Background
Methods
Subjects and study procedures
Instrument and measures
Variable | Origin or source of the variable |
Cronbach’s Alpha if appropriate | Categories in analysis |
---|---|---|---|
Family affluence scale | A set of 6 questions on the material conditions of the households in which children live. The questions cover car ownership, bedroom and bathroom occupancy, holidays, home computers and dishwashing machine [68]. | Low (Ref.) Medium High | |
Family structure | In the list of adult people, the respondents were asked to indicate the persons living in their family. | Intact family (Ref.) Not intact family | |
Communication with parentsa
| The respondents were asked how easy it is for them to talk to the their father and mother (separately) about things that really bother them [69]. | Easy (Ref.) Difficult | |
Quality of communica-tion within the family | 0.87 | Good (Ref.) Poor #
| |
Satisfaction with family relationships | The variable was measured by means of an item based on Cantril’s [72] ladder, ranged from 0 to 10. | High (7–10 scores) (Ref.) Low (0–6 scores) | |
Parental monitoringa
| The measure was based on the scale developed by Brown et al. [73], which asks young respondents about how much their father and mother know about five issues of their life. | 0.90 (for the father) 0.79 (for the mother) | High (Ref.) Low#
|
Emotional supporta
| The measure was 4-items subscale of the instrument build by Parker et al. [74], which is used to assess the quality of parental bonding. | 0.84 (for the father) 0.78 (for the mother) | High (Ref.) Low#
|
School-related parental support | The respondents were asked to show how they agree or disagree with the 5 statements on perception of parental emotional support and controlling in various aspects of school [75]. : | 0.85 | High (Ref.) Low#
|
Parenting stylea
| The measure refers to the strategy developed by Maccoby and Martin used to assess the four well-known parental disciplinary styles [58]. | Authoritative-reciprocal (Ref.) Permissive-indulgent Authoritarian-repressive Permissive-neglectful | |
Family time together | The evaluation of joint family activity was based on 8 items: (1) watching TV or a video, (2) playing indoor games, (3) eating meals, (4) going for a walk, (5) going places, (6) visiting friends or relatives, (7) playing sports, (8) sitting and talking about things [76]. | 0.85 | Often (Ref.) Rare#
|
Electronic media communication with parents | The respondents were asked to answer how often, in average, they communicate with parents in these ways: (1) speaking by phone; (2) sending SMS messages; (3) writing e-letters; and (4) conversing in real time (e.g. by Skype). | 0.61 | Often (Ref.) Rare#
|
Seeing the parentsa
| The respondents were asked how often they are able to see (meet) their parents because of their job. | See father/mother every day (Ref.) See father/mother not every day |
Statistical analysis
Results
Predictors | Noa
| Percent |
P
b
|
---|---|---|---|
Total sample, N = 3572 | |||
Gender: | |||
Boys | 1805 | 50.5 | |
Girls | 1767 | 49.5 | |
Age: | |||
13-year-old | 1903 | 53.3 | |
15-year-old | 1669 | 46.7 | |
Family FAS: | |||
Low | 1283 | 36.7 | |
Medium | 1533 | 43.9 | |
High | 679 | 19.4 | |
Family structure: | |||
Intact family | 2454 | 68.9 | |
Not-intact family | 1118 | 31.1 | |
Subsample of respondents living in intact families, N = 2454 | |||
Gender: | |||
Boys | 1240 | 50.5 | |
Girls | 1214 | 49.5 | |
Age: | |||
13 years old | 1332 | 54.3 | |
