Background
Methods
Study design and setting
Sample size and selection of participants
Measures/outcomes
N | Population meeting WHO recommendation for physical activity (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adolescents (< 18 years) (n = 638) | Young adults (≥18 years) (n = 307) | ||||
Male (n = 280) | Female (n = 358) | Male (n = 471) | Female (n = 474) | ||
All | 945 | 85.4 (81.3–89.5) | 56.4 (51.3–61.5) | 96.9 (94.4–99.4) | 72.4 (64.3–80.5) |
Socio-demographic variables | |||||
Ethnicity | |||||
Brahmin/Chhetri | 575 | 83.8 (78.7–88.9) | 56.8 (50.4–63.2) | 95.2 (91.1–99.3) | 80.9 (69.7–92.1) |
Aadibasi/Janajati | 245 | 94.1 (87.6–100.0) | 51.5 (41.8–61.3) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 66.7 (53.4–80.0) |
Others | 125 | 81.3 (67.8–94.8) | 70.0 (53.6–86.4) | 97.6 (93.0–100.0) | 66.7 (46.5–86.9) |
Family type | |||||
Nuclear | 682 | 85.9 (81.2–90.7) | 56.8 (50.7–62.9) | 95.8 (92.5–99.1) | 77.3 (67.8–86.8) |
Non-nuclear | 263 | 83.8 (75.4–92.2) | 55.4 (45.7–65.1) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 63.4 (48.7–78.1) |
Educational status of father | |||||
Illiterate | 40 | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 71.4 (37.9–100.0) | 91.7 (76.1–100.0) | 70.0 (41.6–98.4) |
Primary | 122 | 89.2 (79.2–99.2) | 65.4 (47.1–83.7) | 97.1 (91.5–100.0) | 76.0 (59.3–92.7) |
Secondary | 398 | 88.9 (83.4–94.4) | 57.4 (49.6–65.2) | 96.0 (91.6–100.0) | 69.0 (55.0–83.0) |
High school and above | 385 | 78.3 (70.5–86.2) | 53.5 (46.0–61.0) | 98.6 (95.9–100.0) | 74.4 (60.7–88.1) |
Educational status of mother | |||||
Illiterate | 141 | 92.1 (83.5–100.0) | 68.8 (52.8–84.9) | 95.7 (89.9–100.0) | 66.7 (47.8–85.6) |
Primary | 184 | 83.9 (74.8–93.1) | 63.3 (49.8–76.8) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 75.0 (59.0–91.0) |
Secondary | 408 | 86.9 (80.9–92.9) | 54.7 (47.2–62.2) | 93.9 (88.1–99.7) | 70.0 (57.3–82.7) |
High school and above | 212 | 79.3 (68.9–89.7) | 52.3 (42.8–61.8) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 85.7 (67.4–100.0) |
Academic variables | |||||
Type of school | |||||
Public | 330 | 92.3 (86.8–97.8) | 66.1 (57.2–75.0) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 75.4 (64.6–86.2) |
Private | 615 | 82.0 (76.5–87.5) | 52.2 (46.0–58.4) | 95.1 (91.3–98.9) | 69.1 (56.9–81.3) |
Grade of study | |||||
11 | 331 | 88.6 (83.2–94.0) | 51.0 (43.0–59.0) | 97.2 (91.8–100.0) | 64.3 (39.2–89.4) |
12 | 614 | 82.4 (76.3–88.5) | 60.3 (53.7–66.9) | 96.8 (94.0–99.6) | 73.5 (64.9–82.1) |
Subject of study | |||||
Education | 171 | 96.4 (89.5–100.0) | 65.2 (53.7–76.7) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 72.5 (58.7–86.3) |
Humanities | 24 | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 50.0 (1.0–99.0) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 81.8 (59.0–100.0) |
Management | 298 | 91.2 (86.0–96.4) | 52.8 (44.0–61.6) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 54.5 (33.7–75.3) |
