Background
Methods
About the survey
Outcome
Statistical analysis
Results
Basic sample characteristics
Variables | Bangladesh | India | Nepal | Sri Lanka |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, Mean(SD) | 60.72 (9.6) | 59.94 (9.1) | 60.75 (9) | 60 (9.08) |
50–59 | 50.6 | 48.8 | 47.8 | 54.9 |
60–69 | 29.5 | 33.6 | 32.2 | 27.3 |
70+ | 20.0 | 17.7 | 20.1 | 17.8 |
Sex | ||||
Female | 48.8 | 49.0 | 48.8 | 52.2 |
Male | 51.2 | 51.0 | 51.2 | 47.8 |
Currently married | ||||
No | 30.7 | 26.3 | 27.4 | 29.6 |
Yes | 69.3 | 73.8 | 72.6 | 70.4 |
Educational attainment | ||||
Nil | 58.4 | 52.2 | 83.8 | 10.0 |
Primary | 30.1 | 25.4 | 11.3 | 45.0 |
Secondary | 7.9 | 14.8 | 4.2 | 42.7 |
Pre-university/University | 3.6 | 7.6 | 0.7 | 2.3 |
Job | ||||
Govt. employee | 3.1 | 4.1 | 2.0 | 6.9 |
Private employee | 3.6 | 6.5 | 0.7 | 7.0 |
Employer | 38.7 | 36.1 | 58.3 | 35.0 |
Not working for payment | 54.5 | 53.3 | 39.1 | 51.1 |
Smoking habit | ||||
Daily | 37.8 | 42.3 | 51.3 | 17.8 |
Yes, not daily | 3.9 | 3.3 | 5.9 | 10.0 |
Non-smoker | 58.3 | 54.5 | 42.8 | 72.2 |
Ever drank alcohol | ||||
Yes | 9.3 | 11.5 | 40.1 | 20.5 |
No | 90.7 | 88.5 | 59.9 | 79.5 |
Days of moderate physical activity | ||||
0 | 64.9 | 26.0 | 66.0 | 26.1 |
1–2 | 10.0 | 5.8 | 6.9 | 8.4 |
3–4 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 11.1 |
5–6 | 5.0 | 12.3 | 3.4 | 11.6 |
7 | 12.7 | 48.2 | 16.3 | 42.8 |
Days of vigorous physical activity | ||||
0 | 38.7 | 55.4 | 23.4 | 57.0 |
1–2 | 14.7 | 6.5 | 4.7 | 7.4 |
3–4 | 11.5 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 8.1 |
5–6 | 8.9 | 11.6 | 5.6 | 9.2 |
7 | 26.2 | 21.1 | 60.6 | 18.3 |
Prevalence of self-reported depression
Variables | Bangladesh (n = 576, 47.7) | India (n = 887, 40.3) | Nepal (n = 759, 40.4) | Sri Lanka (n = 187, 11.4) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
50–59 | 46.7 | 47.8 | 42.7 | 46.5 |
60–69 | 29.9 | 33.2 | 33.7 | 29.9 |
70+ | 23.4 | 19.0 | 23.6 | 23.5 |
p
| 0.007 | 0.389 | <0.0001 | 0.012 |
Sex | ||||
Female | 56.4 | 52.4 | 56.1 | 58.8 |
Male | 43.6 | 47.6 | 43.9 | 41.2 |
p
| <0.0001 | 0.004 | <0.0001 | 0.032 |
Currently married | ||||
Yes | 37.5 | 30.1 | 36.5 | 38.5 |
No | 62.5 | 69.9 | 63.5 | 61.5 |
p
| <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.004 |
Educational attainment | ||||
Nil | 62.7 | 55.2 | 88.9 | 50.8 |
primary school | 28.6 | 26.8 | 7.5 | 12.8 |
Secondary complete | 6.6 | 12.3 | 3.3 | 33.7 |
Pre-university/University | 2.1 | 5.7 | 0.3 | 2.7 |
p
| 0.003 | 0.001 | <0.0001 | 0.059 |
