Background
Methods
Study population
Measurement of indicators
Definitions
Physical examination
Biochemical measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Population description
Rural (N = 72,712) | Urban (N = 64,233) | Total (N = 13,6945) | |
---|---|---|---|
No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | |
Age | |||
Median (IQR) | 55.0 (49.0–62.0) | 56.0 (50.0–63.0) | 55.0 (49.0–63.0) |
40–49 | 20,129 (27.7) | 15,922 (24.8) | 36,051 (26.3) |
50–59 | 30,366 (41.8) | 27,494 (42.8) | 57,860 (42.3) |
60–69 | 13,923 (19.1) | 12,560 (19.6) | 26,483 (19.3) |
70 and above | 8294 (11.4) | 8257 (12.8) | 16,552 (12.1) |
Sex | |||
Men | 37,728 (51.9) | 32,835 (51.1) | 70,563 (51.5) |
Women | 34,984 (48.1) | 31,398 (48.9) | 66,382 (48.5) |
History of CHD | |||
Yes | 65,704 (90.4) | 58,702 (91.4) | 12,4406 (90.8) |
No | 7008 (9.6) | 5531 (8.6) | 12,539 (9.2) |
History of Dyslipidemia | |||
Yes | 44,834 (61.8) | 40,346 (64.2) | 85,180 (62.9) |
No | 27,722 (38.2) | 22,501 (35.8) | 50,223 (37.1) |
History of Stroke | |||
Yes | 56,563 (77.8) | 51,846 (80.7) | 10,8409 (79.2) |
No | 16,150 (22.2) | 12,387 (19.3) | 28,537 (20.8) |
Geographical Regions | |||
bNorth | 39,102 (53.8) | 37,093 (57.7) | 76,195 (55.6) |
South | 33,611 (46.2) | 27,140 (42.3) | 60,751 (44.4) |
cStroke Belt | 11,960 (16.4) | 11,689 (18.2) | 23,649 (17.3) |
Non-stroke Belt | 60,753 (83.6) | 52,544 (81.8) | 11,3297(82.7) |
Socio- economic region | |||
Low- income | 20,395 (28.0) | 11,909 (18.5) | 32,304 (23.6) |
Middle- income | 23,853 (32.8) | 17,097 (26.6) | 40,950 (29.9) |
High-income | 28,464 (39.1) | 35,223 (54.8) | 63,691 (46.5) |
Han Nationality | 70,333 (96.7) | 62,106 (96.7) | 13,2439 (96.7) |
BMIa | |||
Median (IQR) | 25.0 (22.8–27.6) | 25.3 (23.2–27.4) | 25.2 (23.0–27.5) |
Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2 | 1050 (1.4) | 802 (1.2) | 1852 (1.4) |
Normal (18.5 - < 24.0) | 25,864 (35.6) | 21,237 (33.1) | 47,101 (34.4) |
Overweight (24.0 - < 28) | 30,690 (42.2) | 29,316 (45.6) | 60,006 (43.8) |
Obesity (≥28.0) | 15,108 (20.8) | 12,879 (20.1) | 27,987 (20.4) |
Waist circumference† | |||
Median (IQR) | 86.0 (80.0–93.0) | 86.0 (80.0–93.0) | 86.0 (80.0–93.0) |
Normal < 90/85 cm (M/W) | 31,077 (42.7) | 25,676 (40.9) | 56,753 (41.9) |
Central obese ≥90/85 cm (M/W) | 41,621 (57.3) | 37,083 (59.1) | 78,704 (58.1) |
Diabetes Mellitus | 20,529 (28.2) | 21,008 (32.7) | 41,537 (30.3) |
Hypertension | 46,155 (63.5) | 39,280 (61.2) | 85,435 (62.4) |
Drinking (Current) | 14,082 (19.4) | 12,084 (18.8) | 26,166 (19.1) |
Smoking (Current) | 25,677 (35.3) | 19,174 (29.9) | 44,851 (32.8) |
Physical inactivity | 23,455 (32.3) | 28,599 (44.5) | 52,054 (38.0) |
Lipid variables: Median (IQR) | |||
TC mmol/l | 4.92 (4.22–5.64) | 4.88 (4.23–5.58) | 4.90 (4.23–5.61) |
HDL-C mmol/l | 1.35 (1.10–1.65) | 1.28 (1.08–1.55) | 1.31 (1.09–1.60) |
LDL-C mmol/l | 2.85 (2.20–3.42) | 2.85 (2.24–3.40) | 2.85 (2.21–3.41) |
Triglycerides mmol/l | 1.50 (1.04–2.16) | 1.51 (1.09–2.15) | 1.50 (1.06–2.15) |
Non-HDL-C‡ mmol/l | 3.51 (2.80–4.24) | 3.53 (2.88–4.22) | 3.52 (2.84–4.23) |
Overall | Rural | Urban | |
---|---|---|---|
LIPID VARIABLES | P (95% CI) | P (95% CI) | P (95% CI) |
Total cholesterol mmol/L (mg/dL) | |||