Science | 452 | 77.8 (70.8–84.8) | 55.8 (48.2–63.4) | 94.5 (90.2–98.8) | 79.1 (67.0–91.3) |
Time of study | |||||
Morning | 372 | 93.1 (88.2–98.0) | 64.6 (56.4–72.8) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 69.4 (58.8–80.0) |
Day | 573 | 81.0 (75.3–86.8) | 51.8 (45.3–58.3) | 95.1 (91.3–98.9) | 77.3 (64.9–89.7) |
Environmental variables | |||||
Mode of transport to school | |||||
Walking | 339 | 90.6 (85.0–96.2) | 58.6 (49.9–67.3) | 95.6 (90.7–100.0) | 57.1 (42.1–72.1) |
Cycle | 134 | 89.6 (81.0–98.2) | 85.3 (73.4–97.2) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 94.4 (83.8–100.0) |
Motorcycle/Four-wheeled | 472 | 79.4 (72.3–86.5) | 50.2 (43.3–57.1) | 96.6 (92.8–100.0) | 76.8 (65.7–87.9) |
Extracurricular activities at school | |||||
Yes | 654 | 85.9 (80.7–91.1) | 56.5 (50.6–62.4) | 97.6 (94.9–100.0) | 73.9 (64.9–82.9) |
No | 291 | 84.5 (77.7–91.3) | 56.2 (45.9–66.5) | 95.6 (90.7–100.0) | 66.7 (47.8–85.6) |
Playground at school | |||||
Yes | 793 | 85.2 (80.4–90.0) | 57.4 (52.1–62.7) | 97.1 (94.3–99.9) | 71.9 (63.7–80.1) |
No | 152 | 85.9 (77.8–94.0) | 44.4 (25.7–63.1) | 96.2 (91.0–100.0) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) |
Playground or park around home | |||||
Yes | 645 | 86.6 (81.8–91.4) | 57.6 (51.4–63.8) | 97.7 (95.1–100.0) | 74.0 (64.2–83.8) |
No | 300 | 82.6 (74.6–90.6) | 53.9 (44.8–63.0) | 95.0 (89.5–100.0) | 69.2 (54.7–83.7) |
Adequate space to play or walk around home | |||||
Yes | 709 | 86.9 (82.4–91.4) | 59.0 (53.1–64.9) | 97.9 (95.5–100.0) | 70.5 (61.0–80.0) |
No | 236 | 80.6 (71.1–90.1) | 48.9 (38.6–59.2) | 94.1 (87.6–100.0) | 78.6 (63.4–93.8) |
Family support to physical activity | |||||
Yes | 890 | 86.7 (82.6–90.8) | 56.5 (51.2–61.8) | 96.7 (94.1–99.3) | 71.2 (62.8–79.6) |
No | 55 | 64.7 (42.0–87.4) | 56.0 (36.6–75.5) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) |
Peer support to physical activity | |||||
Yes | 900 | 86.6 (82.5–90.7) | 56.8 (51.5–62.1) | 96.8 (94.3–99.3) | 71.9 (63.7–80.1) |
No | 45 | 66.7 (44.9–88.5) | 50.0 (29.1–70.9) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) |
Lifestyle-related variables | |||||
Current smoker | |||||
Yes | 30 | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 95.5 (86.8–100.0) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) |
No | 915 | 85.0 (80.8–89.2) | 56.4 (51.3–61.5) | 97.0 (94.4–99.6) | 72.2 (64.0–80.4) |
Current drinker | |||||
Yes | 42 | 80.0 (59.8–100.0) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) |
No | 903 | 85.7 (81.5–89.9) | 56.3 (51.2–61.5) | 96.4 (93.6–99.2) | 72.4 (64.3–80.5) |
Screen time | |||||
Moderate | 599 | 89.7 (85.2–94.2) | 55.2 (48.7–61.7) | 97.4 (94.5–100.0) | 73.3 (62.1–84.5) |
Excessive | 346 | 78.1 (70.2–86.0) | 58.5 (50.2–66.8) | 96.0 (91.6–100.0) | 71.4 (59.6–83.2) |
Study variables
Statistical analysis
Ethical approval
Results
Socio-demographic, academic, environmental and lifestyle-related information
Burden of physical inactivity
