 (33.5) | 180 (30.4) | |
Extent | ||||
No | 104 (32.5) | 68 (25.0) | 0.135# | 172 (29.1) |
Localized | 73 (22.8) | 69 (25.4) | 142 (24.0) | |
Generalized | 143 (44.7) | 135 (49.6) | 278 (47.0) | |
Interproximal cleaning, n (%) | ||||
No | 227 (70.9) | 233 (85.7) | < 0.001# | 460 (77.7) |
Occasionally | 35 (10.9) | 18 (6.6) | 53 (9.0) | |
Yes | 58 (18.1) | 21 (7.7) | 79 (13.3) | |
Toothbrushing frequency per day, n (%) | ||||
0 | 8 (2.5) | 18 (6.6) | < 0.001# | 26 (4.4) |
1 | 79 (24.7) | 114 (41.9) | 193 (32.6) | |
2+ | 233 (72.8) | 140 (51.5) | 373 (63.0) | |
Denture wearer, n (%) | ||||
No | 137 (42.8) | 170 (62.5) | < 0.001# | 307 (51.9) |
Yes | 183 (57.2) | 102 (37.5) | 285 (48.1) | |
Denture extent, n (%) (n = 285) | ||||
Partial | 128 (69.9) | 77 (75.5) | – | 205 (71.9) |
Full | 12 (6.6) | 5 (4.9) | 17 (6.0) | |
Both | 43 (23.5) | 20 (19.6) | 63 (22.1) | |
Type of denture, n (%) (n = 285) | ||||
Removable Acrylic | 124 (67.8) | 73 (71.6) | – | 197 (69.1) |
Removable Metallic | 58 (31.7) | 24 (23.5) | 82 (28.8) | |
Removable Acrylic and Metallic | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | |
Fixed | 1 (0.5) | 5 (4.9) | 6 (2.1) |
Women (n = 320) | Men (n = 272) | Overall (N = 592) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ND | L | G | P-value # | ND | L | G | P-value # | ND | L | G | P-value # | |
OHIP-14, mean (SD) | 9.02 (11.90) | 9.29 (10.45) | 10.11 (12.23) | 0.430 | 4.28 (6.46) | 5.64 (8.78) | 6.71 (9.24) | 0.165 | 7.15 (10.35) | 7.51 (9.81) | 8.42 (10.98) | 0.178 |
OHIP-14 domain, mean (SD) | ||||||||||||
Functional limitation | 1.19 (2.23) | 1.25 (1.70) | 1.25 (2.00) | 0.435 | 0.71 (1.39) | 0.77 1.37) | 0.96 (1.76) | 0.732 | 1.00 (1.95) | 1.01 (1.56) | 1.11 (1.89) | 0.466 |
Physical pain | 2.44 (2.68) | 2.56 (2.45) | 2.61 (2.85) | 0.897 | 1.81 (2.32) | 1.77 (2.44) | 2.07 (2.43) | 0.501 | 2.19 (2.56) | 2.18 (2.47) | 2.35 (2.66) | 0.866 |
Psychological discomfort | 1.56 (2.60) | 1.75 (2.45) | 1.66 (2.61) | 0.405 | 0.53 (1.69) | 0.84 (1.91) | 1.04 (2.07) | 0.079 | 1.15 (2.33) | 1.31 (2.24) | 1.36 (2.38) | 0.178 |
Physical disability | 1.57 (2.47) | 1.36 (2.18) | 1.68 (2.62) | 0.936 | 0.81 (1.70) | 0.87 (3.88) | 1.11 (1.97) | 0.395 | 1.27 (2.23) | 1.12 (2.09) | 1.40 (2.34) | 0.601 |
Psychological disability | 1.13 (2.09) | 1.36 (2.19) | 1.35 (2.28) | 0.443 | 0.25 (1.01) | 0.58 (1.45) | 0.74 (1.77) | 0.199 | 0.78 (1.80) | 0.98 (1.90) | 1.05 (2.06) | 0.223 |
Social disability | 0.49 (1.29) | 0.23 (1.01) | 0.44 (1.39) | 0.348 | 0.04 (0.27) | 0.2 (0.85) | 0.21 (0.83) | 0.267 | 0.31 (1.04) | 0.22 (0.93) | 0.33 (1.15) | 0.708 |
Handicap | 0.64 (1.59) | 0.78 (1.45) | 1.07 (2.22) | 0.387 | 0.13 (0.54)a | 0.61 (2.15)b | 0.57 (1.52)b | 0.043* | 0.44 (1.31) | 0.7 (1.45) | 0.83 1.93) | 0.060 |
Women (n = 320) | Men (n = 272) | Overall (N = 592) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stage | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | P-value # | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | P-value # | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | P-value # |
OHIP-14. mean (SD) | 9.0 (11.9) | 6.3 (8.9) | 8.6 (10.4) | 12.8 (13.2) | 0.101 | 4.3 (6.5) | 6.3 (9.0) | 5.6 (7.4) | 7.0 (10.3) | 0.502 | 7.2 (10.3) | 6.3 (8.9) | 7.1 (9.2) | 9.9 (12.2) | 0.225 |