15 years old | 1122 | 45.7 | |
Family FAS: | |||
Low | 766 | 31.9 | |
Medium | 1084 | 45.1 | |
High | 553 | 23.0 | |
Satisfaction with family relationships: | |||
High | 2095 | 86.3 | |
Low | 332 | 13.7 | |
Communication with the father: | <0.001 | ||
Easy | 1439 | 62.9 | |
Difficult | 848 | 37.1 | |
Communication with the mother: | |||
Easy | 1741 | 75.9 | |
Difficult | 553 | 24.1 | |
Quality of communication in the family: | |||
Good | 1540 | 62.8 | |
Poor | 914 | 37.2 | |
Father’s monitoring: | <0.001 | ||
High | 1211 | 49.3 | |
Low | 1243 | 50.7 | |
Mother’s monitoring: | |||
High | 1523 | 62.1 | |
Low | 931 | 37.9 | |
School-related parental support: | |||
High | 1276 | 52.0 | |
Low | 1178 | 48.0 | |
Father’s emotional support: | 0.002 | ||
High | 1400 | 57.0 | |
Low | 1054 | 43.0 | |
Mother’s emotional support: | |||
High | 1514 | 61.7 | |
Low | 940 | 38.3 | |
Father’s parenting style: | <0.001 | ||
Authoritative- reciprocal | 1008 | 41.8 | |
Permissive-indulgent | 1001 | 41.6 | |
Authoritarian- repressive | 188 | 7.8 | |
Permissive-neglectful | 213 | 8.8 | |
Mather’s parenting style: | |||
Authoritative- reciprocal | 1112 | 45.9 | |
Permissive-indulgent | 1063 | 43.9 | |
Authoritarian- repressive | 153 | 6.2 | |
Permissive-neglectful | 96 | 4.0 | |
Family time together: | |||
Often | 1148 | 46.8 | |
Rare | 1306 | 53.2 | |
Electronic media communication with parents | |||
Often | 1065 | 43.4 | |
Rare | 1389 | 56.6 | |
Seeing the father | <0.001 | ||
Every day | 1867 | 77.4 | |
Not every day | 545 | 22.6 | |
Seeing the mother | |||
Every day | 2276 | 94.0 | |
Not every day | 145 | 6.0 |
Stopped doing activities | Seriously considered attempting suicide | Made a suicide plan | Attempted suicide | Suicide attempt treated by a doctor or nurse | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | % |
P* | No | % |
P* | No | % |
P* | No | % |
P* | No | % |
P* | |
Total | 1525 | 43.0 | 844 | 23.8 | 486 | 13.7 | 471 | 13.2 | 147 | 4.1 | |||||
Gender: | |||||||||||||||
Boys | 568 | 31,8 |
<0.001
| 297 | 16.6 |
<0.001
| 195 | 10.9 |
<0.001
| 205 | 11.4 |
0.001
| 91 | 5.0 |
0.005
|
Girls | 957 | 54.4 | 547 | 31.1 | 291 | 16.5 | 266 | 15.1 | 56 | 3.2 | |||||
Age: | |||||||||||||||
13-year-old | 805 | 42.7 | 0.690 | 459 | 24.4 | 0.414 | 248 | 13.1 | 0.287 | 272 | 14.3 |
0.037
| 71 | 3.7 | 0.217 |
15-year-old | 720 | 43.3 | 385 | 23.2 | 238 | 14.3 | 199 | 11.9 | 76 | 4.6 | |||||
Family FAS: | |||||||||||||||
Low | 598 | 46.8 |
0.001
| 346 | 27.1 |
0.001
| 212 | 16.6 |
<0.001
| 187 | 14.6 | 0.117 | 59 | 4.6 | 0.538 |
Medium | 644 | 42.3 | 341 | 22.4 | 179 | 11.7 | 191 | 12.5 | 60 | 3.9 | |||||
High | 255 | 37.9 | 135 | 20.0 | 78 | 11.5 | 79 | 11.6 | 25 | 3.7 | |||||
Family structure: | |||||||||||||||
Intact family | 993 | 40.8 |
<0.001
| 534 | 21.9 |
<0.001
| 299 | 12.3 |
0.001
| 277 | 11.3 |
<0.001
| 87 | 3.5 |
0.014
|
Not-intact family | 528 | 47.8 | 306 | 27.8 | 183 | 16.6 | 191 | 17.2 | 59 | 5.3 |
Predictors | Stopped doing activities | Seriously considered attempting suicide | Made a suicide plan | Attempted suicide | Suicide attempt treated by a doctor or nurseb
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | |
Univariable analysis | ||||||||||
Gender: | ||||||||||
Boys (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Girls |
2.56
|
2.23-2.93
|
2.26
|
1.93-2.66
|
1.62
|
1.34-1.97
|
1.38
|
1.14-1.68
|
0.33
|
0.22-0.50
|
Age: | ||||||||||
13-year-old (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
15-year-old | 1.03 | 0.90-1.17 | 0.94 | 0.80-1.10 | 1.11 | 0.92-1.34 |
