Background
Methods
Source of data
Initial database records | Restricted study area | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Practice ID | Total patients | Active patients | Total patients | Active patients |
Practice 1 | 25,062 | 13,655 | 18,958 | 12,032 |
Practice 2 | 23,161 | 9858 | 17,551 | 8004 |
Practice 3 | 24,838 | 9349 | 15,548 | 7085 |
Practice 4 | 8301 | 4690 | 6863 | 4140 |
Practice 5 | 8098 | 2919 | 6198 | 2464 |
Total | 89,460 | 40,471 | 65,118 | 33,725 |
Descriptive and inferential analyses
Results
Descriptive analysis
COPD | Asthma | Overlap (COPD + asthma) | Total (row n) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All active patients | n | % | n | % | n | % | n |
1130 | 3.4 | 3457 | 10.3 | 317 | 0.9 | 33,725 | |
By age group | n | % | n | % | n | % | n |
0–14 | 2 | 0.0 | 524 | 10.9 | 1 | 0.0 | 4789 |
15–24 | 0 | 0.0 | 474 | 14.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 3328 |
25–34 | 10 | 0.3 | 363 | 10.2 | 3 | 0.1 | 3561 |
35–44 | 19 | 0.5 | 391 | 9.4 | 6 | 0.1 | 4180 |
45–54 | 82 | 1.7 | 432 | 8.9 | 24 | 0.5 | 4846 |
55–64 | 190 | 4.2 | 389 | 8.7 | 50 | 1.1 | 4479 |
65–74 | 288 | 7.5 | 379 | 9.9 | 77 | 2.0 | 3846 |
75–84 | 359 | 11.1 | 364 | 11.3 | 103 | 3.2 | 3221 |
85+ | 180 | 12.2 | 141 | 9.6 | 53 | 3.6 | 1474 |
Active patients | Observed cases | Expected cases | Prevalence (=O/A*100%) | SPR (=O/E) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Practice 1 | 12,032 | 374 | 409 | 3.1 | 0.91 |
Practice 2 | 8004 | 345 | 290 | 4.3 | 1.19 |
Practice 3 | 7085 | 243 | 269 | 3.4 | 0.90 |
Practice 4 | 4140 | 103 | 154 | 2.5 | 0.67 |
Practice 5 | 2464 | 65 | 77 | 2.6 | 0.84 |
Total | 33,725 | 1130 | 1228 | 3.4 | 0.92 |
Active patients | Observed cases | Expected cases | Prevalence (=O/A*100%) | SPR(=O/E) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Practice 1 | 12,032 | 1320 | 1297 | 11.0 | 1.02 |
Practice 2 | 8004 | 815 | 855 | 10.2 | 0.95 |
Practice 3 | 7085 | 828 | 753 | 11.7 | 1.10 |
Practice 4 | 4140 | 332 | 440 | 8.0 | 0.76 |
Practice 5 | 2464 | 162 | 266 | 6.6 | 0.61 |
Total | 33,725 | 3457 | 3605 | 10.3 | 0.96 |
COPD, asthma, risk and/or comorbid conditions
COPD | Asthma | ACO (COPD + asthma) | Total (row n) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | |
All active patients | 1130 |
3.4
| 3457 |
10.3
| 317 |
0.9
|
33,725
|
Risk factors | |||||||
Age |
****
|
****
|
****
|
33,724
| |||
Under 55 | 113 |
0.5
| 2184 |
10.5
| 34 |
0.2
| 20,704 |
55 to 69 | 327 |
4.9
| 595 |
9.0
| 83 |
1.2
| 6648 |
70 to 84 | 510 |
10.4
| 537 |
11.0
| 147 |
3.0
| 4898 |
85 and over | 180 |
12.2
| 141 |
9.6
| 53 |
3.6
| 1474 |
Sex |
****
|
****
|
33,627
| ||||
Male | 591 |
4.1
| 1380 |
9.6
| 138 |
1.0
| 14,375 |
Female | 539 |
2.8
| 2073 |
10.8
| 179 |
0.9
| 19,252 |
Smokinga |
****
|
****
|
25,688
| ||||
Daily/irregular | 298 |
7.8
| 442 |
11.6
| 63 |
1.7
| 3807 |
Ex-smoker | 518 |
8.9
| 660 |
11.3
| 148 |
2.5
| 5839 |
Never smoked | 236 |
1.5
| 1775 |
11.1
| 85 |
0.5
| 16,042 |
Indigenous Australian |
**
|
15,304
| |||||
Yes | 15 |
5.4
| 45 |
16.1
| 4 |
1.4
| 280 |
No | 565 |
3.8
| 1618 |
10.8
| 185 |
1.2
| 15,024 |
Marital status |
****
|
****
|
****
|
9853
| |||
Never married | 97 |
