Background
Methods
Ethics statement
Sample
Body mass index
Socio-demographic variables
Physical activity
Other variables
Statistical analyses
Results
Sample characteristics
Total | Underweight | Normal | Overweight | Obese | Cramer’s V and p-values1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Total | 1,882 (100) | 35 (100) | 837 (100) | 752 (100.0) | 258 (100) | |
Age group | V = .105; p = .000 | |||||
-80 | 297 (15,8) | 1 (2,9) | 92 (11) | 144 (19,1) | 60 (23,3) | |
81-83 | 645 (34,3) | 9 (25,7) | 278 (33,2) | 261 (34,7) | 97 (37,6) | |
84-86 | 533 (28,3) | 12 (34,3) | 257 (30,7) | 210 (27,9) | 54 (20,9) | |
87-89 | 303 (16,1) | 11 (31,4) | 144 (17,2) | 111 (14,8) | 37 (14,3) | |
90+ | 104 (5,5) | 2 (5,7) | 66 (7,9) | 26 (3,5) | 10 (3,9) | |
Sex | V = .132; p = .000 | |||||
Women | 1,239 (65,8) | 31 (88,6) | 590 (70,5) | 443 (58,9) | 175 (67,8) | |
Men | 643 (34,2) | 4 (11,4) | 247 (29,5) | 309 (41,1) | 83 (32,2) | |
Education | V = .070; p = .005 | |||||
Elementary education | 1,119 (59,5) | 17 (48,6) | 462 (55,2) | 469 (62,4) | 171 (66,3) | |
Secondary education | 539 (28,6) | 14 (40) | 265 (31,7) | 193 (25,7) | 67 (26) | |
Tertiary education | 224 (11,9) | 4 (11,4) | 110 (13,1) | 90 (12) | 20 (7,8) | |
Living situation | V = .090; p = .002 | |||||
Living alone in private household | 951 (50,5) | 18 (51,4) | 457 (54,6) | 339 (45,1) | 137 (53,1) | |
Others | 931 (49,5) | 17 (48,6) | 380 (45,4) | 413 (54,9) | 121 (46,9) | |
Family status | V = .120; p = .000 | |||||
Married | 656 (34,9) | 10 (28,6) | 249 (29,7) | 314 (41,9) | 83 (32,2) | |
Others | 1,224 (65,1) | 25 (71,4) | 588 (70,3) | 436 (58,1) | 175 (67,8) | |
Own Children | V = .089; p = .002 | |||||
No | 381 (20,3) | 14 (40) | 188 (22,5) | 134 (17,8) | 45 (17,4) | |
Yes | 1,5 (79,7) | 21 (60) | 649 (77,5) | 617 (82,2) | 213 (82,6) | |
Cycling | V = .079; p = .009 | |||||
Never/<once a week | 1,606 (85,8) | 34 (97,1) | 727 (87,5) | 619 (82,9) | 226 (87,6) | |
At least once a week | 265 (14,2) | 1 (2,9) | 104 (12,5) | 128 (17,1) | 32 (12,4) | |
Gymnastics | V = .079; p = .009 | |||||
Never/<once a week | 1,077 (57,8) | 21 (61,8) | 443 (53,4) | 458 (61,6) | 155 (60,3) | |
At least once a week | 787 (42,2) | 13 (38,2) | 386 (46,6) | 286 (38,4) | 102 (39,7) | |
Swimming | V = .025; p = .769 | |||||
Never/<once a week | 1,737 (93,2) | 34 (97,1) | 772 (93,3) | 691 (92,8) | 240 (93,4) | |
At least once a week | 127 (6,8) | 1 (2,9) | 55 (6,7) | 54 (7,2) | 17 (6,6) | |
Long walk | V = .117; p = .000 | |||||
Never / <once a week | 866 (46,3) | 21 (60) | 367 (44,2) | 324 (43,3) | 154 (59,7) | |
At least once a week | 1,006 (53,7) | 14 (40) | 464 (55,8) | 424 (56,7) | 104 (40,3) | |
Walking impairments | V = .115. p = .000 | |||||
No walking impairments | 916 (48,7) | 9 (25,7) | 442 (52,8) | 369 (49,1) | 96 (37,2) | |
Aggravated Walking | 749 (39,8) | 14 (40) | 298 (35,6) | 319 (42,4) | 118 (45,7) | |
