Introduction
Methods
Results
Age Group (Years) | n | Low Back Pain | 95% Confidence Intervals | Intake of Analgesic Tablets for Low Back Pain (Percentage) | 95% Con-fidence Intervals | Thoracic Spine Pain | 95% Con-fidence Intervals | Neck Pain | 95% Con-fidence Intervals |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | |||||||||
40–44 | 209 | 45.6 | 38.7, 52.3 | 7.7 | 4.2, 11.0 | 13.9 | 9.2, 18.6 | 16.3 | 11.2, 21.3 |
45–49 | 350 | 46.9 | 41.6, 52.1 | 10.3 | 7.3, 13.0 | 14.9 | 11.1, 18.6 | 19.1 | 15.0, 23.3 |
50–54 | 422 | 50.2 | 45.5, 55.0 | 11.4 | 8.3, 14.3 | 19.7 | 15.9, 23.5 | 26.1 | 21.9, 30.3 |
55–59 | 471 | 47.8 | 43.2, 52.3 | 10.6 | 8.0, 13.0 | 19.7 | 16.1, 23.4 | 28.2 | 24.2, 32.3 |
60–64 | 383 | 50.4 | 45.4, 55.4 | 11.5 | 8.0, 15.0 | 17.8 | 13.9, 21.6 | 20.6 | 16.6, 24.7 |
65–69 | 273 | 46.2 | 40.2, 52.1 | 12.1 | 8.0, 16.0 | 13.9 | 9.8, 18.1 | 20.9 | 16.0, 25.7 |
70–74 | 124 | 44.4 | 35.5, 53.2 | 8.9 | 4.0, 14.0 | 14.5 | 8.2, 20.8 | 21.0 | 13.7, 28.2 |
75–79 | 150 | 50.0 | 41.9, 58.1 | 6.7 | 2.7, 10.8 | 14.0 | 8.4, 19.6 | 18.7 | 12.4, 24.5 |
80+ | 68 | 29.4 | 18.3, 40.5 | 2.9 | −1.0, 7.0 | 5.9 | 0.1, 11.6 | 11.8 | 3.9, 19.6 |
Females | |||||||||
40–44 | 252 | 55.6 | 49.4, 61.7 | 11.9 | 8.0, 16.0 | 25.0 | 19.6, 30.4 | 33.3 | 27.5, 39.2 |
45–49 | 361 | 59.6 | 54.5, 64.6 | 18.8 | 15.0, 23.0 | 28.0 | 23.3, 32.6 | 35.2 | 30.2, 40.1 |
50–54 | 465 | 60.9 | 56.4, 65.3 | 18.7 | 15.0, 22.0 | 30.1 | 25.9, 34.3 | 35.1 | 30.7, 39.4 |
55–59 | 500 | 57.6 | 53.3, 62.0 | 17.6 | 14.0, 21.0 | 28.2 | 24.2, 32.2 | 36.4 | 32.2, 40.6 |
60–64 | 449 | 63.9 | 59.5, 68.4 | 19.2 | 15.0, 23.0 | 34.5 | 30.1, 38.9 | 35.6 | 31.2, 40.1 |
65–69 | 430 | 62.8 | 58.2, 67.4 | 20.2 | 16.0, 24.0 | 31.6 | 27.2, 36.0 | 37.0 | 32.4, 41.6 |
70–74 | 182 | 56.6 | 49.3, 63.9 | 16.5 | 11.0, 22.0 | 29.1 | 22.5, 35.8 | 33.5 | 26.6, 40.4 |
75–79 | 203 | 53.7 | 46.8, 60.6 | 19.7 | 14.0, 25.0 | 24.1 | 18.2, 30.1 | 33.0 | 26.5, 39.5 |
80+ | 105 | 49.5 | 39.8, 59.3 | 19.0 | 11.0, 27.0 | 25.7 | 17.2, 34.32 | 23.8 | 15.5, 32.1 |
Parameter | P-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval |
---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | 0.48 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.00 |
Sex: Males / females | < 0.001 | 1.61 | 1.44, 1.79 |
Urban / rural region of habitation | 0.07 | 0.90 | 0.81, 1.01 |
Family status: Married versus any other status | 0.25 | 0.93 | 0.82, 1.05 |
Family type: Joint (three generations) / nuclear (two generations) / single / family of 2 people | 0.27 | 1.03 | 0.98, 1.08 |
Ethnicity: Russian / any other ethnicity | 0.003 | 1.22 | 1.07, 1.39 |
Body height (cm) | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.99 |
Body weight (kg) | 0.02 | 1.02 | 1.001, 1.008 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | < 0.001 | 1.03 | 1.02, 1.04 |
Waist circumference (cm) | < 0.001 | 1.01 | 1.004, 1.012 |
Hip circumference cm) | < 0.001 | 1.02 | 1.01, 1.02 |
Waist-to-hip ratio | < 0.001 | 0.31 | 0.17, 0.55 |
Socioeconomic parameters | |||
Level of education (0–7)a | 0.22 | 1.02 | 0.99, 1.05 |
Monthly income (below poverty line / average / above average / high) | 0.03 | 0.88 | 0.79, 0.99 |
Own ownership of house (yes / no) | 0.90 | 0.98 | 0.75, 1.29 |
Own ownership of refrigerator (yes / no) | 0.08 | 0.32 | 0.09, 1.12 |
Own ownership of second house (yes / no) | 0.17 | 1.13 | 0.95, 1.36 |
Own ownership of telephone (yes / no) | 0.57 | 1.05 | 0.89, 1.23 |