0.81
|
0.67-0.99
|
1.75
|
1.18-2.59
|
Family FAS: | ||||||||||
Low (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Medium |
0.83
|
0.72-0.97
|
0.78
|
0.65-0.92
|
0.67
|
0.54-0.83
| 0.83 | 0.67-1.04 | 0.99 | 0.64-1.53 |
High |
0.69
|
0.57-0.84
|
0.67
|
0.54-0.84
|
0.66
|
0.50-0.87
| 0.77 | 0.58-1.02 | 1.01 | 0.57-1.77 |
Family structure: | ||||||||||
Intact family (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Not intact family |
1.33
|
1.15-1.54
|
1.37
|
1.16-1.61
|
1.42
|
1.16-1.74
|
1.63
|
1.34-2.00
| 0.98 | 0.66-1.45 |
Multivariable analysisa
| ||||||||||
Gender: | ||||||||||
Boys (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Girls |
2.61
|
2.27-3.00
|
2.35
|
1.99-2.77
|
1.75
|
1.43-2.14
|
1.42
|
1.16-1.74
|
0.31
|
0.21-0.48
|
Age: | ||||||||||
13-year-old (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
15-year-old | 1.04 | 0.91-1.20 | 0.93 | 0.79-1.09 | 1.08 | 0.89-1.32 |
0.80
|
0.65-0.97
|
1.85
|
1.22-2.82
|
Family FAS: | ||||||||||
Low (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Medium | 0.89 | 0.76-1.04 | 0.83 | 0.69-0.99 |
0.72
|
0.58-0.89
| 0.89 | 0.72-1.11 | 0.97 | 0.61-1.53 |
High |
0.77
|
0.63-0.94
|
0.74
|
0.59-0.94
|
0.74
|
0.55-0.98
| 0.88 | 0.66-1.17 | 1.05 | 0.57-1.93 |
Family structure: | ||||||||||
Intact family (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Not intact family |
1.32
|
1.13-1.53
|
1.35
|
1.13-1.60
|
1.34
|
1.09-1.65
|
1.70
|
1.38-2.09
| 1.03 | 0.67-1.59 |
Predictors | Stopped doing activities | Seriously considered attempting suicide | Made a suicide plan | Attempted suicide | Suicide attempt treated by a doctor or nursea
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | OR | OR | CI | OR | CI | |
Gender: | ||||||||||
Boys (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Girls |
2.64
|
2.23-3.11
|
2.16
|
1.77-2.63
|
1.46
|
1.15-1.87
| 1.18 | 0.92-1.51 |
0.33
|
0.19-0.56
|
Age: | ||||||||||
13-year- old (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
15-years-old | 0.99 | 0.95-1.17 | 0.93 | 0.76-1.12 | 1.25 | 0.98-1.59 | 0.80 | 0.62-1.03 |
2.06
|
1.23-3.45
|
Family FAS: | ||||||||||
Low (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Medium |
0.82
|
0.68-0.98
|
0.77
|
0.62-0.95
|
0.60
|
0.45-0.79
| 0.86 | 0.64-1.15 | 0.80 | 0.44-1.43 |
High |
0.70
|
0.56-0.87
|
0.64
|
0.49-0.84
|
0.64
|
0.46-0.89
| 0.86 | 0.61-1.22 | 0.84 | 0.42-1.70 |
Father’s monitoring: | ||||||||||
High (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low |
1.64
|
1.39-1.93
|
1.63
|
1.34-1.98
|
1.83
|
1.43-2.35
|
1.50
|
1.17-1.94
| 0.72 | 0.43-1.20 |
Mother’s monitoring: | ||||||||||
High (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low |
1.40
|
1.19-1.65
|
1.57
|
1.29--1.90
|
1.92
|
1.50-2.45
|
1.85
|
1.44-2.38
| 0.96 | 0.58-1.60 |
Satisfaction with family relationships: | ||||||||||
High (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low |
3.70
|
2.89-4.74
|
3.54
|
2.77-4.53
|
3.49
|
2.63-4.63
|
2.84
|
2.11-3.83
| 0.83 | 0.46-1.50 |
Communication with father: | ||||||||||
Easy (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Difficult |
1.99
|
1.68-2.37
|
1.98
|
1.62-2.42
|
1.72
|
1.33-2.22
|
1.53
|
1.17-1.99
|
0.34
|
0.19-0.61
|
Communication with mother: | ||||||||||
Easy (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Difficult |
1.75
|
1.45-2.13
|
1.79
|
1.44-2.23
|
2.15
|
1.65-2.81
|
1.77
|
1.34-2.34
|
0.51
|
0.28-0.93
|
Quality of communication within the family: | ||||||||||
Good (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Poor |