N | GPAQ classification | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low physical activity (%) | Moderate physical activity (%) | High physical activity (%) | |||||
Male (n = 471) | Female (n = 474) | Male (n = 471) | Female (n = 474) | Male (n = 471) | Female (n = 474) | ||
All | 945 | 8.1 (5.6–10.5) | 31.0 (26.8–35.2) | 19.3 (15.8–22.9) | 34.2 (29.9–38.4) | 72.6 (68.6–76.6) | 34.8 (30.5–39.1) |
Socio-demographic variables | |||||||
Age | |||||||
15–17 years | 616 | 8.9 (5.5–12.3) | 31.4 (26.5–36.3) | 20.8 (16.0–25.7) | 34.0 (29.0–39.0) | 70.3 (64.8–75.7) | 34.6 (29.6–39.6) |
17–19 years | 304 | 6.8 (3.2–10.4) | 31.9 (23.3–40.4) | 17.8 (12.4–23.2) | 35.4 (26.6–44.2) | 75.4 (69.3–81.5) | 32.7 (24.1–41.4) |
19–21 years | 25 | 9.1 (0.0–26.1) | 14.3 (0.0–32.6) | 9.1 (0.0–26.1) | 28.6 (4.9–52.2) | 81.8 (59.0–100.0) | 57.1 (31.2–83.1) |
Ethnicity | |||||||
Brahmin/Chhetri | 575 | 7.3 (4.4–10.2) | 28.1 (22.8–33.4) | 21.3 (16.6–25.9) | 37.2 (31.5–43.0) | 71.4 (66.3–76.5) | 34.7 (29.0–40.3) |
Aadibasi/Janajati | 245 | 6.3 (1.4–11.1) | 37.6 (29.8–45.4) | 14.6 (7.5–21.6) | 31.5 (24.1–39.0) | 79.2 (71.0–87.3) | 30.9 (23.5–38.3) |
Others | 125 | 13.5 (5.7–21.3) | 27.5 (15.2–39.7) | 17.6 (8.9–26.2) | 25.5 (13.5–37.5) | 68.9 (58.4–79.5) | 47.1 (33.4–60.8) |
Family type | |||||||
Nuclear | 682 | 8.0 (5.2–10.8) | 29.2 (24.3–34.1) | 20.0 (15.8–24.2) | 33.4 (28.4–38.5) | 72.0 (67.3–76.7) | 37.3 (32.1–42.6) |
Non-nuclear | 263 | 8.3 (3.4–13.2) | 35.2 (27.4–43.1) | 17.4 (10.6–24.1) | 35.9 (28.0–43.8) | 74.4 (66.6–82.2) | 28.9 (21.4–36.3) |
Educational status of father | |||||||
Illiterate | 40 | 4.3 (0.0–12.7) | 29.4 (7.8–51.1) | 13.0 (0.0–26.8) | 11.8 (0.0–27.1) | 82.6 (67.1–98.1) | 58.8 (35.4–82.2) |
Primary | 122 | 7.0 (1.1–13.0) | 29.4 (16.9–41.9) | 15.5 (7.1–23.9) | 29.4 (16.9–41.9) | 77.5 (67.7–87.2) | 41.2 (27.7–54.7) |
Secondary | 398 | 8.0 (4.2–11.7) | 31.0 (24.5–37.4) | 17.4 (12.2–22.7) | 33.5 (26.9–40.1) | 74.6 (68.6–80.6) | 35.5 (28.8–42.2) |
High school and above | 385 | 9.1 (4.8–13.3) | 31.6 (25.3–37.9) | 23.9 (17.6–30.2) | 37.8 (31.2–44.4) | 67.0 (60.1–74.0) | 30.6 (24.4–36.9) |
Educational status of mother | |||||||
Illiterate | 141 | 7.1 (1.6–12.5) | 28.6 (16.7–40.4) | 17.6 (9.5–25.8) | 25.0 (13.7–36.3) | 75.3 (66.1–84.5) | 46.4 (33.4–59.5) |
Primary | 184 | 7.4 (2.5–12.5) | 31.2 (20.8–41.5) | 16.8 (9.7–23.9) | 31.2 (20.8–41.5) | 75.7 (67.6–83.8) | 37.7 (26.8–48.5) |
Secondary | 408 | 8.5 (4.5–12.5) | 32.7 (26.5–38.9) | 21.8 (15.9–27.7) | 35.0 (28.7–41.3) | 69.7 (63.1–76.3) | 32.3 (26.1–38.5) |
High school and above | 212 | 8.8 (3.0–14.6) | 28.9 (20.8–37.0) | 18.7 (10.7–26.7) | 38.8 (30.2–47.5) | 72.6 (63.4–81.7) | 32.2 (23.9–40.6) |
Academic variables | |||||||
Type of school | |||||||
Public | 330 | 4.4 (1.2–7.5) | 24.1 (17.7–30.5) | 11.9 (6.9–16.9) | 26.5 (19.8–33.1) | 83.8 (78.0–89.5) | 49.4 (41.9–56.9) |
Private | 615 | 10.0 (6.6–13.3) | 34.9 (29.5–40.2) | 23.2 (18.5–27.8) | 38.5 (33.0–44.0) | 66.9 (61.7–72.1) | 26.6 (21.7–31.6) |
Grade of study | |||||||