Desirable <5.2 (< 200) | 60.7 (60.4–60.9) | 59.5 (59.2–59.9) | 61.9 (61.5–62.3) |
Borderline high ≥5.2 (200) and - < 6.2 (240) | 28 .0 (27.8–28.2) | 28.7 (28.3–29.0) | 27.2 (26.9–27.6) |
High ≥6.22 (240) | 11.3 (11.2–11.5) | 11.8 (11.6–12.0) | 10.9 (10.6–11.1) |
LDL-C* mmol/L (mg/dL) | |||
Desirable < 2.6 (100) | 39.1 (38.8–38.3) | 39.2 (38.9–39.6) | 38.9 (38.5–39.2) |
Near optimal ≥2.6 (100) and < 3.4 (130) | 34.5 (34.2–34.7) | 34 (33.6–34.3) | 35 (34.6–35.3) |
Borderline high ≥3.4 (130) and 4.1(160) | 18.4 (18.2–18.6) | 18.4 18.1–18.7) | 18.4 18.1–18.7) |
High ≥4.1 (160) | 8.1 (7.9–8.2) | 8.3 (8.1–8.5) | 7.8 (7.6–8.0) |
HDL-C* mmol/L (mg/dL) | |||
Low < 1.0 (< 40) | 19.9 (19.7–20.1) | 19.2 (18.9–19.5) | 20.8 (20.5–21.1) |
Desirable ≥1.0 (40) and 1.6 (60) | 51.6 (51.3–51.9) | 48.9 48.6–49.3) | 54.7 (54.3–55.0) |
High ≥1.6(≥60) | 28.5 (28.2–28.7) | 31.9 (31.6–32.2) | 24.6 (24.2–24.9) |
Triglycerides, mmol/L (mg/dL) | |||
Desirable < 1.7 (< 150) | 58.5 (58.2–58.7) | 58.4 (58.1–58.8) | 58.5 (58.2–58.9) |
Borderline high 1.7 (150) and 2.3 (200) | 19.1 (18.9–19.3) | 19.2 (18.9–19.5) | 19 (18.7–19.3) |
High ≥2.3 (≥200) | 22.4 (22.2–22.6) | 22.4 (22.1–22.7) | 22.5 (22. 2–22.8) |
Non- HDL-C* mmo/l (mg/dl) | |||
Desirable < 4.1 (< 160) | 70.9 (70.6–71.1) | 70.8 (70.4–71.1) | 71 (70.6–71.3) |
Borderline ≥4.1 (160) and < 4.9 (190) | 18.7 (18.5–18.9) | 18.3 (18.1–18.6) | 19 (18.7–19.3) |
High ≥4.9 (190) | 10.5 (10.3–10.6) | 10.9 (10.7–11.1) | 10 (9.8–10.2) |
Prevalence of dyslipidemia in rural and urban areas
Risk factors associated with dyslipidemia
TC | HDL-C | LDL-C | TG | Non-HDL-C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk factors (N) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) |
Male (70,563) | 14 | 24 | 7 | 23 | 9 |
Female (66,383) | 9 | 16 | 9 | 22 | 12 |
Normal/underweight (48,953) | 10 | 17 | 7 | 16 | 9 |
Overweight (60,006) | 11 | 21 | 8 | 24 | 11 |
Obese (27,986) | 13 | 23 | 10 | 30 | 13 |
Diabetic (95,407) | 13 | 22 | 9 | 26 | 12 |
Non- diabetic (41,537) | 11 | 19 | 8 | 21 | 10 |
Hypertensive (85,435) | 13 | 20 | 9 | 25 | 12 |
Non-hypertensive (51,510) | 10 | 20 | 7 | 19 | 9 |
Smoker (44,851) | 10 | 23 | 8 | 23 | 9 |
Non-Smoker (92,095) | 12 | 19 | 8 | 22 | 11 |
Drinker (26,166) | 11 | 20 | 8 | 26 | 10 |
Non-drinker (11,0778) | 11 | 20 | 8 | 22 | 11 |
Physical activity (52,054) | 12 | 20 | 9 | 24 | 11 |
Physical inactivity (84,891) | 11 | 20 | 8 | 22 | 10 |
TC | HDL-C | LDL-C | TG | Non-HDL-C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | |||||
40–49 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
50–59 | 1.48 (1.41–1.55) | 0.86 (0.83–0.89) | 1.42 (1.35–1.50) | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 1.41 (1.34–1.47) |
60–69 | 1.70 (1.61–1.80) | 0.85 (0.81 - -0.88) | 1.53 (1.44–1.63) | 0.84 (0.81–0.87) | 1.56 (1.47–1.64) |
70 and above | 1.64 (1.55–1.75) | 0.77 (0.74–0.81) | 1.49 (1.39–1.60) | 0.68 (0.65–0.71) | 1.49 (1.40–1.59) |
Residence | |||||
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Urban | 0.90 90.87–0.93) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07)C | 0.91 (0.87–0.94) | 1.06 (1.04–1.09) | 0.90 (0.87–0.94) |
Sex | |||||
Men | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Women | 1.83 (1.75–1.91) | 0.62 (0.60–0.64) | 1.55 (1.47–1.63) | 1.02 (1.00 - 1.06)NS | 1.52 (1.45–1.59) |