1.87
|
1.59-2.22
|
1.97
|
1.62-2.40
|
2.17
|
1.70-2.77
|
2.01
|
1.56-2.59
|
0.56
|
0.34-0.94
|
School-related parental support: | ||||||||||
High (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low |
1.44
|
1.22-1.69
|
1.66
|
1.37-2.01
|
1.66
|
1.30-2.12
|
1.91
|
1.48-2.47
| 1.07 | 0.64-1.81 |
Father’s emotional support: | ||||||||||
High (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low |
1.65
|
1.40-1.94
|
1.94
|
1.60-2.36
|
2.16
|
1.69-2.76
|
1.78
|
1.38-2.29
| 0.70 | 0.42-1.16 |
Mother’s emotional support: | ||||||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low |
1.61
|
1.37-1.90
|
1.94
|
1.60-2.36
|
2.26
|
1.77-2.89
|
1.88
|
1.46-2.42
| 0.86 | 0.52-1.43 |
Father’s parenting style: | ||||||||||
Authoritative- reciprocal (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Permissive-indulgent | 1.11 | 0.93-1.34 | 0.98 | 0.79-1.23 | 0.91 | 0.64-1.28 | 0.92 | 0.69-1.24 | 0.89 | 0.48-1.63 |
Authoritarian- repressive |
2.58
|
1.88-3.56
|
2.15
|
1.53-3.02
|
2.84
|
1.92-4.16
|
1.96
|
1.28-3.00
| 0.64 | 0.26-1.57 |
Permissive-neglectful |
2.01
|
1.49-2.72
|
1.71
|
1.22-2.38
|
1.64
|
1.09-2.48
|
1.87
|
1.24-2.81
| 1.13 | 0.51-2.50 |
Mother’s parenting style: | ||||||||||
Authoritative- reciprocal (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Permissive-indulgent |
1.23
|
1.04-1.46
| 1.05 | 0.85-1.29 | 1.08 | 0.82-1.42 | 0.93 | 0.70-1.23 | 0.87 | 0.49-1.55 |
Authoritarian- repressive |
2.16
|
1.53-3.04
|
2.53
c
|
1.77-3.63
|
3.43
|
2.29-5.15
|
1.94
|
1.24-3.06
| 0.55 | 0.21-1.48 |
Permissive-neglectful |
2.03
|
1.34-3.09
|
2.09
|
1.74-4.16
|
3.48
|
1.74-4.16
|
3.39
|
2.09-5.51
| 1.19 | 0.50-2.85 |
Family time together: | ||||||||||
Often (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Rare |
1.64
|
1.39-1.93
|
1.38
|
1.14-1.68
| 1.22 | 0.95-1.55 | 0.99 | 0.77-1.28 |
0.47
|
0.28-0.79
|
Electronic media communication with parents | ||||||||||
Often (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Rare | 0.89 | 0.77-1.05 | 0.99 | 0.82-1.20 | 0.90 | 0.70-1.14 | 0.87 | 0.67-1.11 | 0.85 | 0.51-1.41 |
Seeing the father | ||||||||||
Every day (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Not every day | 1.17 | 0.96-1.42 | 0.96 | 0.79-1.25 | 0.97 | 0.73-1.31 | 0.93 | 0.68-1.26 | 0.71 | 0.37-1.36 |
Seeing the mother | ||||||||||
Every day (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Not every day | 1.31 | 0.93-1.83 |
1.47
|
1.01-2.13
| 1.32 | 0.83-2.12 |
1.71
|
1.09-2.69
| 1.02 | 0.42-2.46 |
Predictors | Stopped doing activities | Seriously considered attempting suicide | Made a suicide plan | Attempted suicide | Suicide attempt treated by a doctor or nurseb
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | OR | OR | CI | OR | CI | |
Gender: | ||||||||||
Boys (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Girls |
2.60
|
2.12-3.19
|
2.33
|
1.81-2.99
|
1.69
|
1.23-2.31
|
1.38
|
1.01-1.91
|
0.21
|
0.09-0.47
|
Age: | ||||||||||
13-year- old (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
15-years-old | 0.89 | 0.73-1.08 |
0.79
|
0.63-0.99
| 1.17 | 0.87-1.56 |
0.72
|
0.53-0.98
|
3.20
|
1.52-6.72
|
Family FAS: | ||||||||||
Low (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Medium | 1.05 | 0.84-1.30 | 1.01 | 0.78-1.30 | 0.75 | 0.54-1.04 | 1.09 | 0.76-1.54 | 0.56 | 0.24-1.29 |
High | 0.92 | 0.71-1.20 | 0.86 | 0.62-1.18 | 0.89 | 0.60-1.31 | 1.12 | 0.75-1.68 | 0.83 | 0.32-2.16 |
Father’s monitoring: | ||||||||||
