Background
Methods
Study design
Study site and sampling methods
Study population
Inclusion criteria
Sample size
Data collection tools
Data analysis
Ethical clearance & permission
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics
Variable | Age groups | ||
---|---|---|---|
Age | 16–19 years - n (%) | 20–24 years - n (%) | N (%) |
247 (24.0%) | 784 (76.0%) | 1031 (100.0%) | |
Race | |||
Black | 213 (86.2%) | 692 (88.3%) | 905 (87.8%) |
Coloured | 33 (13.4%) | 81 (10.3%) | 114 (11.1%) |
White | 1 (0.4%) | 9 (1.2%) | 10 (1.0%) |
Indian | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.3%) | 2 (0.2%) |
Marital status | |||
Single | 127 (51.4%) | 303 (38.7%) | 430 (41.7%) |
Stable relationship | 92 (37.3%) | 289 (36.9%) | 381 (37.0%) |
Cohabitation | 20 (8.1%) | 12 (15.3%) | 140 (13.6%) |
Married, staying with husband | 1 (0.4%) | 49 (6.3%) | 50 (4.9%) |
Married, not staying with husband | 1 (0.4%) | 10 (1.3%) | 11 (1.1%) |
Divorced | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.3%) | 2 (0.2%) |
Other | 6 (2.4%) | 11 (1.4%) | 17 (1.7%) |
Province | |||
Eastern Cape | 19 (7.7%) | 73 (9.3%) | 92 (8.9%) |
Free State | 22 (8.9%) | 67 (8.6%) | 89 (8.6%) |
Gauteng | 49 (19.8%) | 150 (19.1%) | 199 (19.3%) |
KwaZulu-Natal | 43 (17.4%) | 161 (20.5%) | 204 (19.8%) |
Limpopo | 19 (7.7%) | 81 (10.3%) | 100 (9.7%) |
Mpumalanga | 33 (13.4%) | 81 (10.3%) | 114 (11.1%) |
North West | 18 (7.3%) | 47 (6.0%) | 65 (6.3%) |
Northern Cape | 8 (3.2%) | 13 (1.7%) | 21 (2.0%) |
Western Cape | 36 (14.6%) | 111 (14.2%) | 147 (14.3%) |
Settlement type | |||
Urban formal | 84 (34.0%) | 257 (32.8%) | 341 (33.1%) |
Urban informal | 92 (37.3%) | 299 (38.1%) | 391 (37.9%) |
Peri-urban | 29 (11.7%) | 96 (12.2%) | 125 (12.1%) |
Tribal settlement | 35 (14.2%) | 116 (14.8%) | 151 (14.7%) |
Farming | 7 (2.8%) | 16 (2.0%) | 23 (2.2%) |
Education | |||
No schooling | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.3%) | 2 (0.2%) |
Primary | 9 (3.7%) | 27 (3.4%) | 36 (3.5%) |
Grade 11 | 148 (60.2%) | 307 (39.2%) | 455 (44.2%) |
Matric | 80 (32.5%) | 365 (46.6%) | 445 (43.2%) |
Tertiary | 9 (3.7%) | 83 (10.6%) | 92 (8.9%) |
Employment status | |||
Unemployed | 94 (38.1%) | 512 (65.3%) | 606 (58.8%) |
Employed | 15 (6.1%) | 136 (17.4%) | 151 (14.7%) |
Student | 135 (54.7%) | 128 (16.3%) | 263 (25.5%) |
Other | 3 (1.2%) | 8 (1.0%) | 11 (1.1%) |
Socio-economic status | |||
High | 71 (28.7%) | 201 (25.6%) | 272 (26.4%) |
Medium | 94 (38.1%) | 347 (44.3%) | 441 (42.8%) |
Low | 82 (33.2%) | 236 (30.1%) | 318 (30.8%) |
Food security | |||
Insecure | 50 (20.2%) | 125 (15.9%) | 175 (17.0%) |
Secure | 197 (79.8%) | 659 (84.1%) | 856 (83.0%) |
Male condom use at last sex
Male condom use by race
Male condom use by settlement type
Male condom use by marital status
Male condom use by level of education and employment status
Male condom use by province and HIV status
Male condom use and sexual behavioural practices among sexually active young women
Male condom use by sexual behavioral practices
Male condom use and HIV communication programs among sexually active young women
Factors associated with male condom use at last sex among sexually active young women
Variable | Condom use at last sex N | Non-condom use at last sex N | Bivariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR | 95% CI | p-value | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p-value | |||