OHIP-14 domain. Mean (SD) | |||||||||||||||
Functional limitation | 1.2 (2.2) | 0.8 (1.6) | 1.4 (1.9) | 1.3 (2.1) | 0.027 | 0.7 (1.4) | 1.3 (2.1) | 0.6 (1.2) | 1.0 (1.7) | 0.216 | 1.0 (2.0) | 1.0 (1.9) | 1.0 (1.6) | 1.2 (1.9) | 0.466 |
Physical pain | 2.4 (2.7) | 1.9 (2.5) | 2.2 (2.5) | 3.4 (2.9) | 0.410 | 1.8 (2.3) | 1.7 (2.3) | 2.0 (2.5) | 2.0 (2.5) | 0.704 | 2.2 (2.6) | 1.8 (2.4) | 2.1 (2.5) | 2.7 (2.7) | 0.397 |
Psychological discomfort | 1.6 (2.6) | 1.1 (2.2) | 1.5 (2.3) | 2.3 (2.9) | 0.293 | 0.5 (1.7) | 1.0 (2.3) | 1.0 (1.8) | 1.0 (2.1) | 0.126 | 1.2 (2.3) | 1.0 (2.2) | 1.2 (2.1) | 1.6 (2.6) | 0.190 |
Physical disability | 1.6 (2.5) | 1.0 (1.9) | 1. 4 (2.7) | 1.1 (2.1) | 0.404 | 0.8 (1.7) | 1.0 (1.8) | 0.9 (1.8) | 1.1 (2.2) | 0.835 | 1.3 (2.2) | 1.0 (1.9) | 1.2 (2.2) | 1.6 (2.5) | 0.715 |
Psychological disability | 1.1 (2.1) | 1.0 (2.0) | 1.1 (2.0) | 1.8 (2.5) | 0.765 | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.7 (1.4) | 0.5 (1.3) | 0.9 (2.0) | 0.266 | 0.8 (1.8) | 0.9 (1.8) | 0.8 (1.7) | 1.3 (2.3) | 0.725 |
Social disability | 0.5 (1.3) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.4 (1.2) | 0.6 (1.6) | 0.112 | 0.0 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.8) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.300 | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.1 (0.6) | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.4 (1.3) | 0.261 |
Handicap | 0.6 (1.6) | 0.5 (1.4) | 0.7 (1.8) | 1.4 (2.3) | 0.946 | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.4 (1.1) | 0.8 (1.9) | 0.101 | 0.4 (1.3) | 0.3 (1.3) | 0.5 (1.5) | 1.1 (2.1) | 0.493 |
OHIP-14 and covariates impact
OHIP-14 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Functional limitation | Physical pain | Psychological discomfort | Physical disability | Psychological disability | Social disability | Handicap | |
SXI-5 Total | 0.281** | 0.246** | 0.213** | 0.185** | 0.207** | 0.218** | 0.143** | 0.192** |
PSS-10 Total | 0.083* | 0.008 | 0.019 | 0.093* | 0.017 | 0.114*** | 0.053 | 0.115** |
Number of missing teeth | 0.184** | 0.165** | 0.105** | 0.158** | 0.182** | 0.135** | 0.091** | 0.125** |
Mean PD | 0.126** | 0.043 | 0.097* | 0.118** | 0.092* | 0.095* | 0.068 | 0.084* |
Mean CAL | 0.162** | 0.089* | 0.090* | 0.140** | 0.131** | 0.117** | 0.077 | 0.124** |
Mean Rec | 0.136** | 0.085* | 0.066 | 0.115** | 0.106** | 0.095* | 0.054 | 0.115** |
Mean BoP | 0.110** | −0.015 | 0.105* | 0.109** | 0.071 | 0.071 | 0.060 | 0.090* |
OHIP-14 Total Score | ||
---|---|---|
B | p-value | |
Age | −0.24 (− 0.36, − 0.97) | < 0.001*** |
SXI-5 Total | 1.20 (0.77–1.63) | < 0.001*** |
PSS-10 Total | 0.35 (0.26–0.45) | < 0.001*** |
Missing teeth | 0.24 (0.13–0.35) | < 0.001*** |
Mean PD | 1.56 (0.62–2.51) | 0.001** |
OHIP-14 Total Score | ||
---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Age | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.003** |
SXI-5 Total | 1.28 (1.14–1.43) | < 0.001*** |
PSS-10 Total | 1.03 (1.00–1.05) | 0.022* |
Gender | ||
Female | 1 | – |
Male | 1.44 (1.00–2.06) | 0.048* |
Mean CAL | 1.25 (1.10–1.41) | < 0.001*** |