Predisposing, Enabling and Pregnancy-Related Determinants of Late Initiation of Prenatal Care

Prenatal care is important for the health and wellbeing of women and their babies. There is international consensus that prenatal care should begin in the first trimester. This study aims to analyze the effects of predisposing, enabling and pregnancy-related determinants of late prenatal care initiation. In this prospective observational study, 333 women were recruited consecutively at the beginning of their prenatal care trajectory. Data was collected on the timing of the first prenatal visit and on socio-demographic and pregnancy-related characteristics, using a semi-structured interview. A multivariate binominal logistic regression was applied to analyze independent effects on late initiation of prenatal care. Bivariately late initiation of care was associated with being inactive on the labor market, non-European origin, not having lived in Belgium since birth, low income, receiving welfare benefits, not having a regular obstetrician and experiencing difficulties getting a first appointment. When adjusting for all determinants, our multivariate analyses showed that late initiation was associated with non-European origin, low income and not having a regular obstetrician. This study shows that late initiation of prenatal care is associated with predisposing and enabling determinants. In order to ensure timely initiation of care, policy-makers should focus on encouraging women to have a regular prenatal care provider before pregnancy and taking steps in lowering out-of-pocket fees for low-income women. Future research is needed to examine whether these determinants are associated with initiation of care only or whether they play a role in the pregnancy follow-up as well.