Socio- economic regions | |||||
Low-income | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Middle-income | 1.10 (1.05–1.16) | 0.85 (0.82–0.88) | 0.88 (0.83–0.93) | 1.35 (1.30–1.40) | 1.02 (0.98–1.08)NS |
High-income | 1.06 (1.01–1.11)C | 0.82 (0.79–0.85) | 0.90 (0.85–0.95) | 0.92 (0.88–0.95) | 0.97 (0.93–1.03)NS |
Ethnicities | |||||
Han nationality | 1.76 (1.56–1.99) | 0.71 (0.67–0.76) | 0.88 (0.79–0.98)C | 1.14 (1.06–1.22)C | 1.50 (1.34–1.68) |
Others | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
BMI | |||||
Underweight | 0.93 (0.78–1.09) NS | 0.87 (0.76–0.99)C | 0.87 (0.71–1.06)NS | 0.65 (0.56–0.75) | 0.84 (0.71–1.01)NS |
Normal weight | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Overweight | 1.11 (1.07–1.16) | 1.15 (1.12–1.19) | 1.18 (1.12–1.24) | 1.41 (1.37–1.46) | 1.21 (1.16–1.26) |
Obesity | 1.27 (1.20–1.33) | 1.27 (1.22–1.33) | 1.34 (1.26–1.42) | 1.79 (1.72–1.87) | 1.41 (1.33–1.48) |
Central obesity | |||||
Yes | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 1.24 (1,20–1 28) | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) | 1.25 (1.22–1.29) | 1.08 (1.04–1.13) |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
History of CHD | |||||
Yes | 1.00 (0.94–1.06)NS | 0.63 (0.60–0.66) | 0.89 (0.83–0.96)C | 0.77 (0,74–0.80) | 0.91 (0.85–0.96) |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
History of Dyslipidemia | |||||
Yes | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 1.09 (1.06–1.13) | 1.18 (1.13–1.23) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01)NS | 1.09 (1.05–1.13) |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
History of Stroke | |||||
Yes | 0.92 (0.88–0.96) | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 0.73 (0.70–0.75) | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Stroke Belt | |||||
Yes | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 1.12 (1.07–1.17) | 0.92 (0.86–0.97)C | 1.44 (1.38–1.50) | 0.99 (0.94–1.05)NS |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Geographical region | |||||
North | 1.12 (1.07–1.17) | 0.61(0.59–0.63) | 1.13 (1.08–1.19) | 0.67 (0.65–0.69) | 0.98 (0.94–1.02)NS |
South | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Diabetes Mellitus | |||||
Yes | 1.14 (1.10–1.19) | 1.18 (1.14–1.21) | 1.17 (1.12–1.22) | 1.25 (1.22–1.29) | 1.21 (1.16–1.25) |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Hypertension | |||||
Yes | 1.20 (1.15–1.24) | 0.95 (0.92–0.97) | 1.23 (1.18–1.29) | 1.23 (1.19–1.26) | 1.20 (1.15–1.24) |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Current smoker | |||||
Yes | 1.02 (0.97–1.07)NS | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) NS | 1.21 (1.15–1.28) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03)NS | 1.06 (1.01–1.12)C |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Current drinker | |||||
Yes | 1.33 (1.27–1.40) | 0.76 (0.73–0.79) | 1.15 (1.08–1.22) | 1.18 (1.13–1.22) | 1.16 (1.10–1.22) |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Physical activity | |||||
Yes | 0.96 (0.92–0.99)C | 0.95 (0.92–0.97) | 0.94 (0.90–0.98)C | 0.89 (0.86–0.91) | 0.96 (0.92–0.99)C |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |