Highlights
In a well-managed warfarin treatment setting of stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation;
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Excessive alcohol use is the strongest risk factor of iTTR < 60 %.
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Patients with previous stroke are more likely to get iTTR > 70 %.
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Patients with other comorbidities are more likely to get iTTR < 60 %.
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The SAMe-TT2R2 score does not apply.
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Instead of warfarin, DOACs could perhaps be the anticoagulant of choice, when treating patients with strong risk factors such as excessive alcohol use.
Introduction
In Sweden, both direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and vitamin K antagonists (e.g. warfarin) are used as stroke preventives in atrial fibrillation (AF), and national guidelines equals those treatment options [1]. Swedish warfarin treatment quality is very high in terms of high time in therapeutic range (TTR) and low complication rates [2, 3]. A previous study on Swedish patients with non-valvular AF started on warfarin as stroke prevention, showed generally low risk of complications, especially in patients achieving TTR over 70%, concluding warfarin to be still a valid alternative for stroke prevention [4]. However, for warfarin patients with less optimal TTR levels, DOACs could provide a more safe and effective treatment option. The risk-scores SAMe-TT2R2 and PROSPER can be used to predict the future TTR level of warfarin patients [5, 6]. These scores are however deduced in a more heterogenous population with generally lower TTR-levels, and might not be valid in a high TTR setting.
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The aim of this article is to clarify predictors of poor [individual TTR (iTTR) below 60%] and good (iTTR above 70%) INR-control in patients starting warfarin due to non-valvular AF in a well-managed warfarin treatment setting, with the intention to guide in future decisions of anticoagulation.
Methods and material
Based on AuriculA, we performed a retrospective multicentre cohort study. AuriculA is a Swedish national quality register for AF and oral anticoagulation started in 2006, which now includes over 126,000 patients from 224 participating centers nationwide, both specialized anticoagulation clinics as well as primary health care centers. Approximately 50% of all patients on warfarin in Sweden are included in AuriculA. Participation in AuriculA is mostly within whole regions with no apparent selection bias [7]. Everything related to warfarin treatment for patients documented in the anticoagulation centers in everyday clinical practice is transferred to the quality register automatically once every 24 h. AuriculA also provides a clinical decision tool, aiding in the dosage of warfarin using a dosing algorithm [8]. If certain criteria are met, the algorithm presents a dose suggestion that can be accepted or manually changed.
Cause of death register
The Cause of Death Register (CDR) includes deceased persons with a Swedish personal identity number and contains information about their age and sex, date and cause of death and whether or not autopsy was performed [9].
Swedish National Patient Register
The Swedish National Patient Register (NPR) contains information about hospital admissions as well as visits in outpatient clinics in Sweden for all patients with a Swedish personal identity number [10]. The register was launched in 1964, with complete coverage since 1987. Currently more than 99% of all somatic and psychiatric hospital discharges are registered in the NPR. The register includes information about patient’s age and sex, dates for admission and discharge, and then registered primary and secondary diagnoses as well as codes for surgical procedures, according to the diagnose coding system International Classification of Disease, 10th edition (ICD-10).
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All patients in AuriculA started on warfarin treatment due to AF during 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2011 were initially included. Patients already on warfarin treatment at study start 1 January 2006 were not included. Patients under the age of 18 years were excluded to avoid bias (one individual). Of the remaining 40,909 patients, 460 had in addition to AF valve malfunction [mitral stenosis (n = 82) or mechanical prosthetic valves (n = 378)] and were therefore excluded. Furthermore, those 11,303 patients who had no previous diagnosis recorded in the NPR were also excluded, due to lack of background data needed in further analysis. These patients had no prior hospital visit before their warfarin treatment was initiated in a primary health care setting. A final cohort of 29,146 patients, all starting warfarin treatment due to non-valvular AF with available background data, was included and followed until treatment cessation, death or end of study period at 31st December 2011. The final analysis was performed on a cohort of 28,011 patients, after an additional 1135 individuals were excluded due to lack of iTTR (caused by no or only one INR value available).
Data from AuriculA was linked to the NPR and the CDR. Complications (mortality, bleedings and thromboembolic events) and risk factors were analysed in relation to anticoagulation treatment quality as measured by iTTR. Baseline characteristics and treatment complications were retrieved from the NPR, using ICD-10 codes (Online Appendix).