Job | ||||
Govt. employee | 4.9 | 3.2 | 1.8 | 4.8 |
Private employee | 4.6 | 6.3 | 0.7 | 4.8 |
Employer | 42.4 | 32.5 | 54.4 | 38.0 |
Not working for payment | 48.1 | 58.0 | 44.1 | 52.4 |
p
| <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.002 | 0.331 |
Smoking habit | ||||
Daily | 59.3 | 51.8 | 41.9 | 71.1 |
Yes. not daily | 3.5 | 3.0 | 6.5 | 7.0 |
Non-smoker | 37.2 | 45.3 | 51.6 | 21.9 |
p
| 0.615 | <0.0001 | 0.624 | 0.130 |
Ever drank alcohol | ||||
Yes | 10.9 | 11.8 | 38.6 | 17.1 |
No | 89.1 | 88.2 | 61.4 | 82.9 |
p
| 0.035 | 0.388 | 0.157 | 0.129 |
Days of moderate physical activity | ||||
0 | 67.5 | 27.5 | 68.1 | 30.5 |
1–2 | 9.2 | 5.5 | 5.9 | 10.2 |
3–4 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 11.8 |
5–6 | 4.3 | 13.3 | 2.6 | 8.0 |
7 | 11.8 | 46.6 | 16.2 | 39.6 |
p
| 0.432 | 0.383 | 0.278 | <0.0001 |
Days of vigorous physical activity | ||||
0 | 43.1 | 54.8 | 23.5 | 62.0 |
1–2 | 14.4 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 11.2 |
3–4 | 10.8 | 6.2 | 4.9 | 9.1 |
5–6 | 8.0 | 12.4 | 6.6 | 6.4 |
7 | 23.8 | 20.5 | 60.1 | 11.2 |
p
| <0.0001 | 0.523 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Variables | Bangladesh (n = 30, 2.5) | India (n = 413, 17.7) | Nepal (n = 727, 38.7) | Sri Lanka (n = 33, 2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age Mean | ||||
50–59 | 60.0 | 47.0 | 49.9 | 66.7 |
60–69 | 23.3 | 35.8 | 30.7 | 15.2 |
70+ | 16.7 | 17.2 | 19.4 | 18.2 |
p
| 0.377 | 0.484 | 0.324 | 0.262 |
Sex | ||||
Female | 56.7 | 53.0 | 48.6 | 63.6 |
Male | 43.3 | 47.0 | 51.4 | 36.4 |
p
| 0.241 | 0.1 | <0.0001 | 0.125 |
Currently married | ||||
Yes | 23.3 | 28.8 | 26.3 | 24.2 |
No | 76.7 | 71.2 | 73.7 | 75.8 |
p
| 0.132 | 0.213 | 0.208 | 0.318 |
Educational attainment | ||||
Nil | 40.0 | 55.0 | 82.7 | 15.2 |
Primary school | 46.7 | 25.9 | 11.1 | 30.3 |
Secondary complete | 3.3 | 12.6 | 5.2 | 51.5 |
Pre-university/University | 10.0 | 6.5 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
p
| 0.032 | 0.471 | 0.218 | 0.362 |
Job | ||||
Govt. employee | 6.7 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 3.0 |
Private employee | 0 | 8.0 | 1.1 | 6.1 |
Employer | 40.0 | 33.2 | 59.8 | 42.4 |
Not working for payment | 53.3 | 55.9 | 37.0 | 48.5 |
p
| 0.502 | 0.158 | 0.116 | 0.715 |
Smoking habit | ||||
Daily | 30.0 | 34.4 | 50.1 | 12.1 |
Yes, not daily | 10.0 | 1.0 | 4.7 | 6.1 |
Non-smoker | 60.0 | 64.6 | 45.3 | 81.8 |
p
| 0.177 | <0.0001 | 0.082 | 0.465 |
Ever drank alcohol | ||||
Yes | 16.7 | 12.1 | 40.7 | 15.2 |
