Background
Predictors and moderators of psychotherapy outcome
Methods
Search strategy
PICOS strategy | Include | Exclude |
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P—population | Adolescents (12–18 years) and young adults (19–30 years) with a mental disorder diagnosis: anxiety, obsessive–compulsive and trauma-related disorders, depressive and bipolar disorders, psychotic disorders, eating disorders, personality disorders, substance-related disorders, autism, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorders Filters: adolescent OR young adult Keywords: Anxiety Disorders: anxiety disorder; neurotic disorder; panic disorder; agoraphobia; social phobia; social anxiety; mutism; separation anxiety; phobic disorder; phobia; generalized anxiety; obsessive compulsive; ocd; hoarding; body dysmorphic disorder; body image disorder; trichotillomania; hair pulling disorder; excoriation disorder; dermatillomania; skin picking disorder; trauma and stressor related disorders; traumatic stress disorder; posttraumatic stress disorder; stress disorder, post-traumatic; ptsd; acute stress disorder; adjustment disorder; Depressive Disorders: mood disorder; depressive disorder; depression; affective disorder; dysthymic disorder; dysthymia; premenstrual dysphoric disorder; seasonal affective. Bipolar Disorders: bipolar and related disorders; bipolar disorder; mania; manic depression; bipolar depression; pediatric bipolar; cyclothymic disorder; cyclothymia. Psychotic disorders: schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders; psychotic disorder; psychosis; psychoses; schizophrenia; schizoaffective; schizophreniform; reactive psychosis; reactive psychoses. Eating disorders: feeding and eating disorder; feeding disorder; eating disorder; anorexia; bulimia; binge eating; pica; rumination disorder; avoidant restrictive food intake; arfid; avoidant eating; purging disorder; night eating syndrome; food addiction; orthorexia; ednos; ofsed. Personality disorders: personality disorder, schizotypal personality, schizoid personality; paranoid personality; narcissistic personality; borderline personality; histrionic personality; antisocial personality; obsessive compulsive personality; avoidant personality; dependent personality; character pathology; character neurosis; axis II disorder. Substance use disorders: substance related disorder; substance use disorder; substance abuse; substance misuse; substance dependence; addiction; drug use; drug abuse; drug addiction; alcohol related disorder; alcohol use disorder; alcohol abuse; alcohol dependence; alcoholism; amphetamine; cocaine; inhalant; marijuana; cannabis; opioid; heroin; opium; morphine; hallucinogen; tobacco; nicotine; smoking; polydrug; stimulant; substance induced psychosis; substance induced psychotic disorder; drug psychosis; drug psychoses. Autism: autistic spectrum disorder; autism spectrum disorder; autistic disorder; autism; asperger syndrome; asperger; asperger’s; child development disorders, pervasive; pervasive child development disorder. ADHD: attention deficit disorder; adhd; hyperkinetic disorder; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Conduct disorders: conduct; conduct disorder; oppositional defiant; defiant disorder; externalizing behavior; externalizing behavior; antisocial behavior; antisocial behaviour | Age range or mean age of participants under 12 or over 30 years. Participants not being diagnosed or having disorder-specific symptoms below the agreed-upon cut-off point. |