Substantial mobility impairment/disability of walking | 217 (11,5) | 12 (34,3) | 97 (11,6) | 64 (8,5) | 44 (17,1) | |
Global Deterioration Scale: Mean (SD) | 2.0 (1.1) | 2.9 (1.9) | 2.0 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.0) | 1.8 (0.9) | p = .000 |
Comorbidities (weighted count): Mean (SD) | 4.5 (3.9) | 5.3 (4.8) | 4.1 (3.5) | 4.6 (3.7) | 5.6 (5.0) | p = .000 |
Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Total | 1,882 (100) | 1,575 (100) | 1,219 (100) |
Age group | |||
-80 | 297 (15,8) | 3 (15,8) | 0 (0,2) |
81-83 | 645 (34,3) | 530 (34,3) | 167 (33,7) |
84-86 | 533 (28,3) | 509 (28,3) | 470 (32,3) |
87-89 | 303 (16,1) | 360 (16,1) | 346 (22,9) |
90+ | 104 (5,5) | 173 (5,5) | 236 (11) |
Sex | |||
Women | 1,239 (65,8) | 1053 (65,8) | 813 (66,9) |
Men | 643 (34,2) | 522 (34,2) | 406 (33,1) |
Education | |||
Elementary education | 1,119 (59,5) | 920 (59,5) | 701 (57.5) |
Secondary education | 539 (28,6) | 468 (28,6) | 359 (29,5) |
Tertiary education | 224 (11,9) | 187 (11,9) | 159 (13,0) |
Living situation | |||
Living alone in private household | 951 (50,5) | 792 (50,5) | 593 (50,3) |
Others | 931 (49,5) | 782 (49,5) | 626 (49,7) |
Family status | |||
Married | 656 (34,9) | 523 (34,9) | 358 (33,2) |
Others | 1,224 (65,1) | 1051 (65,1) | 859 (66,8) |
Own Children | |||
No | 381 (20,3) | 316 (20,3) | 233 (19.1) |
Yes | 1,5 (79,7) | 1258 (79,7) | 985 (80.9) |
Cycling | |||
Never / <once a week | 1,606 (85,8) | 1390 (85,8) | 1097 (88,8) |
At least once a week | 265 (14,2) | 175 (14,2) | 116 (11,2) |
Gymnastics | |||
Never/<once a week | 1,077 (57,8) | 937 (57,8) | 744 (60) |
At least once a week | 787 (42,2) | 624 (42,2) | 464 (40) |
Swimming | |||
Never/<once a week | 1,737 (93,2) | 1462 (93,2) | 1148 (93,7) |
At least once a week | 127 (6,8) | 98 (6,8) | 63 (6,3) |
Long walk | |||
Never/<once a week | 866 (46,3) | 773 (46,3) | 707 (49,4) |
At least once a week | 1,006 (53,7) | 792 (53,7) | 507 (50,6) |
Walking impairments | |||
No walking impairments | 916 (48,7) | 664 (48,7) | 445 (42,2) |
Aggravated Walking | 749 (39,8) | 712 (39,8) | 580 (45,2) |
Substantial mobility impairment/disability of walking | 217 (11,5) | 199 (11,5) | 194 (12,6) |
Global Deterioration Scale: Mean (SD) | 2.0 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.2) |
Comorbidities (weighted count): Mean (SD) | 4.5 (3.9) | 4.6 (3.9) | 3.9 (3.8) |
BMI kg/m2: Mean (SD) | 25.8 (4.2) | 25.7 (4.3) | 25.5 (3.9) |
Cross-sectional analyses
Descriptive and bivariate analyses
Multivariate analyses
OLS-regressions (Beta-Coefficients reported) | Logistic regressions (Odd Ratios reported) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | BMI - all | BMI - women | BMI - men | Overweight - all | Overweight - women | Overweight - men | Obesity - all | Obesity - women | Obesity - men |
81-83 years (Ref.: -80 years) | -1.075*** | -0.834* | -1.418** | 0.570*** | 0.534** | 0.614* | 0.636* | 0.786 | 0.455* |