No | 83.3 | 87.9 | 59.3 | 84.8 |
p
| 0.137 | 0.422 | 0.338 | 0.301 |
Days of moderate physical activity | ||||
0 | 63.3 | 23.5 | 62.9 | 24.2 |
1–2 | 10.0 | 6.5 | 7.4 | 3.0 |
3–4 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 8.7 | 9.1 |
5–6 | 3.3 | 12.8 | 3.3 | 9.1 |
7 | 13.3 | 48.2 | 17.7 | 54.5 |
p
| <0.0001 | 0.183 | 0.189 | 0.1 |
Days of vigorous physical activity | ||||
0 | 36.7 | 58.4 | 21.7 | 51.5 |
1–2 | 23.3 | 7.7 | 4.5 | 9.1 |
3–4 | 20.0 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 15.2 |
5–6 | 13.3 | 10.2 | 6.1 | 6.1 |
7 | 6.7 | 18.2 | 61.8 | 18.2 |
p
| 0.070 | 0.227 | 0.123 | 0.030 |
Association between PA and SRD
Bangladesh | India | Nepal | Sri Lanka | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Days of MPA | ||||
7 | - | - | - | - |
5–6 | 1.034 (0.712–1.500) | 1.155 (0.912–1.462) | 0.728 (0.449–1.181) | 1.639 (0.870–3.088) |
3–4 | 1.140 (0.760–1.710) | 1.334 (0.907–1.961) | 1.066 (0.670–1.695) | 1.135 (0.647–1.993) |
1–2 | 1.135 (0.726–1.774) | 0.953 (0.668–1.359) | 0.608 (0.386–0.957) | 1.044 (0.578–1.885) |
0 | 1.284 (0.938–1.758) | 1.336 (0.873–2.046) | 0.969 (0.672–1.123) | 1.125 (0.754–1.678) |
Days of VPA | ||||
7 | - | - | - | - |
5–6 | 1.086 (0.722–1.635) | 0.990 (0.670–1.462) | 1.108 (0.742–1.652) | 0.545 (0.314–0.944) |
3–4 | 0.871 (0.545–1.390) | 0.660 (0.437–0.997) | 0.964 (0.659–1.410) | 0.775 (0.432–1.390) |
1–2 | 1.099 (0.631–1.912) | 0.895 (0.644–1.242) | 1.056 (0.771–2.385) | 1.292 (0.669–2.494) |
0 | 0.955 (0.653–1.396) | 0.943 (0.732–1.214) | 0.987 (0.668–1.176) | 1.592 (0.941–2.693) |
Bangladesh | India | Nepal | Sri Lanka | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Days of MPA | ||||
7 | - | - | - | - |
5–6 | 0.729 (0.261–2.041) | 0.687 (0.410–1.153) | 1.011 (0.624–1.639) | 0.807 (0.326–2.0) |
3–4 | 0.548 (0.186–1.619) | 0.622 (0.392–0.986) | 0.926 (0.592–1.449) | 1.524 (0.364–6.384) |
1–2 | 0.716 (0.210–2.439) | 0.629 (0.405–0.979) | 0.838 (0.535–1.314) | 1.360 (0.329–5.616) |
0 | 5.512 (1.159–26.21) | 0.928 (0.540–1.981) | 0.942 (0.731–1.215) | 3.125 (0.372–26.261) |
Days of VPA | ||||
7 | - | - | - | - |
5–6 | 0.956 (0.261–3.501) | 0.997 (0.631–1.574) | 0.853 (0.582–1.249) | 0.584 (0.156–2.191) |
3–4 | 0.667 (0.178–2.496) | 1.167 (0.699–1.947) | 0.725 (0.502–1.048) | 0.363 (0.120–1.101) |
1–2 | 1.104 (0.135–9.055) | 1.487 (0.977–2.263) | 0.962 (0.564–1.642) | 1.041 (0.221–4.898) |
0 | 0.553 (0.169–1.812) | 1.442 (1.046–1.987) | 0.797 (0.604–1.052) | 0.964 (0.345–2.698) |