Own ownership of smartphone (yes / no) | 0.06 | 1.14 | 0.99, 1.31 |
Own ownership of television set (yes / no) | 0.60 | 1.17 | 0.65, 2.12 |
Own ownership of car (yes / no) | 0.19 | 1.11 | 0.95, 1.29 |
Own ownership of two-wheeler (yes / no) | 0.35 | 0.95 | 0.85, 1.06 |
Own ownership of tractor (yes / no) | 0.75 | 1.07 | 0.70, 1.64 |
Own ownership of bullock cart (yes / no) | 0.35 | 1.25 | 0.78, 1.99 |
Own ownership of computer / laptop (yes / no) | 0.29 | 1.08 | 0.93, 1.25 |
Physical activity | |||
How long is your usual workday? (minutes) | 0.20 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 |
Does your work involve mostly sitting or standing with less than 10 min of walking at a time? (yes / no) | 0.28 | 0.93 | 0.82, 1.06 |
Does your work involve physically vigorous activity (such as heavy lifting or digging) or physically moderate intensity activity (such as brisk walking or carrying light loads) (yes / no) | 0.03 | 0.88 | 0.78, 0.99 |
How many days a week do you do such physically vigorous activity during work? (number of days) | 0.11 | 0.96 | 0.92, 1.01 |
On a usual day, how much time do you spend on such physically vigorous work during work? (minutes) | 0.51 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 |
Does your work involve physically moderate-intensive activity, such as brisk walking or carrying light loads, for at least 10 min at a time? (yes / no) | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.88, 1.13 |
On average, including all days of the week, how much time do you spend performing physically moderate to intensive activities as part of your work each day? (minutes) | 0.54 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 |
In a typical week, on how many days do you do physically moderate activities as part of your work? (number of days) | 0.08 | 0.96 | 0.92, 1.01 |
Do you walk or use a bicycle (pedal cycle) for at least 10 min continuously to get to and from places? (yes / no) | 0.002 | 0.74 | 0.61, 0.99 |
In a typical week, on how many days do you walk or use a bicycle (pedal cycle) for at least 10 min continuously to get to and from places? (number of days) | 0.04 | 0.96 | 0.92, 0.998 |
How much time do you spend walking or bicycling for travel in a day? (minutes) | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 |
Does your recreation, sport or leisure time involve mostly sitting, reclining or standing activities, with no physical activity lasting more than 10 min at a time? (yes / no) | 0.73 | 1.02 | 0.91, 1.14 |
In your leisure time, do you do any physically vigorous activities such as running, strenuous sports or weightlifting for at least 10 min at a time? (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 0.74 | 0.65, 0.83 |
If yes, in a typical week, on how many days do you do physically vigorous activities as part of your leisure time? (number of days) | 0.36 | 0.98 | 0.93, 1.03 |
How much time do you spend on physically vigorous activities as part of your leisure time on a typical day? (minutes) | 0.70 | 1.00 | 0.999, 1.001 |
In a typical week, on how many days do you do physically moderately intensive activities such as brisk walking, cycling or swimming for at least 10 min at a time in your leisure time? (number of days) | 0.01 | 0.96 | 0.92, 0.99 |
In a typical week, on how many days do you do physically moderate to intensive activities as part of your leisure time? (number of days) | 0.01 | 0.96 | 0.92, 0.99 |