Major bleeding was defined as intracranial, gastrointestinal or other bleeds requiring in-hospital care. Thromboembolic events were defined as diagnosed stroke/TIA/peripheral emboli (arterial), venous thromboembolism or myocardial infarction (see Appendix for included ICD-10 codes). Only the first complication of every subtype was included for each treatment period to reduce the risk of over-registering. For the same reason, only the main diagnosis from the NPR was used for cerebral haemorrhage or infarction as well as venous thromboembolism, while both primary and secondary diagnoses were used to define other bleeding complications, myocardial infarctions or baseline characteristics (Online Appendix). For cerebral infarction, follow up contacts soon after the index event is common and might cause double-reporting leading to diagnosis being addressed as complication rather than indication for treatment. To avoid this, a blanking period of 2 weeks was applied for ICD-codes identical to the index event in these patients.
Date of death was retrieved from the CDR. Death within 1 day from treatment cessation was included in all-cause mortality. All other complications events were counted when occurring within the treatment period. The treatment period was defined as time from start-day until stop-day of warfarin treatment or at 31st December 2011, with information derived from AuriculA.
TTR calculated according to Rosendaal et al. [11] was retrieved from AuriculA, where INR and exact treatment time is registered. If greater gap than 90 days between two neighbouring INR values, this period was excluded from that patient’s TTR-calculation. The cohort was divided in groups regarding achieved iTTR, where iTTR over 70% was considered “good anticoagulation control” according to European guidelines [12] and iTTR below 60% was considered “poor anticoagulation control”. Patients with intermediate iTTR above 60 but below 70 were not analysed further, since the aim of the study was predictors for either good or poor iTTR outcome.
Statistical methods
Baseline characteristics were presented descriptively. Annualized incidence of complications were calculated as events per treatment year, with results expressed as percent.
Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used for calculating predictors for iTTR below 60% and over 70%.
Data was analysed using SPSS Statistics (Version 21; SPSS Inc., IBM Corporation, NY, USA), and R version 3.0.0, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www.R-project.org/. Confidence intervals (CI) quoted are 95%.
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Results
The final analyzed cohort of 28,011 AF patients newly instituted on warfarin had a mean age at study start of 73.7 (SD ± 9.5) years, 42.0% were women. Mean iTTR was 68.3% (± 22.4). Baseline characteristics are presented in Table 1. Mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 3.6 (± 1.7), 19,3% had suffered a previous stroke. “Good anticoagulation control”, iTTR > 70% was found in 15,707 (56%) patients, while 7835 (28%) had a “poor anticoagulation control” defined as iTTR < 60%.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of patients with atrial fibrillation started on warfarin treatment, subdivided in later achieved individual time in therapeutic range (iTTR)
Baseline variables | Total | iTTR < 60% | iTTR ≥ 70% |
|---|---|---|---|
n = 28,011 | n = 7835 | n = 15,707 | |
Age, mean year (SD) | 73.7 (± 9.5) | 72.9 (± 10.4) | 74.2 (± 8.9) |
Male | 16,261 (58.0) | 4674 (59.7) | 9003 (57.3) |
Female | 11,750 (42.0) | 3161 (40.3) | 6704 (42.7) |
Stroke | 5396 (19.3) | 1341 (17.1) | 3188 (20.3) |
TIA | 2205 (7.9) | 540 (6.9) | 1326 (8.4) |
Hypertension | 16,739 (59.8) | 4973 (63.5) | 9120 (58.1) |
Chronic heart failure | 7989 (28.5) | 2500 (31.9) | 4085 (26.0) |
Diabetes mellitus | 4978 (17.8) | 1668 (21.3) | 2481 (15.8) |
Myocardial infarction | 6030 (21.5) | 1795 (22.9) | 3256 (20.7) |
Cancer | 3292 (11.8) | 1006 (12.8) | 1754 (11.2) |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 2485 (8.9) | 921 (11.8) | 1120 (7.1) |
Renal failure | 1087 (3.9) | 441 (5.6) | 447 (2.9) |
Excessive alcohol use | 539 (1.9) | 292 (3.7) | 165 (1.1) |
Dementia | 133 (0.5) | 48 (0.6) | 65 (0.4) |
Liver disease | 239 (0.9) | 100 (1.3) | 105 (0.7) |
History of fall | 2227 (8.0) | 664 (8.5) | 1195 (7.6) |
Anemia | 1922 (6.9) | 691 (8.8) | 896 (5.7) |
Previous major bleeding | 1777 (6.3) | 557 (7.1) | 916 (5.8) |
Previous gastrointestinal bleeding | 931 (3.3) | 286 (3.7) | 484 (3.1) |
Previous intracranial bleeding | 403 (1.4) | 130 (1.7) | 208 (1.3) |
CHA2DS2-VASc score, mean (SD) | 3.6 (± 1.7) | 3.6 (± 1.8) | 3.6 (± 1.6) |
Patients in the iTTR < 60% group had more prevalent excessive alcohol use (3.7% vs. 1.1%) and less frequently previous stroke (17.1% vs. 20.3%) compared to patients with iTTR > 70%.
