Introduction
Methods
Subjects and anthropometric data
OGTT
Immunoassay
Calculations for OMM
Statistical analyses
Data analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics
South Asian | Caucasian | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NGT | IFG/IGT | T2D | NGT | IFG/IGT | T2D | |
n
| 22 | 12 | 23 | 34 | 12 | 18 |
Sex (male/female), n% (male) | 10/12 (45.5) | 8/4 (66.7) | 11/12 (47.8) | 11/23 (32.4) | 4/8 (33.3) | 9/9 (50.0) |
Age (years) | 39.6 ± 11.6a
| 46.3 ± 8.8 | 52.3 ± 8.8b,c
| 38.9 ± 9.4b
| 44.5 ± 11.4b
| 63.2 ± 7.6a,d,e
|
Weight (kg) | 78.7 ± 13.8 | 78.7 ± 14.5 | 74.4 ± 12.4b
| 81.1 ± 15.7 | 94.1 ± 30.4 | 90.5 ± 15.0a
|
Length (m) | 1.69 ± 0.1 | 1.67 ± 0.1 | 1.61 ± 0.1b
| 1.75 ± 0.1 | 1.75 ± 0.1 | 1.76 ± 0.1a
|
BMI (kg m−2) | 27.6 ± 4.1 | 27.9 ± 2.9 | 28.6 ± 4.1 | 26.3 ± 4.1 | 30.4 ± 8.5 | 29.3 ± 4.9 |
Waist (cm) | 94 ± 10 | 98 ± 13 | 97 ± 11 | 91 ± 15b
| 105 ± 20 | 105 ± 14d
|
Hip (cm) | 105 ± 5 | 103 ± 6 | 104 ± 9 | 108 ± 8 | 116 ± 20 | 112 ± 10 |
W/H ratio | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 0.95 ± 0.10 | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 0.84 ± 0.09b
| 0.90 ± 0.07 | 0.94 ± 0.08d
|
eGFR MDRD (mL min−1) | 103.2 ± 5.0 | 112.9 ± 6.8 | 102.5 ± 5.7 | 101.8 ± 3.2 | 104.1 ± 7.6 | 94.2 ± 3.9 |
Φ
basal (min−1) | 0.50 ± 0.05 | 0.54 ± 0.07 | 0.42 ± 0.02 | 0.36 ± 0.02 | 0.36 ± 0.03 | 0.38 ± 0.05 |
Φ
dynamic (10−9) | 365.36 ± 41.89a
| 228.19 ± 62.60 | 114.52 ± 36.50c
| 252.55 ± 28.55b
| 140.48 ± 40.55 | 94.46 ± 15.10d
|
Φ
static (10−9 min−1) | 21.28 ± 1.17a,f
| 12.64 ± 1.35c
| 8.33 ± 1.24c
| 18.34 ± 1.71b
| 11.97 ± 1.46 | 4.19 ± 0.52d
|
Φ
oral (10−9 min−1) | 24.96 ± 1.38a,f
| 14.66 ± 1.49c
| 9.43 ± 1.58c
| 21.37 ± 1.89b
| 13.88 ± 1.86 | 4.92 ± 0.61d
|
T (min) | 13.15 ± 2.61 | 8.93 ± 1.05 | 14.84 ± 2.06 | 10.35 ± 1.06 | 11.69 ± 1.74 | 13.86 ± 2.50 |
S
I (10−5 dL kg−1 min−1 per pM) | 15.60 ± 2.60a
| 8.30 ± 1.80 | 7.60 ± 1.40c
| 26.70 ± 3.70b
| 12.90 ± 3.60 | 5.80 ± 1.50d
|
DIbasal (10−5 dL kg−1 min−2 per pM) | 6.40 ± 0.70a
| 3.90 ± 0.60 | 3.10 ± 0.60c
| 8.70 ± 1.20b
| 4.30 ± 1.20 | 1.60 ± 0.30d
|
DIdynamic (10−14 dL kg−1 min−1 per pM) | 5263.30 ± 902.50a
| 2116.00 ± 888.30 | 739.20 ± 205.20c
| 6389.70 ± 1373.20b
| 1999.90 ± 631.50 | 390.70 ± 115.10d
|
DIstatic (10−14 dL kg−1 min−2 per pM) | 323.40 ± 52.80a,f
| 111.60 ± 32.90c
| 60.50 ± 11.60c
| 558.90 ± 147.60b
| 144.30 ± 43.40 | 23.40 ± 7.10d
|
DIoral (10−14 dL kg−1 min−2 per pM) | 379.90 ± 62.40a,f
| 130.30 ± 38.10c
| 67.70 ± 13.00c
| 637.10 ± 164.60b
| 165.10 ± 49.10 | 26.80 ± 8.00d
|
Glucose urine (mmol L−1) | 0.31 ± 0.24a
| 2.13 ± 1.29a
| 24.99 ± 7.02c,f
| 0.19 ± 0.06b
| 4.55 ± 3.37b
| 32.68 ± 6.57A,d,e
|
Glucose/creatinine ratio urine | 0.04 ± 0.02a
| 0.33 ± 0.20a
| 5.60 ± 1.67c,f
| 0.03 ± 0.01b
| 0.24 ± 0.14b
| 5.01 ± 1.08A,d,e
|
C-peptide urine (nmol L−1) | 19.0 ± 3.2 | 21.2 ± 4.3 | 19.1 ± 3.0 | 20.2 ± 4.5 | 26.6 ± 10.1 | 26.9 ± 5.9A
|
C-peptide/creatinine ratio urine | 3.8 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.5A
|
Effect of renal glucose loss on plasma-derived OMM indices