2.8
| 423 |
12.1
| 29 |
0.8
| 3496 |
Married/De facto | 221 |
4.3
| 470 |
9.1
| 53 |
1.0
| 5167 |
Divorced/Separated | 41 |
7.8
| 67 |
12.7
| 12 |
2.3
| 526 |
Widowed | 66 |
9.9
| 92 |
13.9
| 23 |
3.5
| 664 |
Comorbid conditions | |||||||
Diabetes (type II) |
****
|
**
|
****
|
33,725
| |||
Yes | 184 |
7.7
| 291 |
12.1
| 58 |
2.4
| 2399 |
No | 946 |
3.0
| 3166 |
10.1
| 259 |
0.8
| 31,326 |
Heart failure |
****
|
****
|
****
|
33,725
| |||
Yes | 91 |
20.0
| 79 |
17.3
| 35 |
7.7
| 456 |
No | 1039 |
3.1
| 3378 |
10.2
| 282 |
0.8
| 33,269 |
Stroke |
****
|
****
|
33,725
| ||||
Yes | 66 |
12.0
| 68 |
12.3
| 16 |
2.9
| 552 |
No | 1064 |
3.2
| 3389 |
10.2
| 301 |
0.9
| 33,173 |
Peripheral vascular disease |
****
|
**
|
33,725
| ||||
Yes | 37 |
23.9
| 12 |
7.7
| 6 |
3.9
| 155 |
No | 1093 |
3.3
| 3445 |
10.3
| 311 |
0.9
| 33,570 |
Mental disorder |
****
|
****
|
****
|
33,725
| |||
Yes | 310 |
5.8
| 804 |
15.0
| 99 |
1.8
| 5362 |
No | 820 |
2.9
| 2653 |
9.4
| 218 |
0.8
| 28,363 |
Dementia |
****
|
*
|
33,725
| ||||
Yes | 26 |
10.1
| 22 |
8.6
| 7 |
2.7
| 257 |
No | 1104 |
3.3
| 3435 |
10.3
| 310 |
0.9
| 33,468 |
Osteoarthritis/ osteoporosis |
****
|
****
|
****
|
33,725
| |||
Yes | 550 |
9.7
| 776 |
13.6
| 189 |
3.3
| 5698 |
No | 580 |
2.1
| 2681 |
9.6
| 128 |
0.5
| 28,027 |
Condition B
| |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Condition A
|
Row n
|
Row %
|
COPD
|
Asthma
|
OA/Osteo
|
Mental
|
Diabetes
|
Stroke
|
Heart fail
|
Dementia
|
PVD
|
COPD
|
1130
|
3.35
| 100 | 28.1 | 48.7 | 27.4 | 16.3 | 5.84 | 8.05 | 2.30 | 3.27 |
Asthma
|
3457
|
10.3
| 100 | 22.4 | 23.3 | 8.42 | 1.97 | 2.29 | 0.64 | 0.35 | |
OA/Osteo condition
|
5698
|
16.9
| 100 | 28.7 | 16.5 | 5.76 | 4.97 | 2.49 | 1.67 | ||
Mental disorder
|
5362
|
15.9
| 100 | 10.3 | 3.02 | 2.16 | 1.90 | 0.67 | |||
Diabetes type II
|
2399
|
7.11
| 100 | 5.42 | 4.50 | 2.25 | 2.00 | ||||
Stroke
|
552
|
1.64
| 100 | 10.3 | 5.43 | 2.72 | |||||
Heart failure
|
456
|
1.35
| 100 | 6.36 | 4.39 | ||||||
Dementia
|
257
|
0.76
| 100 | 2.72 | |||||||
PVD
|
155
|
0.46
| 100 | ||||||||
Overall prevalence of Condition B
|
3.35
|
10.3
|
16.9
|
15.9
|
7.11
|
1.64
|
1.35
|
0.76
|
0.46
|
Condition B
| |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Condition A
|
Row n
|
Row %
|
COPD
|
Asthma
|
OA/Osteo
|
Mental
|
Diabetes
|
Stroke
|
Heart fail
|
Dementia
|
PVD
|
COPD
|
1017
|
7.81
| 100 | 27.8 | 51.9 | 25.4 | 17.7 | 6.49 | 8.95 | 2.56 | 3.54 |
Asthma
|
1273
|
9.78
| 100 | 53.7 | 29.3 | 19.2 | 5.26 | 6.05 | 1.65 | 0.86 | |
OA/Osteo condition
|
5105
|
39.2
| 100 | 27.4 | 17.7 | 6.39 | 5.45 | 2.76 | 1.84 | ||
Mental disorder
|
2618
|
20.1
| 100 | 17.6 | 5.77 | 4.35 | 3.86 | 1.38 | |||
Diabetes type II
|
2074
|
15.9
| 100 | 6.17 | 5.16 | 2.60 | 2.31 | ||||
Stroke
|
527
|
4.05
| 100 | 10.8 | 5.50 | 2.85 | |||||
Heart failure
|
442
|
3.40
| 100 | 6.56 | 4.52 | ||||||
Dementia
|
253
|
1.94
| 100 | 2.77 | |||||||
PVD
|
150
|
1.15
| 100 | ||||||||
Overall prevalence of Condition B
|
7.81
|
9.78
|
39.2
|
20.1
|
15.9
|
4.05
|
3.40
|
1.94
|
1.15
|
COPD, asthma and SEIFA - index of relative social disadvantage
Model 1
|
Model 2
| |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Covariates |
Est.