Age group | ||||||||
16–19 years | 169 | 78 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
20–24 years | 426 | 355 | 0.6 | 0.4–0.7 | < 0.001 | _ | _ | _ |
Race | ||||||||
White | 8 | 4 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Black | 538 | 365 | 0.7 | 0.2–2.5 | < 0.001 | _ | _ | _ |
Coloured | 49 | 64 | 0.4 | 0.1–1.3 | 0.001 | |||
Marital status | ||||||||
Married | 14 | 47 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Single | 265 | 164 | 5.7 | 3.0–10.6 | 0.735 | _ | _ | _ |
Stable relationship | 243 | 136 | 6.3 | 3.3–11.7 | 0.682 | _ | _ | _ |
Cohabitation | 60 | 80 | 2.6 | 1.3–5.2 | 0.84 | _ | _ | _ |
Settlement type | ||||||||
Farming settlement | 12 | 11 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Urban formal | 207 | 131 | 1.7 | 0.7–4.0 | < 0.001 | _ | _ | _ |
Urban informal | 232 | 159 | 1.6 | 0.7–3.7 | 0.6 | _ | _ | _ |
Peri-urban | 69 | 56 | 1.3 | 0.6–3.3 | 0.24 | _ | _ | _ |
Tribal settlement | 75 | 76 | 1.1 | 0.4–2.6 | 0.017 | _ | _ | _ |
Employment status | ||||||||
Unemployed | 327 | 277 | 1 | Reference | Reference | 1 | Reference | Reference |
Employed | 78 | 72 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.3 | 0.638 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.2 | 0.242 |
Student | 184 | 79 | 2.0 | 1.4–2.7 | < 0.001 | 1.6 | 1.2–2.3 | 0.005 |
Level of Education | ||||||||
Primary | 17 | 19 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Grade 11 | 245 | 209 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.6 | 0.436 | _ | _ | _ |
Matric | 279 | 165 | 1.9 | 1.0–3.7 | 0.067 | _ | _ | _ |
Tertiary | 54 | 37 | 1.6 | 0.8–3.5 | 0.217 | _ | _ | _ |
Multiple sexual partnersa | ||||||||
No | 536 | 398 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Yes | 59 | 35 | 1.3 | 0.8–1.9 | 0.315 | _ | _ | _ |
Sexual debut | ||||||||
0–15 years | 73 | 85 | 1 | Reference | Reference | 1 | Reference | Reference |
16–17 years | 248 | 183 | 1.6 | 1.1–2.3 | 0.015 | 1.4 | 1.0–2.1 | 0.072 |
18–19 years | 200 | 124 | 1.9 | 1.3–2.8 | 0.001 | 1.8 | 1.2–2.7 | 0.008 |
20–24 years | 74 | 41 | 2.1 | 1.3–3.4 | 0.003 | 2.1 | 1.2–3.7 | 0.006 |
Transactional sexa | ||||||||
No | 547 | 387 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Yes | 48 | 46 | 0.7 | 0.5–1.1 | 0.162 | _ | _ | _ |
Intergenerational sexa | ||||||||
No | 373 | 239 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Yes | 222 | 194 | 0.7 | 0.6–0.9 | 0.016 | _ | _ | _ |
Living separately from a regular partner | ||||||||
Same house | 51 | 103 | 1 | Reference | Reference | 1 | Reference | Reference |
Same neighborhood | 188 | 128 | 3.0 | 2.0–4.4 | < 0.001 | 1.8 | 1.0–3.2 | 0.038 |
Same town or area | 213 | 115 | 3.7 | 2.5–5.6 | < 0.001 | 2.2 | 1.2–3.9 | 0.006 |
Same province | 92 | 57 | 3.3 | 2.0–5.2 | < 0.001 | 1.8 | 1.0–3.3 | 0.071 |
Different province | 46 | 26 | 3.6 | 2.0–6.4 | < 0.001 | 2.4 | 1.2–4.8 | 0.017 |
Relationship type | ||||||||
Main partner | 424 | 275 | 1 | Reference | Reference | 1 | Reference | Reference |
A friend | 39 | 23 | 1.1 | 0.6–1.9 | < 0.001 | 4.5 | 1.8–11.7 | 0.002 |
Someone known for while | 58 | 27 | 1.4 | 0.9–2.3 | < 0.001 | 5.3 | 2.1–13.5 | < 0.001 |
Recent acquaintance | 18 | 5 | 2.3 | 0.9–6.4 | < 0.001 | 8.1 | 2.2–29.8 | 0.002 |
Radio | ||||||||