11 | 331 | 7.7 (3.7–11.8) | 37.4 (30.0–44.9) | 20.2 (14.2–26.3) | 33.1 (25.9–40.4) | 72.0 (65.2–78.8) | 29.4 (22.5–36.4) |
12 | 614 | 8.3 (5.2–11.3) | 27.7 (22.7–32.6) | 18.8 (14.4–23.2) | 34.7 (29.4–40.0) | 72.9 (67.9–77.9) | 37.6 (32.2–43.0) |
Subject of study | |||||||
Education | 171 | 1.5 (0.0–4.5) | 28.3 (19.7–36.9) | 21.5 (11.5–31.5) | 27.4 (18.9–35.8) | 76.9 (66.7–87.2) | 44.3 (34.9–53.8) |
Humanities | 24 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 26.7 (4.3–49.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 20.0 (0.0–40.2) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 53.3 (28.1–78.6) |
Management | 298 | 6.5 (2.6–10.5) | 41.4 (33.4–49.4) | 16.3 (10.5–22.2) | 25.5 (18.4–32.6) | 77.1 (70.5–83.8) | 33.1 (25.4–40.8) |
Science | 452 | 11.1 (7.1–15.0) | 25.5 (19.6–31.4) | 21.3 (16.2–26.4) | 44.7 (38.0–51.5) | 67.6 (61.8–73.5) | 29.8 (23.6–36.0) |
Time of study | |||||||
Morning | 372 | 5.3 (1.9–8.7) | 32.7 (26.2–39.1) | 11.8 (6.9–16.6) | 21.8 (16.1–27.5) | 82.9 (77.3–88.6) | 45.5 (38.7–52.4) |
Day | 573 | 9.6 (6.3–13.0) | 29.8 (24.3–35.2) | 23.6 (18.8–28.4) | 43.4 (37.5–49.3) | 66.8 (61.5–72.1) | 26.8 (21.6–32.1) |
Environmental variables | |||||||
Mode of transport to school | |||||||
Walking | 339 | 6.9 (3.1–10.7) | 33.3(26.1–40.5) | 20.1 (14.2–26.1) | 32.7 (25.6–39.9) | 73.0 (66.4–79.6) | 33.9 (26.7–41.2) |
Cycle | 134 | 3.7 (0.0–7.7) | 9.6 (1.6–17.6) | 11.0 (4.2–17.7) | 26.9 (14.9–39.0) | 85.4 (77.7–93.0) | 63.5 (50.4–76.5) |
Motorcycle/Four-wheeled | 472 | 10.7 (6.6–14.8) | 33.9 (28.1–39.6) | 21.9 (16.3–27.4) | 36.6 (30.7–42.5) | 67.4 (61.2–73.7) | 29.6 (24.0–35.2) |
Extracurricular activities at school | |||||||
Yes | 654 | 7.5 (4.5–10.5) | 31.6 (26.8–36.4) | 21.8 (17.1–26.6) | 33.2 (28.4–38.1) | 70.6 (65.4–75.9) | 35.2 (30.3–40.1) |
No | 291 | 9.0 (4.8–13.2) | 29.2 (20.8–37.6) | 15.2 (9.9–20.4) | 37.2 (28.3–46.1) | 75.8 (69.6–82.1) | 33.6 (24.9–42.3) |
Playground at school | |||||||
Yes | 793 | 8.0 (5.2–10.9) | 31.0 (26.7–35.3) | 21.6 (17.2–25.9) | 33.9 (29.5–38.3) | 70.4 (65.6–75.2) | 35.1 (30.6–39.5) |
No | 152 | 8.1 (3.3–13.0) | 31.0 (14.2–47.9) | 13.0 (7.1–19.0) | 37.9 (20.3–55.6) | 78.9 (71.6–86.1) | 31.0 (14.2–47.9) |
Playground or park around home | |||||||
Yes | 645 | 5.8 (3.3–8.4) | 28.4 (23.5–33.4) | 20.6 (16.2–25.0) | 33.4 (28.3–38.6) | 73.5 (68.7–78.3) | 38.1 (32.8–43.4) |
No | 300 | 13.0 (7.6–18.5) | 36.4 (28.8–44.0) | 16.4 (10.4–22.5) | 35.7 (28.1–43.3) | 70.5 (63.2–77.9) | 27.9 (20.8–35.0) |
Adequate space to play or walk around home | |||||||
Yes | 709 | 7.1 (4.4–9.8) | 30.1 (25.3–34.8) | 18.4 (14.4–22.5) | 31.7 (26.9–36.6) | 74.5 (70.0–79.1) | 38.2 (33.2–43.2) |
No | 236 | 11.0 (5.4–16.7) | 33.9 (25.4–42.4) | 22.0 (14.6–29.5) | 41.5 (32.6–50.4) | 66.9 (58.5–75.4) | 24.6 (16.8–32.3) |
Family support to physical activity | |||||||
Yes | 890 | 7.2 (4.8–9.6) | 30.9 (26.6–35.2) | 19.3 (15.6–22.9) | 34.2 (29.8–38.6) | 73.5 (69.4–77.6) | 34.9 (30.5–39.3) |
No | 55 | 24.0 (7.3–40.7) | 33.3 (16.5–50.2) | 20.0 (4.3–35.7) | 33.3 (16.5–50.2) | 56.0 (36.5–75.5) | 33.3 (16.5–50.2) |
Peer support to physical activity | |||||||
Yes | 900 | 7.3 (4.9–9.7) | 31.1 (26.8–35.4) | 19.1 (15.5–22.7) | 33.8 (29.4–38.1) | 73.6 (69.5–77.6) | 35.1 (30.7–39.5) |
No | 45 | 23.8 (5.6–42.0) | 29.2 (11.0–47.4) | 23.8 (5.6–42.0) | 41.7 (21.9–61.4) | 52.4 (31.0–73.7) | 29.2 (11.0–47.4) |
Lifestyle-related variables | |||||||
Current smoker | |||||||
Yes | 30 | 10.3 (0.0–21.4) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 13.8 (1.2–26.3) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 75.9 (60.3–91.4) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) |
No | 915 | 7.9 (5.4–10.4) | 31.1 (26.9–35.2) | 19.7 (16.0–23.4) | 34.0 (29.8–38.3) | 72.4 (68.2–76.6) | 34.9 (30.6–39.2) |
Current drinker | |||||||
Yes | 42 | 17.1 (5.6–28.6) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 9.8 (0.7–18.8) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 73.2 (59.6–86.7) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) |
No | 903 | 7.2 (4.8–9.7) | 31.1 (26.9–35.2) | 20.2 (16.4–24.0) | 34.0 (29.8–38.3) | 72.6 (68.3–76.8) | 34.9 (30.6–39.2) |
Screen time | |||||||
Moderate | 599 | 8.2 (5.0–11.3) | 28.2 (23.1–33.2) | 19.0 (14.6–23.5) | 38.4 (32.9–43.8) | 72.8 (67.7–77.9) | 33.4 (28.1–38.7) |
Excessive | 346 | 7.9 (3.9–11.9) | 36.1 (28.9–43.3) | 19.8 (13.9–25.6) | 26.6 (20.0–33.3) | 72.3 (65.7–78.9) | 37.3 (30.0–44.6) |
N | Physical activity (Median MET-minutes per week) | Median sitting time (minutes per day) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Work related (n = 155)a | Travel related (n = 945) | Recreation related (n = 945) | Total | |||
All | 945 | 0 (0, 0) | 1120 (240, 2160) | 1680 (180, 3960) | 3480 (1320, 6960) | 240 (120, 388) |
Socio-demographic variables | ||||||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 471 | 0 (0, 0) | 1680 (560, 2520) | 2880 (1260, 5640) | 5360 (3080, 9240) | 240 (120, 375) |
Female | 474 | 0 (0, 0) | 720 (0, 1680) | 600 (0, 2180) | 2000 (600, 4330) | 240 (120, 390) |
Age | ||||||
15–17 years | 616 | 0 (0, 0) | 960 (240, 2100) | 1680 (130, 3480) | 3210 (1090, 6478) | 240 (120, 393) |
17–19 years | 304 | 0 (0, 0) | 1440 (259, 2520) | 1680 (262, 4755) | 3880 (1835, 8400) | 240 (120, 360) |
19–21 years | 25 | 0 (0, 0) | 1440 (0, 2520) | 1920 (810, 4830) | 5580 (1980, 8580) | 180 (90, 282) |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Brahmin/Chhetri | 575 | 0 (0, 0) | 1200 (360, 2160) | 1680 (240, 3680) | 3420 (1440, 6600) | 247 (120, 420) |
Aadibasi/Janajati | 245 | 0 (0, 0) | 840 (0, 2090) | 1440 (0, 3840) | 3120 (890, 7030) | 195 (120, 344) |
Others | 125 | 0 (0, 0) | 1600 (0, 2520) | 2320 (520, 5280) | 5040 (2340, 9660) | 240 (120, 378) |
Family type | ||||||
Nuclear | 682 | 0 (0, 0) | 1200 (240, 2240) | 1780 (230, 4320) | 3660 (1400, 7200) | 240 (120, 370) |
Non-nuclear | 263 | 0 (0, 0) | 900 (160, 2160) | 1440 (160, 3640) | 3240 (1276, 6680) | 270 (120, 405) |
Educational status of father | ||||||
