Introduction
Subjects and methods
Selection of subjects
Six criteria for further selection of subjects
Patients
Controls
Physical examinations
Patients – severity
Controls - surface vertical spinous process asymmetry (VSPA)
Reproducibility
Toe touching
Structured questioning
Socioeconomic status
Statistical analyses
Ethics
Findings
Risk factor | Percentage with risk factor* | χ2test statistic or Fisher’s exact test (p-value) | OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cases | Controls | |||
Carstairs’ deprivation score | 17.7 (0.001) | |||
1 | 38 | 62 | 1.00 | |
2 | 28 | 6 | 7.04 (2.41 – 20.6) | |
3 | 18 | 9 | 3.20 (1.16 – 8.83) | |
4 or 5 | 16 | 22 | 1.22 (0.52 – 2.87) | |
Carstairs’ deprivation score | 0.16 (0.689) | |||
1-2 | 66 | 69 | 1.00 | |
3-5 | 34 | 31 | 1.15 (0.59 – 2.24) | |
Carstairs’ deprivation score | 9.56 (0.002) | |||
1 | 38 | 62 | 1.00 | |
2-5 | 62 | 38 | 2.70 (1.42 – 5.16) | |
Asymmetry in mother’s back | 1 | 4 | ----- (0.364)+ | 0.32 (0.03 – 3.11) |
Hamstring muscles not tight/ability to touch toes | 80 | 60 | 6.49 (0.011) | 2.65 (1.30 – 5.41) |
Poor social skills | 1 | 3 | 0.00 (0.982) | 0.48 (0.04 – 5.41) |
No previous cycling | 0 | 0 | --- | --- |
No previous attendance at dance classes (girls only) | 44 | 26 | 4.04 (0.045) | 2.26 (1.08 – 4.71) |
No previous gymnastics/karate | 76 | 53 | 7.84 (0.005) | 2.77 (1.40 – 5.49) |
No previous skating | 73 | 32 | 24.6 (<0.001) | 5.74 (2.88 – 11.5) |
No previous horse riding | 82 | 60 | 8.58 (0.003) | 3.13 (1.50 – 6.53) |
No previous playing football/hockey | 65 | 55 | 1.23 (0.267) | 1.52 (0.80 – 2.89) |
Introduced to swimming pool within first year of life | 58 | 31 | 10.5 (0.001) | 3.08 (1.60 – 5.94) |
Ability to swim by age 10 years | 56 | 56 | 0.00 (0.999) | 0.99 (0.53 – 1.87) |
Introduced to public pool within first year (≥8) | 57 | 30 | 10.6 (0.001) | 3.11 (1.61 – 6.02) |
Introduced to public pool within first year (≥12) | 54 | 29 | 9.69 (0.002) | 2.99 (1.54 – 5.80) |
Introduced to public pool within first year (≥24) | 34 | 23 | 1.72 (0.190) | 1.70 (0.84 – 3.44) |
Socioeconomic status
Indoor heated swimming pools
Physical activities
Toe touching
Swimming
Age regular swimming/attending pool | AIS patients | Controls | Controls with VSPA | Controls without VSPA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | |
1st year | 46 (58.2) | 24 (31.2) | 16 (64.0) | 8 (15.4) |
2nd year | 6 (7.6) | 9 (11.7) | 1 (4.0) | 8 (15.4) |
3rd year | 4 (5.1) | 3 (3.9) | 2 (8.0) | 1 (1.9) |
4th year | 4 (5.1) | 5 (6.5) | 2 (8.0) | 3 (5.8) |
5th year | 7 (8.9) | 7 (9.1) | 1 (4.0) | 6 (11.5) |
6th year | 2 (2.5) | 14 (18.2) | 3 (12.0) | 11 (21.2) |
7th year or later | 7 (8.9) | 15 (19.5) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (28.8) |
Never in pool | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Can swim by age 10 years | 44 (55.7) | 43 (55.8) | 19 (76.0) | 24 (46.2) |
Independent factors associated with AIS
Significant independent predictor | Parameter estimate (standard error) | Wald statistic (p) | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Constant | −7.47 (1.35) | 30.7 (<0.001) | --- |
No previous skating | 1.63 (0.39) | 17.6 (<0.001) | 5.09 (2.38–10.9) |
Introduced to swimming pool within first year (≥8) | 1.36 (0.40) | 11.5 (0.001) | 3.88 (1.77–8.48) |
Carstairs’ Deprivation score (2–5 = most deprived) | 1.02 (0.39) | 6.96 (0.008) | 2.78 (1.30–5.96) |
No previous gymnastics/karate | 1.03 (0.41) | 6.33 (0.012) | 2.79 (1.25–6.20) |
Significant independent predictor | Parameter estimate (Standard error) | Wald statistic (p) | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Constant | −6.73 (1.32) | 25.9 (<0.001) | --- |
Introduced to swimming pool within first year (≥8) | 1.37 (0.38) | 13.1 (<0.001) | 3.91 (1.87–8.20) |
No previous gymnastics/karate | 1.26 (0.39) | 10.7 (0.001) | 3.53 (1.66–7.53) |
Carstairs’ Deprivation score (2–5 = most deprived) | 1.18 (0.37) | 10.4 (0.001) | 3.27 (1.59–6.72) |
No previous football/hockey | 0.76 (0.38) | 4.05 (0.044) | 2.14 (1.02–4.49) |