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Zurück zum Zitat Ionescu A, Fraser AG, Butchart EG: Prevalence and clinical significance of incidental paraprosthetic valvar regurgitation: a prospective study using transoesophageal echocardiography. Heart 2003, 89:1316–1321.CrossRefPubMed Ionescu A, Fraser AG, Butchart EG: Prevalence and clinical significance of incidental paraprosthetic valvar regurgitation: a prospective study using transoesophageal echocardiography. Heart 2003, 89:1316–1321.CrossRefPubMed

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Zurück zum Zitat Hammermeister K, Sethi GK, Henderson WG, et al.: Outcomes 15 years after valve replacement with a mechanical versus a bioprosthetic valve: final report of the Veterans Affairs randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 36:1152–1158.CrossRefPubMed Hammermeister K, Sethi GK, Henderson WG, et al.: Outcomes 15 years after valve replacement with a mechanical versus a bioprosthetic valve: final report of the Veterans Affairs randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 36:1152–1158.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Miller DL, Morris JJ, Schaff HV, et al.: Reoperation for aortic valve periprosthetic leakage: identification of patients at risk and results of operation. J Heart Valve Dis 1995, 4:160–165.PubMed Miller DL, Morris JJ, Schaff HV, et al.: Reoperation for aortic valve periprosthetic leakage: identification of patients at risk and results of operation. J Heart Valve Dis 1995, 4:160–165.PubMed

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Zurück zum Zitat Jindani A, Neville EM, Venn G, Williams BT: Paraprosthetic leak: a complication of cardiac valve replacement. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1991, 32:503–508. Jindani A, Neville EM, Venn G, Williams BT: Paraprosthetic leak: a complication of cardiac valve replacement. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1991, 32:503–508.

Zurück zum Zitat Genoni M, Franzen D, Vogt P, et al.: Paravalvular leakage after mitral valve replacement: improved long-term survival with aggressive surgery? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000, 17:14–19.CrossRefPubMed Genoni M, Franzen D, Vogt P, et al.: Paravalvular leakage after mitral valve replacement: improved long-term survival with aggressive surgery? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000, 17:14–19.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Pate G, Webb J, Thompson C, et al.: Percutaneous closure of a complex prosthetic mitral paravalvular leak using transesophageal echocardiographic guidance. Can J Cardiol 2004, 20:452–455.PubMed Pate G, Webb J, Thompson C, et al.: Percutaneous closure of a complex prosthetic mitral paravalvular leak using transesophageal echocardiographic guidance. Can J Cardiol 2004, 20:452–455.PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Moneta A, Villa E, Donatelli F: An alternative technique for non-infective paraprosthetic leakage repair. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003, 23:1074–1075.CrossRefPubMed Moneta A, Villa E, Donatelli F: An alternative technique for non-infective paraprosthetic leakage repair. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003, 23:1074–1075.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Ersoy U, Pasaoglu I, Yilmaz M, Ates S: An alternative repair technique for aortic periprosthetic leakage. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999, 15:204–205.CrossRefPubMed Ersoy U, Pasaoglu I, Yilmaz M, Ates S: An alternative repair technique for aortic periprosthetic leakage. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999, 15:204–205.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Movsowitz HD, Shah SI, Ioli A, et al.: Long-term follow-up of mitral paraprosthetic regurgitation by transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1994, 7:488–492.PubMed Movsowitz HD, Shah SI, Ioli A, et al.: Long-term follow-up of mitral paraprosthetic regurgitation by transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1994, 7:488–492.PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Nashef SA, Roques F, Michel P, et al.: European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999, 16:9–13.CrossRefPubMed Nashef SA, Roques F, Michel P, et al.: European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999, 16:9–13.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Iung B, Baron G, Butchart EG, et al.: A prospective survey of patients with valvular heart disease in Europe: The Euro Heart Survey on Valvular Heart Disease. Eur Heart J 2003, 24:1231–1243.CrossRefPubMed Iung B, Baron G, Butchart EG, et al.: A prospective survey of patients with valvular heart disease in Europe: The Euro Heart Survey on Valvular Heart Disease. Eur Heart J 2003, 24:1231–1243.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Iung B, Cachier A, Baron G, et al.: Decision-making in elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis: why are so many denied surgery? Eur Heart J 2005, 26:2714–2720.CrossRefPubMed Iung B, Cachier A, Baron G, et al.: Decision-making in elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis: why are so many denied surgery? Eur Heart J 2005, 26:2714–2720.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Rothlin ME, Egloff L, Kugelmeier J, et al.: Reoperations after valvular heart surgery: indications and late results. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980, 28:71–76.CrossRefPubMed Rothlin ME, Egloff L, Kugelmeier J, et al.: Reoperations after valvular heart surgery: indications and late results. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980, 28:71–76.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Hourihan M, Perry SB, Mandell VS, et al.: Transcatheter umbrella closure of valvular and paravalvular leaks. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 20:1371–1377.CrossRefPubMed Hourihan M, Perry SB, Mandell VS, et al.: Transcatheter umbrella closure of valvular and paravalvular leaks. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 20:1371–1377.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Moore JD, Lashus AG, Prieto LR, et al.: Transcatheter coil occlusion of perivalvular mitral leaks associated with severe hemolysis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2000, 49:64–67.CrossRefPubMed Moore JD, Lashus AG, Prieto LR, et al.: Transcatheter coil occlusion of perivalvular mitral leaks associated with severe hemolysis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2000, 49:64–67.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Eisenhauer AC, Piemonte TC, Watson PS: Closure of prosthetic paravalvular mitral regurgitation with the Gianturco-Grifka vascular occlusion device. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2001, 54:234–238.CrossRefPubMed Eisenhauer AC, Piemonte TC, Watson PS: Closure of prosthetic paravalvular mitral regurgitation with the Gianturco-Grifka vascular occlusion device. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2001, 54:234–238.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Moscucci M, Deeb GM, Bach D, et al.: Coil embolization of a periprosthetic mitral valve leak associated with severe hemolytic anemia. Circulation 2001, 104:E85–E86.CrossRefPubMed Moscucci M, Deeb GM, Bach D, et al.: Coil embolization of a periprosthetic mitral valve leak associated with severe hemolytic anemia. Circulation 2001, 104:E85–E86.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Boudjemline Y, Abdel-Massih T, Bonhoeffer P, et al.: Percutaneous closure of a paravalvular mitral regurgitation with Amplatzer and coil prostheses. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2002, 95:483–486.PubMed Boudjemline Y, Abdel-Massih T, Bonhoeffer P, et al.: Percutaneous closure of a paravalvular mitral regurgitation with Amplatzer and coil prostheses. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2002, 95:483–486.PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Hussain ST, Devagourou V, Sampath KA: Management of mitral paravalvular leak: therapy or misadventure? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003, 126:879–880.CrossRefPubMed Hussain ST, Devagourou V, Sampath KA: Management of mitral paravalvular leak: therapy or misadventure? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003, 126:879–880.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Kort HW, Sharkey AM, Balzer DT: Novel use of the Amplatzer duct occluder to close perivalvar leak involving a prosthetic mitral valve. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004, 61:548–551.CrossRefPubMed Kort HW, Sharkey AM, Balzer DT: Novel use of the Amplatzer duct occluder to close perivalvar leak involving a prosthetic mitral valve. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004, 61:548–551.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Webb JG, Pate GE, Munt BI: Percutaneous closure of an aortic prosthetic paravalvular leak with an Amplatzer duct occluder. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005, 65:69–72.CrossRefPubMed Webb JG, Pate GE, Munt BI: Percutaneous closure of an aortic prosthetic paravalvular leak with an Amplatzer duct occluder. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005, 65:69–72.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Dussaillant GR, Romero L, Ramirez A, Sepulveda L: Successful percutaneous closure of paraprosthetic aorto-right ventricular leak using the Amplatzer duct occluder. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006, 67:976–980.CrossRefPubMed Dussaillant GR, Romero L, Ramirez A, Sepulveda L: Successful percutaneous closure of paraprosthetic aorto-right ventricular leak using the Amplatzer duct occluder. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006, 67:976–980.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Pate GE, Zubaidi A, Chandavimol M, et al.: Percutaneous closure of prosthetic paravalvular leaks: case series and review. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006, 68:528–533.CrossRefPubMed Pate GE, Zubaidi A, Chandavimol M, et al.: Percutaneous closure of prosthetic paravalvular leaks: case series and review. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006, 68:528–533.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Sivakumar K, Shahani J: Transcatheter closure of paravalvular mitral prosthetic leak with resultant hemolysis. Int J Cardiol 2007, 115:e39–e40.CrossRefPubMed Sivakumar K, Shahani J: Transcatheter closure of paravalvular mitral prosthetic leak with resultant hemolysis. Int J Cardiol 2007, 115:e39–e40.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Ussia GP, Scandura S, Calafiore AM, et al.: Images in cardiovascular medicine. Late device dislodgement after percutaneous closure of mitral prosthesis paravalvular leak with Amplatzer muscular ventricular septal defect occluder. Circulation 2007, 115:e208–e210.CrossRefPubMed Ussia GP, Scandura S, Calafiore AM, et al.: Images in cardiovascular medicine. Late device dislodgement after percutaneous closure of mitral prosthesis paravalvular leak with Amplatzer muscular ventricular septal defect occluder. Circulation 2007, 115:e208–e210.