Never listeneda | 171 | 145 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Listened¥ | 424 | 288 | 1.2 | 1.0. - 1.6 | 0.104 | _ | _ | _ |
TV | ||||||||
Never watcheda | 87 | 84 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Watcheda | 508 | 349 | 1.4 | 1.0–2.0 | 0.043 | _ | _ | _ |
Magazine | ||||||||
Never reada | 347 | 258 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Reada | 248 | 175 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.4 | 0.684 | _ | _ | _ |
Newspaper | ||||||||
Never reada | 268 | 188 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Read¥ | 327 | 245 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.2 | 0.605 | _ | _ | _ |
Internet | ||||||||
Had no accessa | 362 | 322 | 1 | Reference | Reference | 1 | Reference | Reference |
Had accessa | 233 | 111 | 1.9 | 1.4–2.4 | < 0.001 | 1.5 | 1.1–2.1 | 0.006 |
Intersexions(TV programme) | ||||||||
Not exposeda | 227 | 220 | 1 | Reference | Reference | 1 | Reference | Reference |
Exposeda | 368 | 213 | 1.7 | 1.3–2.2 | < 0.001 | 1.3 | 1.0–1.7 | 0.056 |
4Play:Sex Tips for Girls(TV programme) | ||||||||
Not exposeda | 467 | 337 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Exposeda | 128 | 96 | 1.0 | 0.7–1.3 | 0.801 | _ | _ | _ |
Brothers for Life(TV programme) | ||||||||
Not exposeda | 238 | 227 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Exposeda | 357 | 206 | 1.7 | 1.3–2.1 | < 0.001 | _ | _ | _ |
Scrutinize(TV programme) | ||||||||
Not exposeda | 106 | 106 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Exposeda | 489 | 327 | 1.5 | 1.1–2.0 | 0.009 | _ | _ | _ |
Soul City(TV programme) | ||||||||
Not exposeda | 240 | 192 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Exposeda | 355 | 241 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.5 | 0.199 | _ | _ | _ |
loveLife(TV and radio programme) | ||||||||
Not exposeda | 560 | 412 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Exposeda | 35 | 21 | 1.2 | 0.7–2.1 | 0.472 | _ | _ | _ |
Siyanqoba Beat it! (TV programme) | ||||||||
Not exposeda | 247 | 234 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Exposeda | 348 | 199 | 1.7 | 1.3–2.1 | < 0.001 | _ | _ | _ |
We BEAT TB(TV programme) | ||||||||
Not exposeda | 188 | 182 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Exposeda | 407 | 251 | 1.6 | 1.2–2.0 | 0.001 | _ | _ | _ |
i-Life(Radio programme) | ||||||||
Not exposeda | 571 | 426 | 1 | Reference | Reference | 1 | Reference | Reference |
Exposed¥ | 24 | 7 | 2.6 | 1.1–6.0 | 0.031 | 3.1 | 1.2–8.6 | 0.025 |
Self-reported HIV infection among sexually active young women
Socio-demographic and sexual behavioral practices predicting HIV infection among sexually active young women
Variable | HIV + ve | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | Crude OR | 95% CI | p-value | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Age group | ||||||||
16–19 years | 5 | 3.1 | 1 | Reference | Reference | 1 | Reference | Reference |
20–24 years | 41 | 7.2 | 2.4 | 0.9–6.3 | 0.065 | 7.3 | 2.3–23.1 | 0.001 |
Province | ||||||||
Eastern Cape | 2 | 2.7 | 1 | Reference | Reference | 1 | Reference | Reference |
Free State | 8 | 11.6 | 4.8 | 1.0–23.4 | 0.053 | 4.2 | 0.8–28.9 | 0.085 |
Gauteng | 7 | 5.0 | 1.9 | 0.4–9.6 | 0.418 | 4.0 | 0.7–23.7 | 0.125 |
KwaZulu-Natal | 11 | 7.3 | 2.9 | 0.6–13.3 | 0.178 | 5.4 | 1.0–30.0 | 0.056 |
Limpopo | 4 | 7.4 | 2.9 | 0.5–16.6 | 0.226 | 4.1 | 0.6–29.5 | 0.166 |
