Background
Methods
Collection and preparation of plant extracts
Plant material | Yield of crude extract (%) | Phytochemical content | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saponins | Alkaloids | Phenolics | Flavonoids | Terpenoids | Tanins | ||
Roots | 10.733 | --- | --+ | --- | --- | +++ | +++ |
Fruits | 8.066 | +++ | -++ | --- | --- | +++ | +++ |
Bark | 28.400 | +++ | +++ | --+ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
Leaves | 11.733 | +++ | +++ | -- + | +++ | +++ | +++ |
Phytochemical screening
Test for alkaloids
Test for saponins
Test for terpenoids
Test for phenolic compounds
Test for flavonoids
Test for tannins
Cell culture
Cell treatment and antiproliferation assay
Radical inhibition assays
The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay
The 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay
Nitric oxide inhibitory assay
Statistical analysis
Results and discussion
Phytochemical analysis
Free radical inhibition of extracts
Assay | IC50 in μg/mL | ||
---|---|---|---|
DPPH inhibition | ABTS inhibition | NO inhibition | |
RSP | 854.65 ± 25.44 | > 1000 | > 100 |
FSP | 234.48 ± 22.55 | 691.86 ± 33.41 | 84.43 ± 4.97 |
BSP | 134.33 ± 1.02 | 400.08 ± 3.12 | 78.40 ± 3.47 |
LSP | 7.98 ± 0.45a
| 15.35 ± 0.13a
| 46.09 ± 1.53a
|
Ascorbic acid | 1.56 ± 0.57b
| 1.89 ± 0.36b
| nd |
Trolox | 3.57 ± 0.26b
| 5.23 ± 0.98b
| nd |
Quercetin | nd | nd | 5.07 ± 0.54b
|
Inhibitory activity of extracts on nitric oxide production
Antiproliferative activity of the extracts
Cell lines | Vero | MCF-7 | HeLa | Caco-2 | A549 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LC50 (μg/mL) | IC50 (μg/mL) | SI | IC50 (μg/mL) | SI | IC50 (μg/mL) | SI | IC50 (μg/mL) | SI | |
RSP | >1000 | 557.75 ± 60.35 | nd | 175.50 ± 31.37 | nd | >1000 | nd | 857.25 ± 63.55 | nd |
FSP | 601.42 ± 4.42 | 453.27 ± 6.41 | 1.32 | 194.81 ± 9.39 | 3.08 | 721.03 ± 68.35 | 0.83 | >1000 | nd |
BSP | 215.76 ± 10.83a
| 70.23 ± 0.99 | 3.07 | 15.26 ± 0.45a
| 14.13 | 62.65 ± 3.30a
| 3.44 | 92.21 ± 0.91 | 2.33 |
LSP | 186.30 ± 5.42a
| 26.94 ± 1.15a
| 6.91 | 10.19 ± 0.31a
| 18.28 | 59.02 ± 2.37a
| 3.15 | 50.46 ± 1.65a
| 3.69 |
Doxorubicin (μM) | 4.85 ± 0.29b
| 1.78 ± 0.39b
| 2.72 | 1.92 ± 0.29b
| 2.52 | 3.00 ± 0.24b
| 1.61 | 1.05 ± 0.67b
| 4.61 |
Correlation between free radical inhibition capacity and antiproliferative activity
Cell lines | Correlation factor (R2) | ||
---|---|---|---|
DPPH inhibition | ABTS inhibition | NO inhibition | |
MCF-7 | 0.6923 | 0.7614 | 0.6879 |
HeLa | 0.4542 | 0.7009 | 0.4544 |
Caco-2 | 0.6946 | 0.6830 | 0.3908 |
A549 | 0.9914 | 0.7206 | 0.9435 |