How much time do you spend on physically moderate to intensive activities per day during a week in your leisure time? (minutes) | 0.003 | 0.999 | 0.999, 1.000 |
Over the past 7 days, how much time did you spend sitting or reclining in a typical day? (minutes) | 0.007 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 |
History of disease | |||
History of angina pectoris (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 2.67 | 2.15, 3.29 |
History of asthma (yes / no) | 0.008 | 1.61 | 1.13, 2.28 |
History of arterial hypertension (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 1.38 | 1.24, 1.55 |
History of arthritis (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 2.43 | 2.14, 2.77 |
History of bone fracture (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 1.28 | 1.13, 1.43 |
History of headache (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 2.73 | 2.44, 3.05 |
History of cancer (yes / no) | 0.87 | 1.03 | 0.74, 1.42 |
History of a cardiovascular disorder including stroke (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 1.65 | 1.46, 1.87 |
History of dementia (yes / no) | 0.19 | 1.58 | 0.80, 3.11 |
History of diabetes mellitus (yes / no) | 0.02 | 1.26 | 1.04, 1.54 |
History of diarrhea (yes / no) | 0.003 | 4.94 | 1.71, 14.3 |
History of iron-deficiency anemia (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 2.69 | 2.07, 3.51 |
History of low blood pressure and hospital admittance (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 1.92 | 1.39, 2.64 |
History of osteoarthritis (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 2.95 | 2.53, 3.44 |
History of skin disease (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 1.72 | 1.34, 2.21 |
History of thyroid disorder (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 1.92 | 1.59, 2.33 |
History of falls (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 2.08 | 1.80, 2.40 |
History of unconsciousness (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 2.37 | 1.91, 2.94 |
Age at the last menstruation (years) (yes / no) | 0.03 | 0.98 | 0.97, 0.998 |
Age at the last regular menstruation (years) (yes / no) | 0.01 | 1.98 | 0.96, 0.995 |
History of menopause (yes / no) | 0.006 | 1.29 | 1.08, 1.56 |
Blood concentrations (mmol/L) of: | |||
Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 0.62 | 0.999 | 0.995, 1.003 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 0.47 | 0.998 | 0.993, 1.003 |
Bilirubin, total (μmol/L) | 0.89 | 1.00 | 0.996, 1.005 |
High-density lipoproteins (mmol/L) | 0.002 | 1.10 | 1.04, 1.17 |
Low-density lipoproteins (mmol/L) | 0.92 | 1.002 | 0.958, 1.05 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.06 | 1.07 | 0.998, 1.16 |
Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.01 | 1.04 | 1.01, 1.08 |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 0.20 | 1.13 | 0.94, 1.36 |
Rheumatoid factor (IU/mL) | 0.64 | 0.99 | 0.93, 1.05 |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm / hour) | 0.24 | 1.00 | 0.998, 1.008 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 0.21 | 1.02 | 0.99, 1.06 |
Prevalence of diabetes mellitus | 0.03 | 1.21 | 1.02, 1.44 |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | < 0.001 | 0.97 | 0.993, 0.998 |
Urea (mmol/L) | 0.84 | 1.00 | 0.96, 1.03 |
Residual nitrogen (g/L) | 0.86 | 0.94 | 0.45, 1.94 |
Total protein (g/L) | 0.44 | 1.00 | 0.995, 1.01 |
International normalized ratio (INR) | 0.001 | 0.53 | 0.36, 0.76 |
Blood coagulation time | 0.04 | 1.11 | 1.003, 1.23 |
Prothrombin time (%) | < 0.001 | 1.01 | 1.01, 1.02 |
Hemoglobin | 0.02 | 0.996 | 0.992, 0.999 |
Erythrocytes (106 cells / μL) | 0.01 | 0.83 | 0.72, 0.96 |
Leukocytes (109 cells / L) | 0.19 | 0.98 | 0.94, 1.01 |
Rod-core granulocyte (% of leukocytes) | 0.51 | 1.01 | 0.97, 1.06 |
Segment nuclear granulocyte (% of leukocytes) | 0.61 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.01 |
Eosinophil granulocytes (% of leukocytes) | 0.047 | 1.06 | 1.001, 1.13 |
Lymphocytes (% of leukocytes) | 0.93 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.01 |
Monocytes (% of leukocytes) | 0.60 | 0.99 | 0.97, 1.02 |
Blood pressure, systolic (mmHg) | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.996, 1.002 |
Blood pressure, diastolic (mmHg) | 0.13 | 1.00 | 0.999, 1.01 |
Blood pressure, mean (mmHg) | 0.77 | 1.00 | 0.995, 1.01 |
Prevalence of arterial hypertension | 0.005 | 1.17 | 1.05, 1.30 |
Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | < 0.001 | 1.58 | 1.27, 1.97 |
Diet | |||
Vegetarian diet / mixed diet | 0.33 | 2.35 | 0.43, 12.8 |
Number of meals per day | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.93, 1.07 |
In a week how many days do you eat fruits? (number of days) | < 0.001 | 0.93 | 0.91, 0.96 |
How many servings of fruit do you eat on one of those days (g) | 0.82 | 1.00 | 1.000, 1.001 |
In a week how many days do you eat vegetables? | 0.82 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.01 |
How many servings of vegetables do you eat on one of those days (g)? | 0.001 | 1.001 | 1.000, 1.001 |
Type of oil used for cooking: vegetable oil / non-vegetable oil | 0.06 | 1.22 | 0.99, 1.55 |
Foods containing whole grains (yes / no) | 0.07 | 0.89 | 0.78, 1.01 |
Salt consumed per day (g) | 0.001 | 0.96 | 0.94, 0.99 |
Degree of processing meat (weak / medium / well done) | 0.70 | 1.02 | 0.92, 1.13 |
Smoking | |||
Do you currently smoke any tobacco products? (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 0.75 | 0.64, 0.88 |
Do you smoke daily? (yes / no) | 0.001 | 0.76 | 0.64, 0.89 |
Number of packages per year (package = 20 cigarettes) | 0.03 | 0.995 | 0.991, 1.000 |
Alcohol | |||
Do you consume alcohol such as beer, whisky, rum, gin brandy or other local products? (yes / no) | 0.003 | 0.83 | 0.73, 0.94 |
How many alcoholic drinks do you have on a typical day when you are drinking? (number of drinks) | 0.001 | 0.999 | 0.998, 1.000 |
How often do you have 6 or more drinks on one occasion? (never / rarely / sometimes / often / cannot say) | 0.09 | 1.14 | 0.98, 1.33 |
Hearing loss | |||
Hearing loss total score | 0.002 | 1.01 | 1.003, 1.01 |
Depression | |||
Depression score | < 0.001 | 1.07 | 1.06, 1.09 |
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | |||
Anxiety score | < 0.001 | 1.08 | 1.07, 1.10 |
Dynamometry | |||
Manual dynamometry, right hand (dekaNewtons) | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.99 |
Manual dynamometry, left hand (dekaNewtons) | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.99 |
Parameter | P-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval |
---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.99 |
Sex (Males / Females) | 0.04 | 1.14 | 1.004, 1.30 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 0.002 | 1.02 | 1.01, 1.03 |
Vigorous Activity during Leisure Time (Minutes) | 0.001 | 0.79 | 0.69, 0.90 |
Time Spent Sitting or Reclining during the Last 7 Days (Minutes) | 0.03 | 1.00 | 1.00, 100 |
Blood Concentration of High-Density Lipoproteins (mmol/L) | 0.004 | 1.10 | 1.03, 1.18 |
Prothrombin Index Concentration | 0.003 | 1.01 | 1.003, 1.01 |
History of Cardiovascular Disease (Yes / No) | 0.004 | 1.23 | 1.07, 1.42 |
History of Falls (Yes / No) | < 0.001 | 1.71 | 1.45, 2.00 |
History of Unconsciousness (Yes / No) | < 0.001 | 1.78 | 1.40, 2.25 |
History of Bone Fracture (yes / no) | 0.01 | 1.18 | 1.03, 1.34 |
History of Osteoarthritis (Yes / No) | < 0.001 | 2.76 | 2.34, 3.26 |
History of Iron-Deficiency Anemia (Yes / No) | < 0.001 | 1.87 | 1.41, 2.50 |
History of Thyroid Disorder ((Yes / No) | 0.004 | 1.37 | 1.10, 1.70 |
Number of Days with Intake of Vegetables per Week (number of days) | < 0.001 | 0.89 | 0.85, 0.93 |
Salt Intake (g) | 0.008 | 0.97 | 0.94, 0.99 |
Anxiety Score | < 0.001 | 1.05 | 1.03, 1.06 |
Parameter | P-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval |
---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | 0.002 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.99 |
Sex (Males / Females) | < 0.001 | 1.45 | 1.21, 1.75 |
Vigorous Activity during Leisure Time (No / Yes) | < 0.001 | 0.65 | 0.52, 0.80 |
Time Spent Sitting or Reclining during the Last 7 Days (Minutes) | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 |
History of Cardiovascular Disease (Yes / No) | < 0.001 | 1.47 | 1.22, 1.78 |
History of Falls (Yes / No) | 0.001 | 1.40 | 1.15, 1.71 |
History of Unconsciousness (Yes / No) | 0.04 | 1.33 | 1.01, 1.75 |
History of Osteoarthritis (Yes / No) | < 0.001 | 2.76 | 2.76, 3.35 |
Anxiety Score | < 0.001 | 1.08 | 1.06, 1.11 |
Parameter | P-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval |
---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.99 |
Sex (Males / Females) | < 0.001 | 1.42 | 1.22, 1.67 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 0.03 | 1.02 | 1.002, 1.03 |
History of Cardiovascular Disease (Yes / No) | < 0.001 | 1.71 | 1.47, 1.99 |
History of Falls (Yes / No) | < 0.001 | 1.46 | 1.24, 1.72 |
History of Unconsciousness (Yes / No) | < 0.001 | 1.69 | 1.35, 2.11 |
History of Bone Fracture (Yes / No) | 0.01 | 1.18 | 1.03, 1.34 |
History of Osteoarthritis (Yes / No) | < 0.001 | 2.58 | 2.21, 3.01 |
History of Iron-Deficiency Anemia (Yes / No) | 0.002 | 1.52 | 1.17, 1.98 |
History of Thyroid disorder (Yes / No) | 0.01 | 1.32 | 1.07, 1.63 |
Anxiety Score | < 0.001 | 1.09 | 1.07, 1.11 |
Parameter | P-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval |
---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.99 |
Sex (Males / Females) | < 0.001 | 1.33 | 1.16, 1.53 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 0.02 | 0.98 | 0.97, 0.997 |
Vigorous Activity during Leisure Time (Yes / No) | 0.002 | 0.79 | 0.69. 0.92 |
Time Spent on Sitting or Reclining during the Last 7 Days (Minutes) | 0.006 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 |
History of Cardiovascular Disease (Yes / No) | < 0.001 | 1.51 | 1.30, 1.74 |
History of Falls (Yes / No) | < 0.001 | 1.62 | 1.39, 1.90 |
History of Unconsciousness (Yes / No) | < 0.001 | 1.65 | 1.33, 2.05 |
History of Osteoarthritis (Yes / No) | < 0.001 | 3.06 | 2.63, 3.57 |
History of Iron-Deficiency Anemia (Yes / No) | 0.001 | 1.56 | 1.21, 2.02 |
History of Thyroid disorder (Yes / No) | 0.003 | 1.36 | 1.11, 1.68 |
Anxiety Score | < 0.001 | 1.06 | 1.04, 1.08 |