All-cause mortality (7.3% vs. 1.6%), any major bleeding (5.5% vs. 1.8%) and any thromboembolism (6.8% vs. 2.8%) were more prevalent in the iTTR < 60% group compared with the iTTR > 70% group (Table 2).
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Table 2
Complications for patients with atrial fibrillation instituted on warfarin
All n = 28,011 | iTTR < 60% n = 7835 | iTTR ≥ 70% n = 15,707 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % (CI 95%) | n | % (CI 95%) | n | % (CI 95%) | |
All-cause mortality | 1191 | 2.63 (2.48–2.80) | 436 | 7.33 (6.63–8.03) | 518 | 1.60 (1.46–1.74) |
Any major bleeding | 1152 | 2.55 (2.40–2.70) | 325 | 5.46 (4.86–6.07) | 593 | 1.83 (1.68–1.98) |
Intracranial | 223 | 0.49 (0.43–0.56) | 53 | 0.89 (0.65–1.14) | 125 | 0.39 (0.32–0.46) |
Gastrointestinal | 393 | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 119 | 2.02 (1.65–2.39) | 206 | 0.64 (0.55–0.73) |
Other | 630 | 1.41 (1.30–1.53) | 183 | 3.16 (2.69–3.63) | 313 | 0.98 (0.87–1.09) |
Any thromboembolism | 1578 | 3.49 (3.31–3.66) | 405 | 6.81 (6.13–7.49) | 910 | 2.81 (2.62–2.99) |
Arterial | 899 | 2.05 (1.91–2.18) | 220 | 3.82 (3.30–4.33) | 536 | 1.70 (1.56–1.85) |
Myocardial infarction | 662 | 1.49 (1.37–1.61) | 170 | 2.92 (2.47–3.37) | 371 | 1.16 (1.04–1.29) |
Venous | 66 | 0.15 (0.11–0.18) | 25 | 0.42 (0.25–0.59) | 31 | 0.10 (0.06–0.13) |
Excessive alcohol use almost tripled the risk of having an iTTR < 60% (odds ratio (OR) 2.72; CI 2.27–3.24, p < 0.001). Concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), renal failure or dementia rendered an almost 50% higher risk of poor iTTR outcome (OR 1.45; CI 1.33–1.59, OR 1.47; CI 1.29–1.68, and OR 1.47; CI 1.02–2.12, respectively). Patients with diagnosed anaemia had 36% higher risk of having an iTTR below 60% (OR 1.36; CI 1.22–1.51). AF patients with a history of fall or with comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes or cancer had over 20% higher risk of poor iTTR outcome [ORs between 1.21 and 1.25 (Table 3)].
Table 3
Multivariable regression analysis showing baseline factors associated with an individual TTR below 60% among patients with atrial fibrillation instituted on warfarin treatment
OR | 95% CI for OR | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.99 | 0.98–0.99 | < 0.001 |
Female sex | 0.98 | 0.93–1.04 | 0.481 |
Stroke | 0.85 | 0.79–0.91 | < 0.001 |
TIA | 0.91 | 0.82–1.00 | 0.056 |
Hypertension | 1.25 | 1.18–1.32 | < 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 1.25 | 1.16–1.33 | < 0.001 |
Myocardial infarction | 1.07 | 1.00–1.14 | 0.045 |
Cancer | 1.21 | 1.11–1.31 | < 0.001 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.45 | 1.33–1.59 | < 0.001 |
Renal failure | 1.47 | 1.29–1.68 | < 0.001 |
Excessive alcohol use | 2.72 | 2.27–3.24 | < 0.001 |
Dementia | 1.47 | 1.02–2.12 | 0.038 |
Liver disease | 1.27 | 0.97–1.67 | 0.083 |
History of fall | 1.23 | 1.11–1.35 | < 0.001 |
Anemia | 1.36 | 1.22–1.51 | < 0.001 |
Previous major bleeding | 1.00 | 0.85–1.16 | 0.971 |
Previous gastrointestinal bleeding | 0.99 | 0.82–1.20 | 0.905 |
Previous intracranial bleeding | 1.21 | 0.95–1.55 | 0.116 |
Previous stroke and higher age were the only baseline variables with statistically significant association with higher warfarin treatment quality, iTTR > 70% [OR 1.11; CI 1.04–1.18 and OR 1.01; CI 1.01–1.02 (Table 4)].