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Momplaisir T, Matthews RV: Paravalvular mitral regurgitation treated with an amplatzer septal occluder device: a case report and review of the literature. J Invasive Cardiol 2007, 19:E46–E50.PubMed Momplaisir T, Matthews RV: Paravalvular mitral regurgitation treated with an amplatzer septal occluder device: a case report and review of the literature. J Invasive Cardiol 2007, 19:E46–E50.PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Shapira Y, Hirsch R, Kornowski R, et al.: Percutaneous closure of perivalvular leaks with Amplatzer occluders: feasibility, safety, and shortterm results. J Heart Valve Dis 2007, 16:305–313.PubMed Shapira Y, Hirsch R, Kornowski R, et al.: Percutaneous closure of perivalvular leaks with Amplatzer occluders: feasibility, safety, and shortterm results. J Heart Valve Dis 2007, 16:305–313.PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Sorajja P, Cabalka AK, Hagler DJ, et al.: Successful percutaneous repair of perivalvular prosthetic regurgitation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2007, 70:815–823.CrossRefPubMed Sorajja P, Cabalka AK, Hagler DJ, et al.: Successful percutaneous repair of perivalvular prosthetic regurgitation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2007, 70:815–823.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Lasorda DM, Mohsin JC: Percutaneous closure of perivalvular mitral regurgitation with an Amplatzer occluder device in a patient with both prosthetic mitral and aortic valves. J Interv Cardiol 2008, 21:190–195.CrossRefPubMed Lasorda DM, Mohsin JC: Percutaneous closure of perivalvular mitral regurgitation with an Amplatzer occluder device in a patient with both prosthetic mitral and aortic valves. J Interv Cardiol 2008, 21:190–195.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat •• Cortes M, Garcia E, Garcia-Fernandez MA, et al.: Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in percutaneous transcatheter repairs of paravalvular mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 2008, 101:382–386. This article reported the results of the largest series of percutaneous transcatheter repairs of paravalvular mitral regurgitation , and confirmed that TEE is a fundamental technique that provides essential information of the characteristics of the dehiscence during implantation and follow-up.CrossRefPubMed •• Cortes M, Garcia E, Garcia-Fernandez MA, et al.: Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in percutaneous transcatheter repairs of paravalvular mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 2008, 101:382–386. This article reported the results of the largest series of percutaneous transcatheter repairs of paravalvular mitral regurgitation , and confirmed that TEE is a fundamental technique that provides essential information of the characteristics of the dehiscence during implantation and follow-up.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Fernandez R, Garcia-Borbolla MS, Jaldon GC, et al.: Percutaneous treatment of mitral valve periprosthetic leakage. An alternative to high-risk surgery? Rev Esp Cardiol 2009, 62:438–441. Fernandez R, Garcia-Borbolla MS, Jaldon GC, et al.: Percutaneous treatment of mitral valve periprosthetic leakage. An alternative to high-risk surgery? Rev Esp Cardiol 2009, 62:438–441.

Zurück zum Zitat Alonso-Briales JH, Munoz-Garcia AJ, Jimenez-Navarro MF, et al.: Closure of perivalvular leaks using an Amplatzer occluder. Rev Esp Cardiol 2009, 62:442–446.PubMed Alonso-Briales JH, Munoz-Garcia AJ, Jimenez-Navarro MF, et al.: Closure of perivalvular leaks using an Amplatzer occluder. Rev Esp Cardiol 2009, 62:442–446.PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat •• Garcia-Fernandez MA, Cortes M, Garcia-Robles JA, et al.: Utility of real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in evaluating the success of percutaneous transcatheter closure of mitral paravalvular leaks. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010, 23:26–32. This article reported the utility of real-time 3D-TEE in analyzing the underlying causes of unsuccessful leak closure. The use of 3D-TEE in studying periprosthetic dehiscences gives more precise information of the location, extent, and morphology of the defect, as well as of the location of the devices implanted and their relation to the dehiscence.CrossRefPubMed •• Garcia-Fernandez MA, Cortes M, Garcia-Robles JA, et al.: Utility of real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in evaluating the success of percutaneous transcatheter closure of mitral paravalvular leaks. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010, 23:26–32. This article reported the utility of real-time 3D-TEE in analyzing the underlying causes of unsuccessful leak closure. The use of 3D-TEE in studying periprosthetic dehiscences gives more precise information of the location, extent, and morphology of the defect, as well as of the location of the devices implanted and their relation to the dehiscence.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Hammerstingl C, Lickfett L, Nickenig G: Real-time three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography for guidance of interventional closure of paravalvular leakage. Eur Heart J 2009, 30:915.CrossRefPubMed Hammerstingl C, Lickfett L, Nickenig G: Real-time three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography for guidance of interventional closure of paravalvular leakage. Eur Heart J 2009, 30:915.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Pate GE, Thompson CR, Munt BI, Webb JG: Techniques for percutaneous closure of prosthetic paravalvular leaks. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006, 67:158–166.CrossRefPubMed Pate GE, Thompson CR, Munt BI, Webb JG: Techniques for percutaneous closure of prosthetic paravalvular leaks. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006, 67:158–166.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Becerra JM, Almeria C, de Isla LP, Zamorano J: Usefulness of 3D transoesophageal echocardiography for guiding wires and closure devices in mitral perivalvular leaks. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009, 10:979–981.CrossRefPubMed Becerra JM, Almeria C, de Isla LP, Zamorano J: Usefulness of 3D transoesophageal echocardiography for guiding wires and closure devices in mitral perivalvular leaks. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009, 10:979–981.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat • Kronzon I, Sugeng L, Perk G, et al.: Real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of post-operative mitral annuloplasty ring and prosthetic valve dehiscence. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 53:1543–1547. This study reported that real-time 3D -TEE provides additional information about the exact anatomic characteristics of the dehiscence and description of the site, size, shape, and area of the dehisced segment that can be used to help in planning the most appropriate corrective intervention.CrossRefPubMed • Kronzon I, Sugeng L, Perk G, et al.: Real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of post-operative mitral annuloplasty ring and prosthetic valve dehiscence. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 53:1543–1547. This study reported that real-time 3D -TEE provides additional information about the exact anatomic characteristics of the dehiscence and description of the site, size, shape, and area of the dehisced segment that can be used to help in planning the most appropriate corrective intervention.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat • Perk G, Lang RM, Garcia-Fernandez MA, et al.: Use of real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in intracardiac catheter based interventions. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009, 22:865–882. This article confirms that real-time 3D-TEE is a powerful new imaging tool that may become the technique of choice and the standard of care for guidance of selected percutaneous catheter-based procedures.CrossRefPubMed • Perk G, Lang RM, Garcia-Fernandez MA, et al.: Use of real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in intracardiac catheter based interventions. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009, 22:865–882. This article confirms that real-time 3D-TEE is a powerful new imaging tool that may become the technique of choice and the standard of care for guidance of selected percutaneous catheter-based procedures.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Chen YT, Kan MN, Chen JS, et al.: Detection of prosthetic mitral valve leak: a comparative study using transesophageal echocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography, and auscultation. J Clin Ultrasound 1990, 18:557–561.CrossRefPubMed Chen YT, Kan MN, Chen JS, et al.: Detection of prosthetic mitral valve leak: a comparative study using transesophageal echocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography, and auscultation. J Clin Ultrasound 1990, 18:557–561.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Mohr-Kahaly S, Kupferwasser I, Erbel R, et al.: Regurgitant flow in apparently normal valve prostheses: improved detection and semiquantitative analysis by transesophageal two-dimensional color-coded Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1990, 3:187–195.PubMed Mohr-Kahaly S, Kupferwasser I, Erbel R, et al.: Regurgitant flow in apparently normal valve prostheses: improved detection and semiquantitative analysis by transesophageal two-dimensional color-coded Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1990, 3:187–195.PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Zoghbi WA, Chambers JB, Dumesnil JG, et al.: Recommendations for evaluation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Task Force on Prosthetic Valves, developed in conjunction with the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging Committee, Cardiac Imaging Committee of the American Heart Association, the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography, endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009, 22:975–1014.CrossRefPubMed Zoghbi WA, Chambers JB, Dumesnil JG, et al.: Recommendations for evaluation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Task Force on Prosthetic Valves, developed in conjunction with the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging Committee, Cardiac Imaging Committee of the American Heart Association, the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography, endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009, 22:975–1014.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Genoni M, Franzen D, Tavakoli R, et al.: Does the morphology of mitral paravalvular leaks influence symptoms and hemolysis? J Heart Valve Dis 2001, 10:426–430.PubMed Genoni M, Franzen D, Tavakoli R, et al.: Does the morphology of mitral paravalvular leaks influence symptoms and hemolysis? J Heart Valve Dis 2001, 10:426–430.PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Sade LE, Ulucam M, Muderrisoglu H: Mitral Omnicarbon monoleaflet valve dehiscence mapped by 3D echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2008, 9:82–83.CrossRefPubMed Sade LE, Ulucam M, Muderrisoglu H: Mitral Omnicarbon monoleaflet valve dehiscence mapped by 3D echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2008, 9:82–83.CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Ansingkar K, Nanda NC, Aaluri SR, et al.: Transesophageal three-dimensional color Doppler echocardiographic assessment of valvular and paravalvular mitral prosthetic regurgitation. Echocardiography 2000, 17:579–583.CrossRefPubMed Ansingkar K, Nanda NC, Aaluri SR, et al.: Transesophageal three-dimensional color Doppler echocardiographic assessment of valvular and paravalvular mitral prosthetic regurgitation. Echocardiography 2000, 17:579–583.CrossRefPubMed