Illiterate | 40 | 0 (0, 0) | 1740 (520, 3630) | 2760 (375, 4845) | 7260 (1737, 10,950) | 202 (83, 300) |
Primary | 122 | 0 (0, 0) | 1440 (440, 2930) | 2520 (328, 5310) | 5760 (2010, 8890) | 200 (120, 315) |
Secondary | 398 | 0 (0, 0) | 1160 (240, 2520) | 1680 (175, 4110) | 3600 (1380, 6990) | 240 (120, 370) |
High school and above | 385 | 0 (0, 0) | 840 (160, 1800) | 1440 (30, 3360) | 2840 (1100, 5520) | 270 (120, 450) |
Educational status of mother | ||||||
Illiterate | 141 | 0 (0, 0) | 1440 (280, 2520) | 2040 (360, 4320) | 4560 (2000, 8880) | 190 (120, 330) |
Primary | 184 | 0 (0, 0) | 1440 (210, 2520) | 2160 (315, 4725) | 4548 (1760, 8595) | 210 (120, 330) |
Secondary | 408 | 0 (0, 0) | 988 (240, 2145) | 1440 (80, 3575) | 3120 (1080, 6285) | 243 (120, 393) |
High school and above | 212 | 0 (0, 0) | 1120 (240, 2085) | 1490 (65, 3670) | 3070 (1090, 5910) | 275 (120, 480) |
Academic variables | ||||||
Type of school | ||||||
Public | 330 | 0 (0, 0) | 1440 (280, 2880) | 2400 (480, 5040) | 4970 (2220, 8775) | 195 (120, 310) |
Private | 615 | 0 (0, 0) | 840 (240, 1920) | 1440 (0, 3360) | 2940 (1080, 5920) | 270 (120, 480) |
Grade of study | ||||||
11 | 331 | 0 (0, 0) | 1020 (80, 2160) | 1680 (120, 4200) | 3360 (1200, 7200) | 240 (120, 390) |
12 | 614 | 0 (0, 0) | 1200 (276, 2175) | 1680 (240, 3840) | 3540 (1400, 6879) | 240 (120, 380) |
Subject of study | ||||||
Education | 171 | 0 (0, 0) | 1260 (160, 3080) | 1920 (300, 5040) | 4480 (1680, 9240) | 210 (120, 320) |
Humanities | 24 | 0 (0, 0) | 2010 (0, 3465) | 1272 (0, 5760) | 5216 (2430, 12,984) | 205 (135, 358) |
Management | 298 | 0 (0, 0) | 1112 (60, 2160) | 1920 (110, 4920) | 3790 (1272, 7840) | 212 (120, 332) |
Science | 452 | 0 (0, 0) | 1030 (280, 1960) | 1520 (240, 3090) | 3070 (1260, 5580) | 288 (120, 480) |
Time of study | ||||||
Morning | 372 | 0 (0, 0) | 1440 (120, 2952) | 2340 (300, 5575) | 5040 (1680, 8880) | 210 (120, 315) |
Day | 573 | 0 (0, 0) | 960 (240, 1870) | 1440 (120, 3120) | 2940 (1140, 5520) | 270 (120, 480) |
Environmental variables | ||||||
Mode of transport to school | ||||||
Walking | 339 | 0 (0, 0) | 1200 (240, 2240) | 1680 (80, 4380) | 3760 (1440, 7840) | 255 (120, 390) |
Cycle | 134 | 0 (0, 0) | 1960 (937, 3360) | 2516 (1080, 4800) | 5300 (3240, 9240) | 225 (120, 338) |
Motorcycle/Four-wheeled | 472 | 0 (0, 0) | 840 (50, 1680) | 1440 (20, 3360) | 2910 (960, 5600) | 240 (120, 390) |
Extracurricular activities at school | ||||||
Yes | 654 | 0 (0, 0) | 854 (240, 2100) | 1648 (120, 3576) | 3260 (1212, 6600) | 236 (120, 375) |
No | 291 | 0 (0, 0) | 1680 (280, 2520) | 1840 (280, 4800) | 3940 (1680, 7920) | 260 (135, 401) |
Playground at school | ||||||
Yes | 793 | 0 (0, 0) | 1040 (240, 2160) | 1560 (80, 3480) | 3300 (1200, 6700) | 240 (120, 370) |
No | 152 | 0 (0, 0) | 1560 (180, 2520) | 3180 (840, 5490) | 4740 (2540, 8400) | 258 (120, 480) |
Playground or park around home | ||||||
Yes | 645 | 0 (0, 0) | 1200 (240, 2240) | 1720 (320, 4260) | 3720 (1560, 7320) | 252 (120, 390) |
