Background
Methods
Sample collection
Regions/countries | Allele I356 or 356T (number of samples) | Allele K76 or 76T (number of samples) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I356 | Mixed | 356T | Total | K76 | Mixed | 76T | Total | |
West Africa | 145 | 17 | 139 | 301 | 197 | 13 | 68 | 278 |
Benin | 6 | 1 | 6 | 13 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 9 |
Burkina Faso | 9 | 1 | 10 | 20 | 16 | 1 | 2 | 19 |
Gambia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Ghana | 2 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
Guinea | 24 | 5 | 19 | 48 | 17 | 5 | 27 | 49 |
Ivory Coast | 70 | 6 | 65 | 141 | 115 | 3 | 13 | 131 |
Mali | 4 | 0 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
Niger | 5 | 0 | 6 | 11 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
Nigeria | 6 | 2 | 8 | 16 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 13 |
Senegal | 7 | 2 | 4 | 13 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 13 |
Sierra Leone | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 6 |
Togo | 9 | 0 | 10 | 19 | 15 | 0 | 1 | 16 |
Cape Verde | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||||
Central Africa | 101 | 12 | 116 | 229 | 179 | 10 | 40 | 229 |
Angola | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Cameroon | 54 | 4 | 65 | 123 | 106 | 4 | 15 | 125 |
Central African Republic | 14 | 0 | 20 | 34 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 32 |
Chad | 5 | 0 | 11 | 16 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 14 |
Congo | 11 | 4 | 8 | 23 | 8 | 2 | 13 | 23 |
Gabon | 17 | 4 | 10 | 31 | 21 | 2 | 10 | 33 |
East Africa | 7 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 9 | 0 | 2 | 11 |
Burundi | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Djibouti | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Ethiopia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Mozambique | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Sudan | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Tanzania | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Indian Ocean | 12 | 0 | 23 | 35 | 31 | 1 | 1 | 33 |
Comoros | 9 | 0 | 20 | 29 | 26 | 0 | 1 | 27 |
Madagascar | 3 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
Maghreb | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Morocco | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Unknown origin | 10 | 2 | 13 | 25 | 16 | 2 | 8 | 26 |
Total | 276 | 32 | 294 | 602 | 433 | 26 | 119 | 578 |
Nucleic acid extraction
pfcrt genotyping
Drugs and ex vivo assay
Data management and statistical analysis
Results
pfcrt mutations
Drug susceptibility
Drugs | West Africa | Central Africa | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wild type I356 | Mutant 356T | p value | Wild type I356 | Mutant 356T | p value | |||||
Median (no) | Min-Max | Median (no) | Min-Max | Median (no) | Min–Max | Median (no) | Min–Max | |||
PPQ | 22.2 (49) | 6.8–76.3 | 19.9 (66) | 1.2–544 | 0.32 | 24.5 (36) | 4.1–79 | 21.4 (70) | 0.67–96.3 | 0.4 |
QN | 69.1 (49) | 11.7–906.3 | 162.6 (68) | 6.2–590.5 | 0.001 | 98.2 (36) | 17.6–365.2 | 183.4 (73) | 28.9–538.4 | 0.02 |
MQ | 30.4 (49) | 2.9–89.8 | 22.4 (67) | 0.8–100.6 | 0.01 | 33.3 (38) | 0.7–97.9 | 21.5 (72) | 0.62–133.9 | 0.04 |
CQ | 37.4 (49) | 6.2–283.2 | 26.5 (68) | 5.5–359.5 | 0.1 | 42.8 (39) | 4.1–474.2 | 26.9 (73) | 5.79–325 | 0.01 |
LMF | 3.0 (49) | 0.5–61.54 | 4.0 (68) | 0.6–18.2 | 0.6 | 2.8 (40) | 0.6–15.5 | 3.6 (73) | 0.55–22.4 | 0.5 |
DQ | 19.2 (49) | 3.4–169.2 | 27.1 (68) | 2.5–185.1 | 0.07 | 22.8 (40) | 5.1–152.8 | 20.8 (73) | 4.7–152.9 | 0.4 |
PND | 8.8 (48) | 1.2–50.1 | 14.5 (66) | 0.7–119.3 | 0.005 | 11.1 (38) | 3.9–41 | 12.3 (67) | 0.2–47.9 | 0.8 |
DHA | 2.9 (49) | 0.4–8.3 | 3.1 (68) | 0.2–12.8 | 0.9 | 3.5 (40) | 0.7–7.7 | 2.1 (73) | 0.47–11.1 | 0.08 |
AS | 1.8 (49) | 0.4–15.48 | 1.8 (67) | 0.2–9.8 | 0.6 | 2.5 (39 | 0.6–5.7 | 1.7 (71) | 0.29–30.2 | 0.05 |
Drugs | West Africa | Central Africa | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wild type K76 (n = 76) | Mutant 76T (n = 27) | p value | Wild type K76 (n = 82) | Mutant 76T (n = 14) | p value | |||||
Median | Min–Max | Median | Min–Max | Median | Min–Max | Median | Min–Max | |||
CQ | 23.2 | 5.5–229.6 | 152.6 | 7.9–381 | 4.295E−10 | 28.7 | 5.1–474.4 | 113.1 | 14.2–325 | 0.0002 |
DQ | 19.3 | 2.5–185.1 | 46.2 | 6.5–169.2 | 0.0002 | 20.1 | 4.7–85.8 | 32.9 | 16.3–152.9 | 0.002 |
QN | 138.6 | 6.2–906.3 | 163.8 | 36.7–586 | 0.2 | 143.9 | 28.9–538.4 | 180.1 | 17.6–503 | 0.52 |
LMF | 3.9 | 0.5–31.6 | 3.5 | 0.5–61.5 | 0.3 | 3.1 | 0.5–27.3 | 4.9 | 0.6–14.2 | 0.758 |
MQ | 25.2 | 0.8–89.8 | 26.2 | 2.9–76.7 | 0.8 | 23.7 | 1.04–86.6 | 40.9 | 0.7–92.3 | 0.11 |
DHA | 2.9 | 0.2–12.8 | 2.8 | 0.5–8.2 | 0.9 | 2.9 | 0.5–18.5 | 2.9 | 0.7–6.5 | 0.78 |
PND | 11.8 | 1.1–119.3 | 13.3 | 1.9–50.2 | 0.7 | 11.3 | 0.2–46.6 | 12.3 | 2.7–40.8 | 0.99 |
AS | 1.8 | 0.3–64 | 2.1 | 0.4–7.3 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 0.3–30.2 | 3.0 | 0.6–5.9 | 0.36 |
PPQ | 20.2 | 1.2–78.9 | 28.6 | 7.4–544 | 0.08 | 20.6 | 0.7–84.6 | 20.9 | 3.4–67.1 | 0.82 |