I—intervention | Psychotherapeutic interventions: Keywords: Psychotherapy; Psychotherapeutic treatment; Psychotherapeutic intervention; Psychological therapy; Psychological treatment; Psychological intervention; Psychosocial therapy; Psychosocial treatment; Psychosocial intervention; Supportive therapy Supportive treatment; Counselling; Counseling; Motivational interviewing; Psychoeducation; Psychoeducational; Cognitive therapy; Cognitive analytic therapy; Behavioral therapy; Behavioural therapy; CBT; Psychoanalysis; Psychodynamic therapy; Psychoanalytic therapy; Dynamic therapy; Transference focused (therapy); Mentalization based (therapy); Metacognitive therapy; Interpersonal therapy; Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy; Schema therapy; Schema-focused therapy; Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; Acceptance based (therapy); Problem solving therapy; Problem solving treatment; Insight oriented therapy; Rational emotive; Solution focused therapy; Family therapy Family systems therapy; Parenting intervention; Parent management training; Group therapy; Mind–Body Therapy; Art Therapy; Dance Therapy; Music Therapy; Play Therapy; Expressive therapy; Cognitive remediation; Cognitive training; Behavioral activation; Behavioural activation; Behavior activation; Behavioral weight control; Behavioural weight control; Applied behavior analysis; Applied behaviour analysis; Attention bias modification; Exposure and response prevention; Exposure therapy; Systematic Desensitization; Eye movement desensitization reprocessing; EMDR; Psychology biofeedback; Hypnosis; Mindfulness; Relaxation | Prevention programs. Studies testing interventions using only medication arms. Studies with interventions targeting only parents. |
C—comparison | No exclusion criteria. | |
O—outcome | Quantitative studies including pre- and post-measurement published in peer-review journals | Qualitative studies. Dissertations. Book chapters. |
S—study design | Clinical outcome trials: RCT, controlled trials, empirical trials, naturalistic setting, case studies Filters: Clinical Trial OR Comparative study | Case studies where n < 10 or results not being reported in group level. |
Search terms for all disorders: |
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1. Treatments: |
"psychotherapy"[MeSH Terms] OR "psychotherapy"[All Fields] OR "psychotherapeutic treatment"[All Fields] OR "psychotherapeutic treatments"[All Fields] OR "psycho-therapeutic treatment"[All Fields] OR "psychotherapeutic intervention"[All Fields] OR "psychotherapeutic interventions"[All Fields] OR "psychological therapy"[All Fields] OR "psychological therapies"[All Fields] OR "psychological treatment"[All Fields] OR "psychological treatments"[All Fields] OR "psychological intervention"[All Fields] OR "psychological interventions"[All Fields] OR "psychosocial therapy"[All Fields] OR "psychosocial therapies"[All Fields] OR "psychosocial treatment"[All Fields] OR "psychosocial treatments"[All Fields] OR "psychosocial intervention"[All Fields] OR "psychosocial interventions"[All Fields] OR "supportive therapy"[All Fields] AND "supportive therapies"[All Fields] OR "supportive treatment"[All Fields] OR "supportive treatments"[All Fields] OR "counseling"[MeSH Terms] OR "counselling"[All Fields] OR "counseling"[All Fields] OR "motivational interviewing"[All Fields] OR "psychoeducation"[All Fields] OR "psychoeducational"[All Fields] OR "psycho-education"[All Fields] OR "psycho-educational"[All Fields] OR "cognitive therapy"[All Fields] OR "cognitive therapies"[All Fields] OR "behavioural therapy"[All Fields] OR "behavioural therapies"[All Fields] OR "behavioral therapy"[All Fields] OR "behavioral therapies"[All Fields] OR "cbt"[All Fields] OR "psychoanalysis"[MeSH Terms] OR "psychoanalysis"[All Fields] OR "psychodynamic therapy"[All Fields] OR "psychodynamic therapies"[All Fields] OR "psychoanalytic therapy"[All Fields] OR "psychoanalytic therapies"[All Fields] OR "dynamic therapy"[All Fields] OR "dynamic therapies"[All Fields] OR "transference focused"[All Fields] OR "mentalization based"[All Fields] OR "metacognitive therapy"[All Fields] OR "metacognitive therapies"[All Fields] OR "interpersonal therapy"[All Fields] OR "interpersonal therapies"[All Fields] OR "interpersonal and social rhythm therapy"[All Fields] OR "schema therapy"[All Fields] OR "Schema-focused Therapy"[All Fields] OR "Schema-focused Therapy"[All Fields] OR "acceptance and commitment therapy"[All Fields] OR "acceptance based"[All Fields] OR "problem solving therapy"[All Fields] OR "problem solving therapies"[All Fields] OR "problem solving treatment"[All Fields] OR "problem solving treatments"[All Fields] OR "insight oriented therapy"[All Fields] OR "insight oriented therapies"[All Fields] OR "rational emotive"[All Fields] OR "solution focused therapy"[All Fields] OR "solution focused therapies"[All Fields] OR "family therapy"[All Fields] OR "family therapies"[All Fields] OR "family systems therapy"[All Fields] OR "parenting intervention"[All Fields] OR "parenting interventions"[All Fields] OR "parent management training"[All Fields] OR "group therapy"[All Fields] OR "group therapies"[All Fields] OR "mind–body therapies"[MeSH Terms] OR "mind body therapy"[All Fields] OR "mind body therapies"[All Fields] OR "art therapy"[All Fields] OR "art therapies"[All Fields] OR "dance therapy"[All Fields] OR "dance therapies"[All Fields] OR "music therapy"[All Fields] OR "music therapies"[All Fields] OR "play therapy"[All Fields] OR "play therapies"[All Fields] OR "expressive therapy"[All Fields] OR "expressive therapies"[All Fields] OR "cognitive remediation"[All Fields] OR "cognitive training"[All Fields] OR "behavioral activation"[All Fields] OR "behavior activation"[All Fields] OR "behavioural activation"[All Fields] OR "applied behavior analysis"[All Fields] OR "applied behaviour analysis"[All Fields] OR "behavioral weight control"[All Fields] OR "behavioural weight control"[All Fields] OR "attention bias modification"[All Fields] OR (("attention"[MeSH Terms] OR "attention"[All Fields]) AND bias-modification[All Fields]) OR "exposure and response prevention"[All Fields] OR (exposure[All Fields] AND "response prevention"[All Fields]) OR "exposure therapy"[All Fields] OR "systematic desensitization"[All Fields] OR "eye movement desensitization reprocessing"[All Fields] OR "emdr"[All Fields] OR "psychology biofeedback"[All Fields] OR "hypnosis"[All Fields] OR "mindfulness"[All Fields] OR "relaxation"[MeSH Terms] |
2. Age: |
("adolescent"[MeSH Terms] OR "adolescent"[All Fields] OR "adolescents"[All Fields]) OR ("young adult"[MeSH Terms] OR "young adult"[All Fields] OR "young adults"[All Fields]) |
3. Anxiety: |
"anxiety disorders"[MeSH Terms] OR "anxiety disorders"[All Fields] OR "anxiety disorder"[All Fields] OR "neurotic disorders"[MeSH Terms] OR "neurotic disorders"[All Fields] OR "neurotic disorder"[All Fields] OR "panic disorder"[All Fields] OR "panic disorders"[All Fields] OR "agoraphobia"[All Fields] OR "social phobia"[All Fields] OR "social phobias"[All Fields] OR "social anxiety"[All Fields] OR "mutism"[All Fields] OR "separation anxiety"[All Fields] OR "phobic disorders"[All Fields] OR "phobic disorder"[All Fields] OR "phobia"[All Fields] OR "phobias"[All Fields] OR "generalized anxiety"[All Fields] OR ("obsessive–compulsive"[All Fields] AND "disorder"[All Fields]) OR "obsessive compulsive disorder"[All Fields] OR ocd[All Fields] OR "hoarding disorders"[All Fields] OR "hoarding disorder"[All Fields] OR "body dysmorphic disorders"[All Fields] OR "body dysmorphic disorder"[All Fields] OR "body image disorder"[All Fields] OR "trichotillomania"[All Fields] OR "hair pulling"[All Fields] OR excoriation[All Fields] OR dermatillomania[All Fields] OR "skin picking"[All Fields] OR "Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders"[MeSH Terms] OR "traumatic stress disorder"[All Fields] OR "traumatic stress disorders"[All Fields] OR "posttraumatic stress disorder"[All Fields] OR "posttraumatic stress disorders"[All Fields] OR "stress disorders, post-traumatic"[MeSH Terms] OR "post-traumatic stress disorders"[All Fields] OR "ptsd"[All Fields] OR "acute stress disorder"[All Fields] OR "acute stress disorders"[All Fields] OR "adjustment disorders"[All Fields] OR "adjustment disorder"[All Fields] |