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Table 4
Multivariable regression analysis showing baseline factors associated with an individual TTR over 70% among patients with atrial fibrillation started on warfarin treatment
OR | 95% CI for OR | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.01 | 1.01–1.02 | < 0.001 |
Female sex | 0.99 | 0.95–1.05 | 0.826 |
Stroke | 1.11 | 1.04–1.18 | 0.001 |
TIA | 1.09 | 1.00–1.19 | 0.062 |
Hypertension | 0.85 | 0.81–0.89 | < 0.001 |
Chronic heart failure | 0.80 | 0.76–0.84 | < 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.81 | 0.76–0.86 | < 0.001 |
Myocardial infarction | 0.94 | 0.89–1.00 | 0.049 |
Cancer | 0.84 | 0.78–0.91 | < 0.001 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 0.67 | 0.62–0.73 | < 0.001 |
Renal failure | 0.65 | 0.58–0.74 | < 0.001 |
Excessive alcohol use | 0.39 | 0.32–0.47 | < 0.001 |
Liver disease | 0.87 | 0.66–1.14 | 0.308 |
History of fall | 0.81 | 0.74–0.89 | < 0.001 |
Anemia | 0.74 | 0.67–0.82 | <0.001 |
Previous major bleeding | 0.97 | 0.84–1.12 | 0.699 |
Previous gastrointestinal bleeding | 0.99 | 0.83–1.18 | 0.924 |
Previous intracranial bleeding | 0.86 | 0.69–1.08 | 0.194 |
Discussion
Warfarin treatment quality is of utmost importance to obtain optimal efficacy and safety. When instituting warfarin treatment, poor treatment quality measured by TTR can be predicted using the SAMe-TT2R2 score [5], or for an elderly population by using the PROSPER score [6]. However, these scores are developed in a low-TTR setting, predictors for poor and optimal TTR is likely to vary in countries with different TTR levels. In Sweden, the TTR level is above 70% in clinical practice, which is high by international comparison [2, 3].
We here present a large, nationwide retrospective register study with 28,011 AF patients, newly instituted on warfarin. During the study period DOACs were not available in Sweden in clinical practice, which otherwise could have biased the results. With in total 45,249 treatment years on warfarin and a mean TTR of 68%, excessive alcohol use was shown to be the most significant factor for poor INR control in our cohort, almost tripling the risk. Excessive alcohol use is an obvious reason for poor warfarin compliance and is a risk factor for bleeding in the HAS-BLED score [13]. However, excessive alcohol use is not part of the SAMe-TT2R2 score or the PROSPER score. Patients with known excessive alcohol use are commonly nowadays switched from warfarin to DOACs, despite little knowledge on compliance to DOACs in this patient group.
Regrettably, we cannot confirm the higher risk of poor TTR conferred by tobacco use due to lack of such information in our dataset. However, we do confirm that medical history is an important risk factor when AF patients with diagnosed hypertension, diabetes mellitus or previous myocardial infarction all had an increased risk for poor iTTR. We identified two other moderate risk factors of poor outcome in history of fall and cancer. Diagnosed renal disease was associated with an increased risk for poor TTR of 47%, within the same range as when coexisting diagnosis of COPD or dementia. These three risk factors are also not mentioned in the SAMe-TT2R2 score, however renal dysfunction is one of the most influential predictors of TTR in the risk score PROSPER.
Not all concomitant disorders are associated with poor INR control though. History of stroke—a risk factor for poor INR control in SAMe-TT2R2—is in our cohort instead associated with a good INR control. One can imagine that AF patients who have experienced embolic stroke are more compliant to their oral anticoagulant treatment, than AF patients who are treated with a primary prophylactic intent.
Our results shows an increased risk for all-cause mortality and major bleeding in patients with iTTR < 60%. Identifying those patients in forehand is therefore important. In patients with excessive alcohol use, the single strongest predictor for poor iTTR, it is however not clear if they would fare better on DOACs instead. In a subanalysis of the ROCKET-AF, there was a tendency towards lower iTTR in patients with excessive alcohol consumption [14], but no information of how these patients fare on DOACs. Excessive alcohol consumption both constitutes a risk factor for AF [15] and is an independent risk factor for stroke in low risk patients with AF [16], further studies on best choice of oral anticoagulation treatment for this patient group are needed.
Since this is a retrospective register study, we cannot confirm causality and the results should therefore, despite the large study population, be interpreted carefully. Some important background medical criteria, like tobacco consumption and medication such as antiarrhythmic are not included in our study.
Conclusion
In a well-managed warfarin therapy setting for patients with non-valvular AF, excessive alcohol use is the greatest predictor of poor INR control. Many other concomitant vascular and organic specific disorders (such as hypertension, chronic obstructive disorder and renal failure) as well as variables of frailty (dementia, history of fall and cancer) are more frequently associated with poor INR control. For these patients one could consider alternative treatment options like DOACs. Patients with previous stroke were more likely to have good INR control.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This study was approved by the regional ethical review board in Umeå, Sweden (EPN nr 2011-349-31M and 2012-277-32M) and conformed to the declaration of Helsinki.
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