High (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low | 1.19 | 0.94-1.49 | 1.15 | 0.87-1.52 | 1.32 | 0.92-1.88 | 0.98 | 0.68-1.42 | 1.44 | 0.58-3.59 |
Mother’s monitoring: | ||||||||||
High (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low | 1.20 | 0.95-1.52 | 1.20 | 0.92--1.57 | 1.16 | 0.83-1.63 |
1.42
|
1.01-2.02
| 0.94 | 0.40-2.22 |
Satisfaction with family relationships: | ||||||||||
High (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low |
2.57
|
1.87-3.53
|
2.03
|
1.47-2.79
|
1.57
|
1.06-2.31
|
2.00
|
1.37-3.00
| 1.29 | 0.52-3.16 |
Communication with father: | ||||||||||
Easy (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Difficult | 1.09 | 0.86-1.37 | 1.10 | 0.84-1.44 | 0.96 | 0.68-1.36 | 1.14 | 0.79-1.69 | 0.64 | 0.26-1.56 |
Communication with mother: | ||||||||||
Easy (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Difficult | 1.26 | 0.98-1.63 | 1.15 | 0.86-1.55 | 1.39 | 0.97-1.99 | 1.16 | 0.80-1.69 | 0.70 | 0.27-1.78 |
Quality of communication within the family: | ||||||||||
Good (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Poor | 1.01 | 0.81-1.27 | 1.05 | 0.80-1.37 | 1.26 | 0.89-1.78 | 1.26 | 0.88-1.81 | 0.58 | 0.23-1.47 |
School-related parental support: | ||||||||||
High (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low | 1.05 | 0.85-1.31 | 1.15 | 0.88-1.50 | 0.82 | 0.58-1.16 |
1.42
|
1.00-2.03
| 1.41 | 0.56-3.52 |
Father’s emotional support: | ||||||||||
High (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low | 1.04 | 0.82-1.31 |
1.35
|
1.03-1.78
|
1.55
|
1.08-2.21
| 1.19 | 0.82-1.72 | 0.93 | 0.37-2.34 |
Mother’s emotional support: | ||||||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low | 1.10 | 0.87-1.39 |
1.32
|
1.01-1.74
|
1.55
|
1.09-2.21
| 1.33 | 0.93-1.92 | 1.39 | 0.58-3.34 |
Father’s parenting style: | ||||||||||
Authoritative- reciprocal (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Permissive-indulgent | 1.05 | 0.84-1.32 | 1.02 | 0.78-1.34 | 0.90 | 0.64-1.28 | 0.97 | 0.68-1.40 | 0.51 | 0.21-1.26 |
Authoritarian- repressive |
1.91
|
1.30-2.82
| 1.38 | 0.91-2.08 |
1.64
|
1.01-2.65
| 1.55 | 0.92-2.58 | 0.74 | 0.21-2.54 |
Permissive-neglectful |
1.53
|
1.03-2.26
| 1.05 | 0.68-1.62 | 0.67 | 0.38-1.18 | 1.09 | 0.62-1.90 | 1.04 | 0.25-4.17 |
Mother’s parenting style: | ||||||||||
Authoritative- reciprocal (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Permissive-indulgent | 0.99 | 0.79-1.23 | 0.86 | 0.66-1.13 | 0.97 | 0.69-1.37 | 0.85 | 0.60-1.20 | 1.60 | 0.65-3.90 |
Authoritarian- repressive | 1.08 | 0.69-1.67 | 1.22 | 0.77-1.93 | 1.57 | 0.93-2.66 | 0.86 | 0.48-1.55 | 1.07 | 0.26-4.46 |
Permissive-neglectful | 1.11 | 0.62-1.97 |
1.89
|
1.04-3.46
|
3.48
|
1.76-6.87
|
2.36
|
1.19-4.60
| 0.51 | 0.11-2.47 |
Family time together: | ||||||||||
Often (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Rare | 1.19 | 0.96-1.47 | 0.88 | 0.67-1.14 | 0.72 | 0.51-1.01 |
0.61
|
0.43-0.87
|
0.39
|
0.17-0.90
|
Electronic media communication with parents | ||||||||||
Often (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Rare |
0.79
|
0.65-0.96
| 0.89 | 0.71-1.12 | 0.79 | 0.59-1.08 |
0.73
|
0.54-0.99
| 1.12 | 0.54-2.32 |
Seeing the father | ||||||||||
Every day (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Not every day | 1.17 | 0.93-1.47 | 1.03 | 0.79-1.35 | 0.97 | 0.69-1.37 | 0.90 | 0.63-1.29 | 0.47 | 0.17-1.32 |
Seeing the mother | ||||||||||
Every day (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Not every day | 1.36 | 0.91-2.03 | 1.42 | 0.91-2.22 | 1.14 | 0.65-2.00 | 1.52 | 0.89-2.61 | 0.54 | 0.13-2.31 |