Background
Methods
Setting
Source of data
Data analysis
Results
Background characteristics of respondents
Years | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | 1988 | 1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | 2014 |
n = 2701 |
n = 1974 |
n = 2374 |
n = 2743 |
n = 2131 |
n = 4294 | |
(%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | |
Age | ||||||
15–19 | 6.0 | 7.4 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 4.5 |
20–24 | 22.1 | 22.9 | 22.3 | 19.3 | 19.2 | 17.0 |
25–29 | 26.5 | 25.8 | 26.1 | 24.6 | 26.5 | 24.2 |
30–34 | 19.5 | 22.5 | 18.5 | 21.9 | 20.5 | 23.4 |
35–39 | 14.7 | 12.8 | 15.9 | 16.5 | 17.2 | 18.8 |
40–44 | 7.3 | 6.6 | 9.3 | 8.8 | 8.2 | 9.2 |
45–49 | 3.9 | 2.0 | 3.3 | 4.4 | 3.6 | 2.9 |
Ecological Zone | ||||||
Coastal Zone | 45.6 | 39.0 | 45.9 | 37.1 | 39.7 | 45.2 |
Forest Zone | 40.6 | 38.5 | 38.0 | 40.2 | 38.3 | 36.3 |
Savannah zone | 13.8 | 22.5 | 16.1 | 22.7 | 22.0 | 18.5 |
Residence | ||||||
Urban | 28.4 | 28.5 | 26.1 | 35.9 | 40.2 | 46.2 |
Rural | 71.6 | 71.5 | 73.9 | 64.1 | 59.8 | 53.8 |
Education | ||||||
No education | 44.1 | 40.2 | 36.5 | 38.7 | 30.6 | 26.1 |
Primary | 50.7 | 54.1 | 20.3 | 22.3 | 24.4 | 19.6 |
Secondary | 4.6 | 5.0 | 42.1 | 37.9 | 42.6 | 49.7 |
Higher | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 2.4 | 4.6 |
Wealth Status | ||||||
Poorest | - | 17.6 | 13.5 | 24.5 | 22.8 | 21.0 |
Poorer | - | 15.7 | 19.7 | 21.1 | 21.9 | 20.3 |
Middle | - | 18.4 | 23.8 | 20.2 | 19.1 | 20.0 |
Richer | - | 23.9 | 23.2 | 17.9 | 20.8 | 19.6 |
Richest | - | 24.4 | 19.8 | 16.3 | 15.4 | 19.1 |
Marital Status | ||||||
Single | 11.8 | 8.8 | 12.3 | 10.9 | 12.5 | 16.8 |
Married | 82.2 | 76.3 | 71.6 | 79.4 | 68.0 | 61.7 |
Cohabitation | 6.0 | 14.9 | 16.1 | 9.7 | 19.5 | 21.5 |
Parity | ||||||
One birth | 19.0 | 20.1 | 22.3 | 21.6 | 22.2 | 22.8 |
Two births | 17.2 | 20.1 | 20.3 | 19.3 | 20.9 | 20.4 |
Three births | 15.3 | 16.2 | 14.4 | 16.1 | 16.7 | 17.8 |
Four or more births | 48.5 | 43.6 | 43.0 | 43.0 | 40.2 | 39.0 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Akan | 51.4 | 48.4 | 52.4 | 47.1 | 46.6 | 47.4 |
Ga/Dangme | 8.3 | 6.8 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 5.0 | 6.4 |
Ewe | 15.3 | 13.6 | 14.3 | 11.9 | 13.0 | 13.2 |
Northern Ethnic Group | 15.3 | 28.7 | 23.1 | 26.4 | 31.7 | 31.1 |
Other | 9.7 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 7.0 | 3.7 | 1.9 |
Occupation | ||||||
Not workinga
| 45.6 | 20.0 | 13.8 | 11.3 | 10.4 | 17.5 |
Working | 54.4 | 80.0 | 86.2 | 88.7 | 89.6 | 82.5 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Dynamics of antenatal care providers from 1988–2014
Binary logistic regression
Variable | Doctors | Nurses | TBA | No one |
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (confidence interval) | Odds ratio (confidence interval) | Odds ratio (confidence interval) | Odds ratio (confidence interval) | |
Age
| ||||
15–19 | 0.90 (0.72–1.14) | 0.83 (0.65–1.05) | 0.63 (0.28–1.43) | 1.19 (0.82–1.76) |
20–24 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
25–29 | 1.18** (1.03–1.36) | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 0.93 (0.61–1.45) | 0.73** (0.58–0.93) |
30–34 | 1.49*** (1.26–1.75) | 1.01 (0.85–1.21) | 0.76 (0.43–1.32) | 0.61** (0.46–0.81) |
35–39 | 1.54*** (1.29–1.87) | 1.08 (0.89–1.32) | 1.02 (0.56–1.84) | 0.51*** (0.37–0.69) |