(0.299) | (0.400) | (0.464) | (0.422 - 0.770) | (0.362 - 0.789) | (0.379 - 0.995) | (0.440 - 0.920) | (0.489 - 1.264) | (0.245 - 0.845) | |
84-86 years | -1.651*** | -1.677*** | -1.675*** | 0.475*** | 0.399*** | 0.613+ | 0.371*** | 0.389*** | 0.333** |
(0.313) | (0.415) | (0.503) | (0.347 - 0.652) | (0.267 - 0.596) | (0.361 - 1.043) | (0.243 - 0.567) | (0.228 - 0.665) | (0.160 - 0.690) | |
87-89 years | -1.880*** | -1.880*** | -1.806** | 0.452*** | 0.404*** | 0.533* | 0.432*** | 0.515* | 0.287** |
(0.342) | (0.447) | (0.550) | (0.317 - 0.644) | (0.258 - 0.633) | (0.294 - 0.969) | (0.268 - 0.697) | (0.286 - 0.930) | (0.116 - 0.709) | |
90+ years | -2.807*** | -2.809*** | -2.724*** | 0.260*** | 0.224*** | 0.295** | 0.276*** | 0.245** | 0.291+ |
(0.478) | (0.615) | (0.783) | (0.157 - 0.432) | (0.119 - 0.423) | (0.119 - 0.727) | (0.129 - 0.591) | (0.0916 - 0.658) | (0.0817 - 1.039) | |
Sex (Ref.: Women) | 0.568* | 1.405** | 1.041 | ||||||
(0.236) | (1.095 - 1.803) | (0.733 - 1.479) | |||||||
Secondary education (Ref.: Elementary education) | -0.652** | -0.736** | -0.398 | 0.745** | 0.726* | 0.780 | 0.784 | 0.786 | 0.767 |
(0.225) | (0.281) | (0.358) | (0.598 - 0.927) | (0.559 - 0.943) | (0.511 - 1.190) | (0.571 - 1.076) | (0.538 - 1.148) | (0.418 - 1.409) | |
Tertiary education | -1.167*** | -1.220* | -0.831* | 0.581*** | 0.518* | 0.677+ | 0.505** | 0.491+ | 0.558 |
(0.277) | (0.490) | (0.346) | (0.423 - 0.798) | (0.312 - 0.861) | (0.439 - 1.042) | (0.301 - 0.847) | (0.214 - 1.125) | (0.278 - 1.123) | |
Living alone in private household (Ref.: No) | -0.199 | -0.0491 | -0.597 | 0.849 | 0.828 | 0.935 | 0.942 | 1.264 | 0.479+ |
(0.263) | (0.323) | (0.450) | (0.644 - 1.121) | (0.598 - 1.147) | (0.532 - 1.643) | (0.637 - 1.393) | (0.783 - 2.039) | (0.213 - 1.076) | |
Married (Ref.: Others) | -0.242 | -0.0623 | -0.588 | 1.016 | 1.027 | 1.031 | 0.775 | 1.049 | 0.462* |
(0.304) | (0.452) | (0.404) | (0.745 - 1.387) | (0.677 - 1.560) | (0.628 - 1.695) | (0.499 - 1.204) | (0.579 - 1.900) | (0.235 - 0.910) | |
Own Children (Ref.: No) | 0.792*** | 0.938*** | 0.251 | 1.288* | 1.245 | 1.356 | 1.291 | 1.366 | 1.002 |
(0.227) | (0.272) | (0.408) | (1.014 - 1.638) | (0.937 - 1.654) | (0.844 - 2.177) | (0.901 - 1.850) | (0.893 - 2.089) | (0.494 - 2.031) | |
Cycling, at least once a week (Ref.: Never / <once a week) | -0.182 | -0.439 | 0.0906 | 1.231 | 1.108 | 1.363 | 0.851 | 0.683 | 0.969 |
(0.242) | (0.388) | (0.295) | (0.915 - 1.657) | (0.723 - 1.700) | (0.889 - 2.089) | (0.550 - 1.317) | (0.352 - 1.323) | (0.521 - 1.804) | |
Gymnastics, at least once a week | -0.393* | -0.159 | -0.955*** | 0.723** | 0.823 | 0.550** | 0.942 | 0.984 | 0.835 |
(0.196) | (0.257) | (0.287) | (0.592 - 0.884) | (0.644 - 1.051) | (0.385 - 0.787) | (0.707 - 1.254) | (0.698 - 1.387) | (0.486 - 1.434) | |