|
SE
|
p
|
[95%
|
CI]
|
Est.
|
SE
|
p
|
[95%
|
CI]
|
Within-cluster | ||||||||||
Age | – | – | – | – | – | 2.348 | 0.239 | < 0.0001 | [1.880 | 2.816] |
Age2 | – | – | – | – | – | − 0.697 | 1.121 | < 0.0001 | [− 0.933 | − 0.461] |
Male | – | – | – | – | – | 0.522 | 0.077 | < 0.0001 | [0.372 | 0.672] |
Female | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0 | – | – | – | – |
Smoker | – | – | – | – | – | 2.477 | 0.116 | < 0.0001 | [2.251 | 2.704] |
Ex-smoker | – | – | – | – | – | 1.522 | 0.093 | < 0.0001 | [1.340 | 1.704] |
Never smoked | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0 | – | – | – | – |
Indigenous Australian | – | – | – | – | – | 0.871 | 0.341 | 0.011 | [0.203 | 1.540] |
Non-Indigenous Australian | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0 | – | – | – | – |
Unmarried | – | – | – | – | – | 0.365 | 0.126 | 0.004 | [0.118 | 0.613] |
Married | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0 | – | – | – | – |
N-Comorbidities | – | – | – | – | – | 1.060 | 0.029 | < 0.0001 | [1.004 | 1.117] |
Between-cluster | – | – | ||||||||
IRSD (Q4) | −1.280 | 0.171 | < 0.0001 | [−1.614 | −0.945] | − 0.513 | 0.182 | 0.005 | [−0.870 | − 0.155] |
IRSD (Q3) | −0.712 | 0.114 | < 0.0001 | [−0.936 | − 0.489] | − 0.299 | 0.117 | 0.010 | [− 0.528 | − 0.071] |
IRSD (Q2) | − 0.358 | 0.083 | < 0.0001 | [− 0.520 | − 0.196] | − 0.156 | 0.091 | 0.088 | [− 0.335 | 0.023] |
IRSD (Q1) | 0.0 | – | – | – | – | 0.0 | – | – | – | – |
Model 1
|
Model 3
| |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Covariates |
Est.
|
SE
|
p
|
[95%
|
CI]
|
Est.
|
SE
|
p
|
[95%
|
CI]
|
Within-cluster | ||||||||||
Age | – | – | – | – | – | − 1.316 | 0.044 | < 0.0001 | [− 1.401 | − 1.230] |
Age2 | – | – | – | – | – | − 0.291 | 0.026 | < 0.0001 | [−0.342 | − 0.239] |
Male | – | – | – | – | – | 0.192 | 0.046 | < 0.0001 | [0.102 | 0.283] |
Female | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0 | – | – | – | – |
Smoker | – | – | – | – | – | − 0.324 | 0.071 | < 0.0001 | [− 0.462 | −0.185] |
Ex-smoker | – | – | – | – | – | −0.175 | 0.065 | 0.007 | [−0.302 | −0.049] |
Never smoked | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0 | – | – | – | – |
Indigenous Australian | – | – | – | – | – | 0.201 | 0.209 | 0.336 | [−0.209 | 0.612] |
Non- Indigenous Australian | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0 | – | – | – | – |
Unmarried | – | – | – | – | – | 0.063 | 0.080 | 0.426 | [−0.093 | 0.220] |
Married | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0 | – | – | – | – |
N-Comorbidities | – | – | – | – | – | 1.741 | 0.035 | < 0.0001 | [1.672 | 1.811] |
Between-cluster | ||||||||||
IRSD (Q4) | −0.091 | 0.077 | 0.241 | [−0.242 | 0.061] | 0.361 | 0.093 | < 0.0001 | [0.179 | 0.544] |
IRSD (Q3) | −0.215 | 0.056 | < 0.0001 | [−0.324 | −0.107] | 0.055 | 0.071 | 0.443 | [−0.085 | 0.194] |
IRSD (Q2) | −0.135 | 0.047 | 0.004 | [−0.228 | −0.042] | − 0.020 | 0.064 | 0.759 | [−0.145 | 0.105] |
IRSD (Q1) | 0.0 | – | – | – | – | 0.0 | – | – | – | – |