Background
Methods
Study setting and participants
Questionnaire
Data collection
Data analysis
Results
LBP in 1 month | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Prevalence (%) | Test1)
| PR non-adj 2)
| 95% CI | |
Gender
| |||||
Male | 998 | 72.2 | 1 | ||
Female | 4781 | 74.7 | n.s | 1.13 | 0.97–1.32 |
Age
| |||||
≦39 | 1400 | 75.4 | 1 | ||
40 ~ 49 | 1764 | 74.8 | n.s | 0.97 | 0.82–1.14 |
50≦ | 2615 | 73.3 | 0.90 | 0.78–1.05 | |
Gender and age
| |||||
Male
| |||||
≦39 | 428 | 73.8 | 1 | ||
40 ~ 49 | 337 | 73.0 | n.s | 0.96 | 0.69–1.32 |
50≦ | 233 | 68.2 | 0.76 | 0.54–1.08 | |
Female
| |||||
≦39 | 972 | 76.0 | 1 | ||
40 ~ 49 | 1427 | 75.2 | n.s | 0.96 | 0.79–1.16 |
50≦ | 2382 | 73.8 | 0.90 | 0.75–1.06 |
Male | Female | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Prevalence(%) | Pvalue1)
| PR adj 2)
| 95% CI | Total | Prevalence(%) | Pvalue1)
| PR adj 2)
| 95% CI | |
Smoking | ||||||||||
Never | 260 | 65.4 | 1 | 3812 | 73.3 | 1 | ||||
Ex-smokers | 199 | 72.4 | * | 1.41 | 0.94–2.11 | 305 | 78.4 | ** | 1.31 | 0.98–1.73 |
Current smokers | 523 | 75.1 |
1.59
|
1.15–2.02
| 598 | 81.6 |
1.61
|
1.29–2.00
| ||
Physical activity | ||||||||||
Yes, regularly | 280 | 70.7 | 1 | 771 | 70.8 | 1 | ||||
No | 718 | 72.8 | n.s | 1.15 | 0.84–1.56 | 4010 | 75.4 | ** |
1.27
|
1.07–1.50
|
Sleeping hours | ||||||||||
≦6 hours | 553 | 71.6 | 1 | 3102 | 76.5 | 1 | ||||
7 hours≦ | 428 | 72.7 | n.s | 0.92 | 0.69–1.22 | 1632 | 71.4 | ** |
1.30
|
1.14–1.49
|
Having meals regularly | ||||||||||
Regularly | 348 | 67.8 | 1 | 1949 | 73.5 | 1 | ||||
Irregularly | 557 | 75.2 | * |
1.43
|
1.06–1.92
| 2636 | 75.5 | n.s | 1.11 | 0.97–1.26 |
Male | Female | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Prevalence(%) | Pvalue1)
| PR adj 2)
| 95% CI | Total | Prevalence(%) | Pvalue1)
| PR adj 2)
| 95% CI | |
Work activities
| ||||||||||
Number of cooked lunches per cook | ||||||||||
1–149 meals | 412 | 69.7 | 1 | 2457 | 71.2 | 1 | ||||
150–199 meals | 243 | 74.9 | n.s | 1.30 | 0.91–1.86 | 1319 | 79.1 | ** |
1.53
|
1.30–1.79
|
200 meals≦ | 340 | 73.2 | 1.19 | 0.87–1.60 | 985 | 77.5 |
1.39
|
1.17–1.65
| ||
Breaks in morning session | ||||||||||
Yes | 549 | 68.9 | 1 | 2122 | 70.2 | 1 | ||||
No | 426 | 77.0 | ** |
1.50
|
1.13–2.01
| 2536 | 78.4 | ** |
1.54
|
1.34–1.75
|
Type of workplace | ||||||||||
Small kitchen | 314 | 66.6 | 1 | 3184 | 73.4 | 1 | ||||
Medium kitchen (<1500 meals) | 78 | 70.5 | * | 1.20 | 0.70–2.06 | 355 | 75.2 | * | 1.10 | 0.85–1.42 |
Large kitchen (1500 meals≦) | 606 | 75.4 |
1.54
|
1.14–2.08
| 1242 | 77.8 |
1.27
|
1.08–1.60
| ||
Workplace environment factors
| ||||||||||
Kitchen environment
| ||||||||||
State of drainage | ||||||||||
Good | 304 | 67.1 | 1 | 1760 | 71.5 | 1 | ||||
Poor | 684 | 74.6 | * |
1.43
|
1.06–1.92
| 2907 | 76.5 | ** |
1.29
|
1.23–1.46
|
Slippery places on the floor | ||||||||||
No | 340 | 62.6 | 1 | 2267 | 69.9 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 637 | 77.7 | ** |
2.05
|
1.53–2.74
| 2399 | 78.9 | ** |
1.60
|
1.40–1.83
|
Bumps on the floor | ||||||||||
No | 598 | 68.7 | 1 | 2872 | 72.1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 377 | 78.2 | ** |
1.62
|
1.02–2.19
| 1810 | 78.4 | ** |
1.39
|
1.22–1.61
|
Obstacles on the floor | ||||||||||
No | 565 | 69.0 | 1 | 3063 | 73.5 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 412 | 77.2 | ** |
1.51
|
1.13–2.02
| 1599 | 77.0 | * |
1.20
|
1.04–1.38
|
Noise level | ||||||||||
Quiet | 583 | 69.5 | 1 | 2438 | 71.1 | 1 | ||||
Noisy | 404 | 76.0 | * |
1.41
|
1.06–1.88
| 2249 | 78.6 | ** |
1.49
|
1.31–1.71
|
Height of cooking equipment
| ||||||||||
Counter-tables | ||||||||||
Fit | 568 | 68.0 | 1 | 3467 | 72.3 | 1 | ||||
High or low | 420 | 78.1 | ** |
1.66
|
1.24–2.24
| 1242 | 80.9 | ** |
1.62
|
1.38–1.90
|
Kitchen sinks | ||||||||||
Fit | 392 | 67.3 | 1 | 2432 | 68.5 | 1 | ||||
High or low | 603 | 75.5 | ** |
1.45
|
1.09–1.93
| 2274 | 81.2 | ** |
2.00
|
1.74–2.29
|
Cauldrons | ||||||||||
Fit | 772 | 68.9 | 1 | 3717 | 73.0 | 1 | ||||
High or low | 209 | 85.6 | ** |
2.65
|
1.75–4.03
| 950 | 80.8 | ** |
1.55
|
1.30–1.85
|
Peelers | ||||||||||
Fit | 685 | 70.4 | 1 | 3191 | 72.1 | 1 | ||||
High or low | 254 | 77.6 | * |
1.44
|
1.03–2.02
| 1189 | 81.1 | ** |
1.64
|
1.39–1.94
|
Tableware washing machines – feeding | ||||||||||
Fit | 776 | 70.6 | 1 | 3329 | 73.8 | 1 | ||||
High or low | 193 | 79.8 | * |
1.60
|
1.09–2.36
| 1071 | 78.7 | ** |
1.31
|
1.11–1.55
|
Tableware washing machines – finishing | ||||||||||
Fit | 694 | 69.2 | 1 | 3013 | 73.1 | 1 | ||||
High or low | 271 | 81.2 | ** |
1.89
|
1.34–2.67
| 1379 | 79.0 | ** |
1.38
|
1.19–1.61
|
Male | Female | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Prevalence(%) | Pvalue1)
| PR adj 2)
| 95% CI | Total | Prevalence(%) | Pvalue1)
| PR adj 2)
| 95% CI | |
Job satisfaction | ||||||||||
Satisfied | 438 | 63.9 | 1 | 2944 | 72.1 | 1 | ||||
Dissatisfied | 533 | 78.6 | ** |
2.08
|
1.57–2.77
| 1719 | 79.4 | ** |
1.49
|
1.29–1.71
|
Stress at work | ||||||||||
Fine | 350 | 58.9 | 1 | 1683 | 64.5 | 1 | ||||
Stressful | 647 | 79.6 | ** |
2.71
|
2.03–3.61
| 3069 | 80.3 | ** |
2.23
|
1.95–2.55
|
Family-related stress | ||||||||||
Fine | 578 | 67.3 | 1 | 2268 | 70.9 | 1 | ||||
Stressful | 411 | 79.8 | ** |
1.94
|
1.44–2.62
| 2478 | 78.2 | ** |
1.47
|
1.23–1.67
|
Financial constraints | ||||||||||
Fine | 290 | 62.4 | 1 | 1812 | 68.3 | 1 | ||||
Stressful | 707 | 76.4 | ** |
1.91
|
1.42–2.57
| 2933 | 78.6 | ** |
1.71
|
1.50–1.96
|
Health-related problems | ||||||||||
Fine | 421 | 63.2 | 1 | 1751 | 66.5 | 1 | ||||
Stressful | 567 | 79.4 | ** |
2.32
|
1.74–3.09
| 3002 | 79.5 | ** |
1.97
|
1.73–2.25
|
Worries about the future | ||||||||||
Fine | 290 | 62.1 | 1 | 1265 | 65.1 | 1 | ||||
Stressful | 700 | 76.7 | ** |
2.01
|
1.49–2.69
| 3475 | 78.1 | ** |
1.91
|
1.66–2.20
|
PR adj1)
| 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 1.32 | 1.03–1.68 |
Smoking | Ex-smokers | 1.35 | 1.01–1.79 |
Current smokers | 1.57 | 1.24–1.98 | |
The number of cooked lunches per person | 150–199 meals | 1.28 | 1.05–1.56 |
No breaks in morning session | 1.33 | 1.13–1.56 | |
Kitchen environment score2)
| 1.09 | 1.03–1.15 | |
The height of cooking equipment score3)
| 1.13 | 1.08–1.19 | |
Job satisfaction | Dissatisfied | 1.22 | 1.03–1.45 |
Stress at work | Stressful | 1.68 | 1.42–1.99 |
Financial constraints | Stressful | 1.23 | 1.03–1.47 |
Health-related stress | Stressful | 1.31 | 1.08–1.59 |
Worries about the future | Stressful | 1.24 | 1.01–1.52 |