Mpumalanga | 7 | 10.6 | 4.3 | 0.9–21.6 | 0.074 | 8.3 | 1.4–51.0 | 0.022 |
North West | 1 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 0.1–13.5 | 0.895 | 1.5 | 0.1–22.6 | 0.768 |
Northern Cape | 1 | 10.0 | 4.1 | 0.3–49.3 | 0.272 | 4.6 | 0.3–83.5 | 0.300 |
Western Cape | 5 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 0.3–7.7 | 0.663 | 2.5 | 0.4–16.0 | 0.323 |
Settlement type | ||||||||
Urban formal | 11 | 4.6 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Urban informal | 24 | 8.0 | 1.8 | 0.9–3.8 | 0.111 | _ | _ | _ |
Peri-urban | 7 | 8.3 | 1.9 | 0.7–5.1 | 0.200 | _ | _ | _ |
Tribal settlement | 3 | 3.4 | 0.7 | 0.2–2.7 | 0.634 | _ | _ | _ |
Farming | 1 | 7.7 | 1.7 | 0.2–14.6 | 0.609 | _ | _ | _ |
Housing type | ||||||||
Formal house | 7 | 3.4 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Mostly formal | 16 | 8.3 | 2.5 | 1.0–6.3 | 0.045 | _ | _ | _ |
Mostly informal | 16 | 8.7 | 2.7 | 1.1–6.6 | 0.035 | _ | _ | _ |
Squatter camp | 2 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 0.2–4.0 | 0.802 | _ | _ | _ |
Traditional house | 5 | 7.9 | 2.4 | 0.7–7.9 | 0.142 | _ | _ | _ |
Level of Education | ||||||||
Primary | 4 | 26.7 | 1 | Reference | Reference | 1 | Reference | Reference |
Grade 11 | 27 | 8.0 | 0.2 | 0.1–0.8 | 0.020 | 0.2 | 0.03–0.73 | 0.017 |
Matric | 14 | 4.6 | 0.1 | < 0.0–0.5 | 0.002 | 0.1 | 0.02–0.56 | 0.007 |
Tertiary | 1 | 1.4 | < 0.01 | < 0.01–0.4 | 0.006 | 0.04 | < 0.01–0.51 | 0.013 |
Marital status | ||||||||
Single | 26 | 7.7 | 1 | Reference | Reference | 1 | Reference | Reference |
Stable relationship | 11 | 4.5 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.2 | 0.125 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.3 | 0.156 |
Cohabitation | 4 | 4.4 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.6 | 0.278 | 0.2 | 0.1–0.9 | 0.028 |
Married | 5 | 9.8 | 1.3 | 0.5–3.6 | 0.609 | 0.8 | 0.2–3.6 | 0.798 |
Employment status | ||||||||
Unemployed | 31 | 7.0 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Employed | 8 | 8.1 | 1.2 | 0.5–2.6 | 0.693 | _ | _ | _ |
Student | 7 | 4.0 | 0.6 | 0.2–1.3 | 0.169 | _ | _ | _ |
Socio-economic status | ||||||||
High | 7 | 3.7 | 1 | Reference | Reference | _ | _ | _ |
Medium | 25 | 8.0 | 2.2 | 0.9–5.3 | 0.066 | _ | _ | _ |
Low | 14 | 6.2 | 1.7 | 0.7–4.3 | 0.255 | _ | _ | _ |
Food security¥ | ||||||||
Insecure | 17 | 14.2 | 1 | Reference | Reference | 1 | Reference | Reference |
Secured | 29 | 4.8 | 0.3 | 0.2–0.6 | < 0.001 | 0.3 | 0.2–0.7 | 0.007 |
Multiple sexual partners¥ | ||||||||
No | 34 | 5.1 | 1 | Reference | Reference | 1 | Reference | Reference |
Yes | 12 | 18.8 | 4.3 | 2.1–8.7 | < 0.001 | 2.9 | 1.2–7.0 | 0.017 |
Sexual debut | ||||||||
0–15 years | 17 | 15.3 | 1 | Reference | Reference | 1 | Reference | Reference |
16–17 years | 19 | 6.4 | 0.4 | 0.2–0.8 | 0.006 | 0.3 | 0.1–0.7 | 0.005 |
18–19 years | 7 | 2.9 | 0.2 | 0.1–0.4 | < 0.001 | 0.1 | 0.03–0.31 | < 0.001 |
20–24 years | 3 | 3.9 | 0.2 | 0.1–0.8 | 0.019 | 0.2 | 0.03–0.70 | 0.014 |
Transactional sex¥ | ||||||||
No | 38 | 5.7 | 1 | Reference | Reference | 1 | Reference | Reference |
Yes | 8 | 14.6 | 2.8 | 1.3–6.4 | 0.012 | 1.8 | 0.6–4.6 | 0.313 |
Intergenerational sex¥ | ||||||||
No | 19 | 4.4 | 1 | Reference | Reference | 1 | Reference | Reference |
Yes | 27 | 9.1 | 2.2 | 1.2–4.0 | 0.011 | 2.0 | 1.0–4.0 | 0.047 |