Relation urine markers with plasma indices of C-peptide and glucose, OMM, and eGFR
Urine markers | Plasma indices | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incr C-peptide AUC | Incr. glucose AUC |
S
I
|
Φ
dynamic
|
Φ
static
| DIdynamic
| DIstatic
| |
South Asians | |||||||
Glucose urine | −0.023 | 0.757** | −0.459** | −0.578** | −0.774** | −0.687** | −0.730** |
Glucose/creatinine ratio urine | −0.059 | 0.690** | −0.414** | −0.565** | −0.727** | −0.653** | −0.674** |
C-peptide urine | 0.331* | 0.170 | −0.151 | 0.153 | 0.036 | 0.010 | −0.060 |
C-peptide/creatinine ratio urine | 0.301* | 0.069 | −0.148 | 0.100 | 0.068 | −0.057 | −0.002 |
Caucasians | |||||||
Glucose urine | 0.175 | 0.669** | −0.639** | −0.208 | −0.571** | −0.663** | −0.763** |
Glucose/creatinine ratio urine | 0.036 | 0.644** | −0.513** | −0.412** | −0.610** | −0.687** | −0.656** |
C-peptide urine | 0.485** | 0.346* | −0.458** | 0.178 | −0.039 | −0.269 | −0.398** |
C-peptide/creatinine ratio urine | 0.453** | 0.254 | −0.202 | −0.055 | −0.053 | −0.198 | −0.168 |
Estimation of glucose threshold among non-T2D and T2D subgroups
CaucasiansA
| South Asians | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N (stepwise) | Glucose AUC |
N (stepwise) | Glucose AUC | |
Threshold 8.5 mmol L−1
| ||||
Urine glucose− | ||||
Non-T2D | 3 | 28.8 ± 14.7 | 2 | 71.25 ± 57.0 |
T2D | 0 | 0 | 1 | 33.8 |
Urine glucose+ | ||||
Non-T2D | 19 | 116.6 ± 29.3 | 14 | 116.2 ± 28.9 |
T2D | 11 | 1012.9 ± 143.4 | 20 | 684.5 ± 107.0 |
Threshold 9 mmol L−1
| ||||
Urine glucose− | ||||
Non-T2D | 2 | 17.25 ± 6.0 | 2 | 41.3 ± 37.5 |
T2D | 0 | 0 | 1 | 12.0 |
Urine glucose+ | ||||
Non-T2D | 16 | 103.6 ± 28.0 | 12 | 99.7 ± 26.0 |
T2D | 11 | 922.7 ± 139.1 | 20 | 614.0 ± 102.2 |
Threshold 9.5 mmol L−1
| ||||
Urine glucose− | ||||
Non-T2D | 2 | 2.25 ± 1.50 | 1 | 45.8 |
T2D | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Urine glucose+ | ||||
Non-T2D | 11 | 112.1 ± 28.5 | 11 | 75.8 ± 23.0 |
T2D | 11 | 837.8 ± 133.8 | 20 | 545.1 ± 97.3 |
Threshold 10 mmol L−1
| ||||
Urine glucose− | ||||
Non-T2D | 0 | 0 | 1 | 16.5 |
T2D | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Urine glucose+ | ||||
Non-T2D | 9 | 99.0 ± 25.6 | 8 | 67.5 ± 22.4 |
T2D | 11 | 759.3 ± 128.5 | 20 | 480.3 ± 91.8 |
Threshold 10.5 mmol L−1
| ||||
Urine glucose− | ||||
Non-T2D | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
T2D | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Urine glucose+ | ||||
Non-T2D | 8 | 77.6 ± 20.6 | 7 | 46.9 ± 18.6 |
T2D | 11 | 683.1 ± 123.2 | 20 | 420.5 ± 85.8 |
Threshold 11.0 mmol L−1
| ||||
Urine glucose− | ||||
Non-T2D | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
T2D | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Urine glucose+ | ||||
Non-T2D | 8 | 53.3 ± 16.5 | 7 | 25.9 ± 13.9 |
T2D | 11 | 608.8 ± 117.8 | 19 | 383.8 ± 81.4 |
Threshold 11.5 mmol L−1
| ||||
Urine glucose− | ||||
Non-T2D | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
T2D | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Urine glucose+ | ||||
Non-T2D | 7 | 38.6 ± 13.4 | 4 | 21.2 ± 13.0 |
T2D | 11 | 538.9 ± 111.8 | 17 | 367.0 ± 78.7 |