4. Filters (Article types): |
Clinical Study[ptyp] OR Comparative Study[ptyp] |
5. Date Filter |
"0001/01/01"[PDAT] : "2021/04/22"[PDAT] |
1. adolescen*.mp |
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2. young adult*.mp |
3. 1 or 2 |
4. psychotherap*.mp. or exp PSYCHOTHERAPY/ |
5. Psychotherapeutic treatment*.mp |
6. Psychotherapeutic intervention*.mp |
7. Psychological therap*.mp |
8. Psychological treatment*.mp |
9. Psychological intervention*.mp |
10. Psychosocial therap*.mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures] |
11. Psychosocial treatment*.mp |
12. Psychosocial intervention*.mp |
13. Supportive therap*.mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures] |
14. Supportive treatment*.mp |
15. Counselling.mp |
16. exp COUNSELING/ or counseling.mp |
17. exp Motivational Interviewing/ or Motivational interviewing.mp |
18. exp PSYCHOEDUCATION/ or Psychoeducation*.mp |
19. 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 |
20. cognitive therap*.mp. or exp Cognitive Therapy/ |
21. Cognitive analytic therap*.mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures] |
22. Behavioral therap*.mp. or exp Cognitive Behavior Therapy/ |
23. Behavioural therap*.mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures] |
24. CBT.mp |
25. Psychoanalysis.mp. or exp PSYCHOANALYSIS/ |
26. Psychodynamic therap*.mp |
27. Psychoanalytic therap*.mp |
28. Dynamic therap*.mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures] |
29. Transference focused.mp |
30. Mentalization based.mp |
31. Metacognitive therap*.mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures] |
32. Interpersonal therap*.mp. or exp Interpersonal Psychotherapy/ |
33. (Interpersonal and social rhythm therap*).mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures] |
34. exp Schema Therapy/ or Schema therap*.mp |
35. Schema-focused therap*.mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures] |
36. "Acceptance and Commitment Therap*".mp. or exp "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy"/ |
37. Acceptance based.mp |
38. Problem solving therap*.mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures] |
39. Problem solving treatment*.mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures] |
40. exp Insight Therapy/ or Insight oriented therap*.mp |
41. exp Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy/ or Rational emotive.mp |
42. exp Solution Focused Therapy/ or Solution focused.mp |
43. Family therap*.mp. or exp Family Therapy/ |
44. Family systems therap*.mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures] |
45. exp Family Intervention/ or exp Parent Training/ or Parenting intervention*.mp |
46. Parent management training.mp |
47. Group therap*.mp. or exp Group Psychotherapy/ |
48. exp Mind Body Therapy/ or Mind–Body Therap*.mp |
49. exp Art Therapy/ or Art Therap*.mp |
50. Dance Therap*.mp. or exp Dance Therapy/ |
51. Music Therap*.mp. or exp Music Therapy/ |
52. Play Therap*.mp. or exp Creative Arts Therapy/ |
53. exp Expressive Psychotherapy/ or Expressive therap*.mp |
54. 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 or 38 or 39 or 40 or 41 or 42 or 43 or 44 or 45 or 46 or 47 or 48 or 49 or 50 or 51 or 52 or 53 |
55. Cognitive remediation.mp |