No | 300 | 0 (0, 0) | 1060 (240, 2100) | 1340 (0, 3030) | 3050 (1080, 6315) | 205 (120, 363) |
Adequate space to play or walk around home | ||||||
Yes | 709 | 0 (0, 0) | 1200 (240, 2240) | 1720 (250, 4110) | 3760 (1560, 7240) | 240 (120, 390) |
No | 236 | 0 (0, 0) | 900 (240, 1950) | 1320 (0, 3330) | 2910 (930, 6315) | 198 (120, 365) |
Family support to physical activity | ||||||
Yes | 890 | 0 (0, 0) | 1120 (240, 2175) | 1680 (195, 3997) | 3562 (1320, 7080) | 240 (120, 390) |
No | 55 | 0 (0, 0) | 720 (0, 2160) | 1360 (0, 2660) | 2880 (1120, 6320) | 240 (120, 360) |
Peer support to physical activity | ||||||
Yes | 900 | 0 (0, 0) | 1120 (240, 2240) | 1680 (240, 4039) | 3600 (1400, 7080) | 240 (120, 380) |
No | 45 | 0 (0, 0) | 720 (280, 1890) | 1360 (0, 2650) | 2160 (852, 5540) | 240 (143, 440) |
Lifestyle-related variables | ||||||
Current smoker | ||||||
Yes | 30 | 0 (0, 0) | 1680 (790, 3420) | 3360 (1055, 6030) | 5820 (3360, 9040) | 238 (146, 394) |
No | 915 | 0 (0, 0) | 1080 (240, 2160) | 1680 (180, 3920) | 3360 (1260, 6872) | 240 (120, 385) |
Current drinker | ||||||
Yes | 42 | 0 (0, 0) | 1560 (180, 2520) | 3380 (1620, 5190) | 5820 (3390, 8235) | 240 (143, 391) |
No | 903 | 0 (0, 0) | 1120 (240, 2160) | 1680 (160, 3840) | 3360 (1260, 6840) | 240 (120, 380) |
Screen time | ||||||
Moderate | 599 | 0 (0, 0) | 1120 (280, 2160) | 1560 (240, 3360) | 3340 (1260, 6480) | 220 (120, 366) |
Excessive | 346 | 0 (0, 0) | 1112 (30, 2520) | 2190 (160, 5040) | 4080 (1560, 7995) | 270 (150, 405) |
Domains of physical activity
Correlates of LPA among males
Male (n = 471) | Female (n = 474) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | n | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | |
Socio-demographic variables | ||||||
Age | ||||||
15–17 years | 269 | 0.98 (0.12–7.98) | 0.99 (0.12–8.62) | 347 | 2.75 (0.61–12.49) | 2.68 (0.56–12.87) |
17–19 years | 191 | 0.73 (0.09–6.15) | 0.68 (0.08–6.05) | 113 | 2.81 (0.60–13.20) | 2.45 (0.50–11.95) |
19–21 years | 11 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 1 | 1 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Brahmin/Chhetri | 301 | 0.51 (0.23–1.12) | 0.38 (0.15–0.94) | 274 | 1.03 (0.53–2.02) | 0.91 (0.44–1.86) |
Aadibasi/Janajati | 96 | 0.43 (0.15–1.23) | 0.38 (0.13–1.14) | 149 | 1.59 (0.79–3.20) | 1.43 (0.70–2.94) |
Others | 74 | 1 | 1 | 51 | 1 | 1 |
Family type | ||||||
Nuclear | 350 | 0.97 (0.45–2.05) | 1.05 (0.48–2.28) | 332 | 0.76 (0.50–1.15) | 0.78 (0.51–1.20) |
Non-nuclear | 121 | 1 | 1 | 142 | 1 | 1 |
Educational status of father | ||||||
Illiterate | 23 | 0.46 (0.06–3.60) | 0.50 (0.05–4.86) | 17 | 0.90 (0.31–2.67) | 0.95 (0.27–3.43) |
Primary | 71 | 0.76 (0.27–2.15) | 0.73 (0.21–2.52) | 51 | 0.90 (0.46–1.76) | 0.96 (0.41–2.26) |
Secondary | 201 | 0.87 (0.42–1.79) | 0.85 (0.35–2.03) | 197 | 0.97 (0.64–1.48) | 0.85 (0.51–1.41) |
High school and above | 176 | 1 | 1 | 209 | 1 | 1 |
Educational status of mother | ||||||