Swimming, at least once a week | 0.220 | 0.302 | 0.0571 | 1.089 | 0.994 | 1.173 | 1.098 | 1.225 | 0.866 |
(0.437) | (0.696) | (0.381) | (0.740 - 1.602) | (0.600 - 1.647) | (0.631 - 2.182) | (0.630 - 1.913) | (0.608 - 2.466) | (0.338 - 2.216) | |
Long Walk, at least once a week | -0.722*** | -0.837** | -0.478 | 0.910 | 0.939 | 0.859 | 0.542*** | 0.524** | 0.540* |
(0.208) | (0.278) | (0.320) | (0.733 - 1.130) | (0.716 - 1.230) | (0.589 - 1.252) | (0.396 - 0.741) | (0.355 - 0.773) | (0.310 - 0.942) | |
Aggravated walking (Ref.: no impairment) | 0.754*** | 0.618* | 0.962* | 1.676*** | 1.558** | 1.861** | 1.547** | 1.585* | 1.475 |
(0.219) | (0.275) | (0.383) | (1.344 - 2.090) | (1.191 - 2.037) | (1.240 - 2.793) | (1.124 - 2.131) | (1.076 - 2.334) | (0.814 - 2.675) | |
Substantial mobility impairment/disability of walking | 0.939* | 0.989* | 0.832 | 1.577* | 1.713* | 1.311 | 2.701*** | 2.608** | 2.911* |
(0.389) | (0.487) | (0.643) | (1.094 - 2.273) | (1.100 - 2.668) | (0.674 - 2.552) | (1.670 - 4.370) | (1.444 - 4.712) | (1.242 - 6.823) | |
Global Deterioration Scale | -0.602*** | -0.656*** | -0.454** | 0.791*** | 0.771*** | 0.829+ | 0.745*** | 0.780** | 0.676** |
(0.0972) | (0.121) | (0.166) | (0.716 - 0.874) | (0.683 - 0.869) | (0.687 - 1.000) | (0.640 - 0.866) | (0.652 - 0.935) | (0.505 - 0.905) | |
Constant | 28.51*** | 28.79*** | 28.80*** | 3.479*** | 4.798*** | 2.883* | 0.547 | 0.407+ | 1.059 |
(0.518) | (0.672) | (0.832) | (2.009 - 6.024) | (2.441 - 9.431) | (1.091 - 7.614) | (0.261 - 1.146) | (0.164 - 1.008) | (0.270 - 4.157) | |
Observations | 1,858 | 1,230 | 628 | 1,858 | 1,230 | 628 | 1,858 | 1,230 | 628 |
(Pseudo-)R2 | 0.089 | 0.098 | 0.094 | 0.061 | 0.065 | 0.053 | 0.061 | 0.068 | 0.090 |
Longitudinal analyses
FE-regressions (Beta-Coefficients reported) | Conditional logistic FE-regressions (Odd Ratios reported) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | BMI - all | BMI - women | BMI - men | Overweight - all | Overweight - women | Overweight - men | Obesity - all | Obesity - women | Obesity - men |
81-83 years (Ref.: -80 years) | -0.427* | -0.218 | -0.699* | 0.500+ | 0.256* | 0.635 | 0.462+ | 0.545 | 0.468 |
(0.173) | (0.180) | (0.311) | (0.243 - 1.032) | (0.0703 - 0.928) | (0.245 - 1.645) | (0.201 - 1.065) | (0.151 - 1.971) | (0.152 - 1.446) | |
84-86 years | -0.767*** | -0.649** | -0.910** | 0.276** | 0.135** | 0.376+ | 0.245** | 0.219* | 0.386 |
(0.200) | (0.239) | (0.315) | (0.119 - 0.638) | (0.0332 - 0.545) | (0.117 - 1.206) | (0.0924 - 0.650) | (0.0521 - 0.917) | (0.0876 - 1.700) | |
87-89 years | -1.108*** | -1.030*** | -1.073** | 0.185*** | 0.0938** | 0.199* | 0.162** | 0.158* | 0.211 |
(0.236) | (0.298) | (0.339) | (0.0693 - 0.492) | (0.0207 - 0.426) | (0.0397 - 0.996) | (0.0467 - 0.565) | (0.0277 - 0.898) | (0.0222 - 1.998) | |
90+ years | -0.910** | -0.789+ | -0.998* | 0.175** | 0.100* | 0.117* | 0.313 | 0.254 | 0.938 |