56. Cognitive training.mp |
57. Behavioral activation*.mp |
58. Behavioural activation*.mp |
59. Behavior activation*.mp |
60. Behavioral weight control*.mp |
61. Behavioural weight control*.mp |
62. exp Behavior Modification/ or exp Behavior Analysis/ or Applied behavior analysis.mp |
63. exp Behavior Therapy/ or Applied behaviour analysis.mp |
64. Attention bias modification.mp |
65. "Exposure and response prevention*".mp |
66. exposure therap*.mp. or exp Exposure Therapy/ |
67. exp Systematic Desensitization Therapy/ or Systematic Desensitization.mp |
68. exp Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy/ or Eye movement desensitization reprocessing.mp |
69. EMDR.mp |
70. Psychology biofeedback.mp |
71. Hypnosis.mp. or exp HYPNOSIS/ |
72. Mindfulness.mp. or exp MINDFULNESS/ |
73. Relaxation.mp. or exp RELAXATION THERAPY/ or exp RELAXATION/ |
74. 55 or 56 or 57 or 58 or 59 or 60 or 61 or 62 or 63 or 64 or 65 or 66 or 67 or 68 or 69 or 70 or 71 or 72 or 73 |
75. 19 or 54 or 74 |
76. exp Anxiety Disorders/ or anxiety disorder*.mp |
77. exp Neurosis/ or neurotic disorder*.mp |
78. exp Panic Disorder/ or panic disorder*.mp |
79. agoraphobi*.mp. or exp Agoraphobia/ |
80. social phobi*.mp. or exp Social Phobia/ |
81. social anxiety.mp. or exp Social Anxiety/ |
82. exp MUTISM/ or exp ELECTIVE MUTISM/ or mutism.mp |
83. separation anxiety.mp. or exp Separation Anxiety/ |
84. phobic disorder.mp |
85. phobi*.mp. or exp PHOBIAS/ |
86. exp Generalized Anxiety Disorder/ or generalized anxiety.mp |
87. exp Obsessive Compulsive Disorder/ or obsessive compulsive.mp |
88. ocd.mp |
89. hoarding.mp. or exp HOARDING DISORDER/ |
90. exp Body Dysmorphic Disorder/ or body dysmorphic disorder*.mp |
91. exp Body Image Disturbances/ or Body Image Disorder*.mp |
92. trichotillomania.mp. or exp TRICHOTILLOMANIA/ |
93. hair pulling disorder*.mp |
94. excoriation disorder*.mp |
95. dermatillomania.mp |
96. skin picking disorder*.mp |
97. "trauma and Stressor Related Disorder*".mp |
98. traumatic stress disorder*.mp |
99. exp Posttraumatic Stress Disorder/ or posttraumatic stress disorder*.mp |
100. stress disorder, post-traumatic.mp |
101. ptsd.mp |
102. exp Acute Stress Disorder/ or acute stress disorder*.mp |
103. exp Adjustment Disorders/ or adjustment disorder*.mp |
104. 76 or 77 or 78 or 79 or 80 or 81 or 82 or 83 or 84 or 85 or 86 or 87 or 88 or 89 or 90 or 91 or 92 or 93 or 94 or 95 or 96 or 97 or 98 or 99 or 100 or 101 or 102 or 103 |
105. 3 and 75 and 104 |
106. limit 105 to (("0200 clinical case study" or "0300 clinical trial" or "0400 empirical study" or 2100 treatment outcome) and (200 adolescence or 320 young adulthood)) |
Study selection criteria
Screening procedure
Data extraction and coding
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(1) Identification of the study, article title, journal title, authors, publication year, host institution of the study (hospital, university, research centre, single institution, multicentre study), country, target population.
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(2) Sample characteristics: sample size, gender; age, race; diagnostic procedures and measures; sample type (i.e. in-patient, out-patient, school, community, or others).
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(3) Methodological characteristics: study design information regarding randomization and control condition, intervention groups and controls; size (control and intervention); and length of follow-up.
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(4) Predictor and moderators: potential predictors and moderators assessed, operationalization and measurement of each candidate variable, direction of relationship between predictor/moderator and outcome, results of predictor and moderation effect analyses.