Illiterate | 85 | 0.79 (0.26–2.37) | 0.71 (0.17–2.92) | 56 | 0.98 (0.48–1.98) | 1.01 (0.39–2.58) |
Primary | 107 | 0.84 (0.30–2.33) | 0.84 (0.24–2.98) | 77 | 1.11 (0.60–2.07) | 1.08 (0.50–2.33) |
Secondary | 188 | 0.97 (0.40–2.35) | 0.97 (0.34–2.72) | 220 | 1.20 (0.74–1.94) | 1.22 (0.70–2.13) |
High school and above | 91 | 1 | 1 | 121 | 1 | 1 |
Academic variables | ||||||
Type of school | ||||||
Public | 160 | 0.41 (0.18–0.96) | 0.49 (0.19–1.24) | 170 | 0.59 (0.39–0.91) | 0.47 (0.27–0.84) |
Private | 311 | 1 | 1 | 304 | 1 | 1 |
Grade of study | ||||||
11 | 168 | 0.93 (0.46–1.88) | 1.90 (0.72–5.00) | 163 | 1.57 (1.05–2.34) | 0.98 (0.53–1.84) |
12 | 303 | 1 | 1 | 311 | 1 | 1 |
Subject of study | ||||||
Education | 65 | 0.13 (0.02–0.94) | 0.05 (0.01–0.60) | 106 | 1.15 (0.68–1.95) | 1.66 (0.71–3.92) |
Humanities | 9 | – | – | 15 | 1.06 (0.33–3.48) | 1.84 (0.45–7.57) |
Management | 153 | 0.56 (0.26–1.20) | 0.15 (0.03–0.85) | 145 | 2.06 (1.31–3.25) | 2.20 (0.92–5.30) |
Science | 244 | 1 | 1 | 208 | 1 | 1 |
Time of study | ||||||
Morning | 170 | 0.52 (0.24–1.14) | 3.57 (0.66–19.18) | 202 | 1.14 (0.77–1.69) | 1.01 (0.48–2.13) |
Day | 301 | 1 | 1 | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Environmental variables | ||||||
Mode of transport to school | ||||||
Walking | 174 | 0.62 (0.30–1.28) | 0.70 (0.30–1.61) | 165 | 0.98 (0.65–1.48) | 0.98 (0.60–1.59) |
Cycle | 82 | 0.32 (0.09–1.09) | 0.28 (0.06–1.26) | 52 | 0.21 (0.08–0.54) | 0.22 (0.08–0.62) |
Motorcycle/Four-wheeled | 215 | 1 | 1 | 257 | 1 | 1 |
Extracurricular activities at school | ||||||
Yes | 293 | 0.82 (0.42–1.61) | 1.02 (0.44–2.37) | 361 | 1.12 (0.71–1.18) | 0.99 (0.60–1.63) |
No | 178 | 1 | 1 | 113 | 1 | 1 |
Playground at school | ||||||
Yes | 348 | 0.99 (0.47–2.10) | 1.22 (0.47–3.16) | 445 | 0.99 (0.44–2.25) | 1.31 (0.51–3.37) |
No | 123 | 1 | 1 | 29 | 1 | 1 |
Playground or park around home | ||||||
Yes | 325 | 0.42 (0.21–0.81) | 0.36 (0.16–0.79) | 320 | 0.70 (0.46–1.05) | 0.59 (0.37–0.94) |
No | 146 | 1 | 1 | 154 | 1 | 1 |
Adequate space to play or walk around home | ||||||
Yes | 353 | 0.62 (0.30–1.25) | 1.08 (0.46–2.51) | 356 | 0.84 (0.54–1.31) | 1.15 (0.68–1.94) |
No | 118 | 1 | 1 | 118 | 1 | 1 |
Family support to physical activity | ||||||
Yes | 446 | 0.25 (0.09–0.66) | 0.23 (0.07–0.79) | 444 | 0.89 (0.41–1.96) | 0.73 (0.29–1.80) |
No | 25 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 1 | 1 |
Peer support to physical activity | ||||||
Yes | 450 | 0.25 (0.09–0.74) | 0.29 (0.08–1.06) | 450 | 1.10 (0.45–2.70) | 1.12 (0.39–3.19) |
No | 21 | 1 | 1 | 24 | 1 | 1 |
Lifestyle-related variables | ||||||
Current smoker | ||||||
Yes | 29 | 1.34 (0.39–4.65) | 1.96 (0.47–8.21) | 1 | – | – |
No | 442 | 1 | 1 | 473 | – | – |
Current drinker | ||||||
Yes | 41 | 2.65 (1.09–6.46) | 2.97 (1.03–8.55) | 1 | – | – |
No | 430 | 1 | 1 | 473 | – | – |
Screen time | ||||||
Moderate | 294 | 1.04 (0.52–2.06) | 0.88 (0.40–1.95) | 305 | 0.70 (0.47–1.04) | 0.69 (0.44–1.07) |
Excessive | 177 | 1 | 1 | 169 | 1 | 1 |