40–44 | 1.45** (1.15–1.81) | 0.93 (0.74–1.16) | 1.39 (0.73–2.63) | 0.65** (0.47–0.91) |
45–49 | 1.41** (1.03–1.93) | 0.93 (0.70–1.23) | 1.63 (0.77–3.43) | 0.64** (0.43–0.96) |
Ecological Zone
| ||||
Coastal zone | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Forest zone | 0.97 (0.88–1.08) | 1.37*** (1.22–1.54) | 1.71** (1.18–2.49) | 0.66*** (0.54–0.82) |
Savannah zone | 0.47*** (0.39–0.561) | 1.22** (1.03–1.45) | 2.68** (1.51–4.74) | 1.14 (0.88–1.47) |
Ethnicity
| ||||
Akan | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Ga/Dangme | 1.26** (1.06–1.50) | 0.65*** (0.54–0.78) | 2.10** (1.28–3.46) | 0.92 (0.62–1.36) |
Ewe | 1.01 (0.88–1.15) | 0.92 (0.79–1.08) | 1.01 (0.61–1.69) | 1.51** (1.18–1.94) |
Northern ethnic group | 0.89 (0.76–1.03) | 0.97 (0.83–1.15) | 0.71 (0.42–1.21) | 1.13 (0.88–1.46) |
Other | 0.82 (0.62–1.07) | 0.88 (0.68–1.13) | 0.80 (0.35–1.83) | 1.52 ** (1.06–2.17) |
Education
| ||||
No education | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Primary | 1.48*** (1.30–1.68) | 1.5*** (1.33–1.72) | 1.12 (0.78–3.46) | 0.45*** (0.37–0.54) |
Secondary | 1.55*** (1.30–1.68) | 2.00*** (1.73–2.27) | 0.51** (0.33–0.79) | 0.15*** (0.11–0.20) |
Higher | 2.40*** (1.82–3.16) | 1.41** (1.02–1.96) | 1 | 1 |
Occupation
| ||||
Not working | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Working | 1.10 (0.96–1.24) | 1.09 (0.96–1.25) | 1.18 (0.78–1.80) | 0.78** (0.64–0.96) |
Marital status
| ||||
Single | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Married | 1.20** (1.04–1.38) | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 1.47 (0.83–2.60) | 0.56*** (0.44–0.70) |
Cohabitation | 0.87 (0.74–1.03) | 1.15 (0.96–1.39) | 2.40** (1.31–4.43) | 0.73** (0.55–0.97) |
Wealth status
| ||||
Poorest | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Poorer | 1.09 (0.94–1.28) | 0.94 (0.82–1.22) | 1.08 (0.70–1.68) | 1.36** (1.11–1.66) |
Middle | 1.26** (1.09–1.28) | 0.88* (0.76–1.02) | 1.65** (1.06–2.55) | 1.33** (1.06–1.67) |
Richer | 1.31** (1.12–1.53) | 0.78** (0.67–0.91) | 2.49*** (1.64–3.76) | 1.85*** (1.49–2.31) |
Richest | 1.88*** (1.60–2.21) | 0.51*** (0.43–0.59) | 2.59*** (1.65–4.05) | 2.20*** (1.75–2.79) |
Residence
| ||||
Urban | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Rural | 0.59*** (0.53–0.65) | 0.79*** (0.71–0.89) | 2.81*** (1.89–4.19) | 3.51*** (1.59–3.43) |
Parity
| ||||
One birth | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Two births | 0.89 (0.78–1.03) | 0.80** (0.68–0.94) | 1.02 (0.64–1.63) | 1.57** (1.19–2.08) |
Three births | 0.82** (0.70–0.96) | 0.86* (0.72–1.03) | 0.67 (0.38–1.19) | 1.77*** (1.30–2.42) |
Four births or more | 0.60*** (0.51–0.71) | 0.82** (0.68–0.99) | 0.89 (0.51–1.56) | 2.41*** (1.75–3.31) |
Survey wave year | ||||
1988 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
1993 | 0.93 (0.81–1.05) | 2.36*** (2.08–2.68) | 0.02*** (0.02–0.03) | 1.01 (0.84–1.19) |
1998 | 0.84 ** (0.74–0.95) | 2.74*** (2.43–3.10) | 0.03*** (0.03–0.04) | 0.84* (0.71–1.00) |
2003 | 0.55*** (0.48–0.63) | 4.21*** (3.71–4.78) | 0.01*** (0.01–0.01) | 0.57*** (0.47–0.68) |
2008 | 0.70*** (0.62–0.80) | 3.44*** (3.02–3.92) | 0.01*** (0.01–0.02) | 0.27*** (0.21–0.35) |
2014 | 0.53*** (0.47–0.59) | 8.05*** (7.08–9.15) | 0.001*** (0.001–0.002) | 0.21*** (0.17–0.26) |