(0.312) | (0.407) | (0.407) | (0.0511 - 0.601) | (0.0169 - 0.592) | (0.0140 - 0.978) | (0.0661 - 1.482) | (0.0321 - 2.002) | (0.0524 - 16.77) | |
Living alone in private household (Ref.: No) | -0.0712 | 0.00237 | -0.425+ | 1.514 | 1.223 | 3.257 | 1.106 | 3.561 | 0.0401** |
(0.165) | (0.211) | (0.245) | (0.773 - 2.963) | (0.582 - 2.566) | (0.651 - 16.29) | (0.331 - 3.694) | (0.672 - 18.89) | (0.00403 - 0.399) | |
Married (Ref.: Others) | -0.0890 | -0.0387 | -0.292 | 0.686 | 0.797 | 0.419 | 1.414 | 5.371+ | 0.383 |
(0.342) | (0.607) | (0.340) | (0.247 - 1.907) | (0.139 - 4.576) | (0.0711 - 2.464) | (0.378 - 5.294) | (0.728 - 39.64) | (0.0613 - 2.391) | |
Cycling, at least once a week (Ref.: Never/<once a week) | -0.279 | -0.335 | -0.239 | 0.673 | 0.719 | 0.715 | 1.452 | 1.993 | 1.998 |
(0.181) | (0.314) | (0.212) | (0.323 - 1.402) | (0.275 - 1.884) | (0.228 - 2.247) | (0.423 - 4.980) | (0.209 - 19.03) | (0.490 - 8.155) | |
Gymnastics, at least once a week | 0.0729 | 0.293* | -0.404+ | 1.092 | 1.392 | 0.521 | 1.189 | 1.148 | 1.407 |
(0.123) | (0.140) | (0.238) | (0.696 - 1.715) | (0.800 - 2.421) | (0.218 - 1.247) | (0.671 - 2.109) | (0.574 - 2.297) | (0.501 - 3.948) | |
Swimming, at least once a week | 0.286 | 0.419 | 0.0254 | 0.822 | 0.652 | 1.501 | 1.123 | 2.152 | 0.926 |
(0.404) | (0.590) | (0.259) | (0.360 - 1.879) | (0.227 - 1.875) | (0.372 - 6.059) | (0.314 - 4.011) | (0.147 - 31.53) | (0.149 - 5.747) | |
Long Walk, at least once a week | 0.0358 | -0.0558 | 0.181 | 1.282 | 1.216 | 1.366 | 0.745 | 0.632 | 1.272 |
(0.116) | (0.144) | (0.193) | (0.851 - 1.931) | (0.705 - 2.097) | (0.686 - 2.721) | (0.420 - 1.321) | (0.332 - 1.202) | (0.404 - 4.003) | |
Aggravated walking (Ref.: no impairment) | -0.215 | -0.378* | 0.0991 | 0.815 | 0.886 | 0.528 | 0.959 | 0.846 | 1.450 |
(0.136) | (0.187) | (0.148) | (0.477 - 1.393) | (0.452 - 1.737) | (0.177 - 1.576) | (0.482 - 1.908) | (0.358 - 1.998) | (0.484 - 4.343) | |
Substantial mobility impairment/disability of walking | -0.969*** | -1.176*** | -0.539+ | 0.409* | 0.259* | 0.660 | 0.337 | 0.533 | 0.200 |
(0.214) | (0.272) | (0.322) | (0.188 - 0.888) | (0.0877 - 0.767) | (0.180 - 2.426) | (0.0908 - 1.253) | (0.103 - 2.760) | (0.0221 - 1.813) | |
Global Deterioration Scale | -0.160* | -0.202* | -0.0733 | 1.015 | 1.048 | 0.877 | 0.754 | 0.689 | 0.737 |
(0.0641) | (0.0854) | (0.0927) | (0.762 - 1.354) | (0.741 - 1.483) | (0.520 - 1.482) | (0.536 - 1.059) | (0.418 - 1.134) | (0.407 - 1.333) | |
Constant | 26.98*** | 26.65*** | 27.50*** | ||||||
(0.295) | (0.348) | (0.442) | |||||||
Observations | 4,620 | 3,072 | 1,548 | 780 | 501 | 279 | 470 | 287 | 183 |
(Pseudo)R2 | 0.030 | 0.036 | 0.046 | 0.060 | 0.086 | 0.084 | 0.088 | 0.124 | 0.152 |
Number of Individuals | 1,925 | 1,277 | 648 | 282 | 182 | 100 | 169 | 104 | 65 |
Sargan-Hansen Test (FE)/Hausman (CLFE): p-value | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .010 | .000 | .049 | .055 |