Background
Methods
Participants and study procedure
Measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample description
T0 (N = 154) | T1 (N = 130) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IGHD (N = 65) | SGA (N = 58) | ISS (N = 31) | IGHD (N = 60) | SGA (N = 48) | ISS (N = 22) | |
Age (yrs.) M (SD)a,b | 8.09 (3.34) | 6.55 (2.64) | 9.45 (3.49) | 9.22 (3.37) | 7.81 (2.76) | 10.68 (3.24) |
Missing, n (%)
| – | – | – | 1 (1.7) | – | – |
Age group, N (%) | ||||||
4–7 years | 34 (52.3) | 41 (70.7) | 7 (22.6) | 26 (43.3) | 28 (58.3) | 4 (18.2) |
8–12 years | 22 (33.8) | 15 (25.9) | 16 (51.6) | 22 (36.7) | 18 (37.5) | 10 (45.5) |
13–17 years | 9 (13.8) | 2 (3.4) | 8 (25.8) | 11 (18.3) | 2 (4.2) | 8 (36.4) |
Missing (%)
| – | – | – | 1 (1.7) | – | – |
Gender, N (%) | ||||||
Male | 48 (73.8) | 33 (56.9) | 16 (51.6) | 44 (73.3) | 29 (60.4) | 11 (50.0) |
Female | 17 (26.2) | 25 (43.1) | 15 (48.4) | 16 (26.7) | 19 (39.6) | 11 (50.0) |
Height (cm), M (SD)c | 117.11 (17.44) | 108.01 (13.45) | 126.24 (18.86) | 127.04 (17.53) | 118.89 (13.65) | 132.48 (17.77) |
Missing (%)
| – | 1 (1.7) | 1 (3.2) | 2 (3.3) | 2 (4.2) | 1 (4.5) |
Height deviation (SDS), M (SD)d | − 2.61 (.61) | −2.65 (0.63) | − 2.11 (.51) | − 1.91 (.64) | −2.05 (.67) | − 2.06 (.73) |
Missing (%)
| 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (3.2) | 2 (3.3) | 5 (10.4) | 1 (4.5) |
Height deviation group, N (%)e | ||||||
Normal height (< − 2 SDS) | 11 (16.9)** | 6 (10.3)** | 13 (41.9)** | 32 (53.3) | 23 (47.9) | 10 (45.5) |
Short stature (≥ − 2 SDS) | 54 (83.1) | 51 (87.9) | 17 (54.8) | 25 (41.7) | 23 (47.9) | 11 (50.0) |
Missing (%)
| – | 1 (1.7) | 1 (3.2) | 3 (5.0) | 2 (4.2) | 1 (4.5) |
Treatment length (months), M (SD) | – | – | – | 12.64 (1.93) | 12.25 (2.43) | 12.73 (2.76) |
Missing (%)
| – | – | – | 1 (1.7) | – | – |
Descriptive statistics and reliability
Descriptive Statistics | Reliability | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient-report |
N
|
M
|
SD
| Skewness | Kurtosis | Floor (%) | Ceiling (%) |
N
| α | |
Physical | T0 | 65 | 55.96 | 26.66 | −.32 | −.82 | 4.6 | .00 | 65 | .83 |
T1 | 70 | 61.50 | 25.36 | −.48 | −.63 | .00 | .00 | 64 | .83 | |
Social | T0 | 66 | 52.94 | 26.84 | −.20 | −.91 | 4.5 | .00 | 62 | .87 |
T1 | 70 | 62.15 | 23.88 | −.72 | −.17 | 1.4 | .00 | 62 | .82 | |
Emotional | T0 | 65 | 53.41 | 27.00 | −.06 | −1.18 | .00 | 1.5 | 58 | .88 |
T1 | 69 | 62.49 | 24.65 | −.61 | −.27 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 66 | .87 | |
Coping | T0 | 66 | 62.87 | 21.95 | −.47 | −.65 | .00 | .00 | 65 | .82 |
T1 | 66 | 58.81 | 16.45 | .02 | −1.07 | .00 | 1.5 | 63 | .65 | |
Beliefs | T0 | 66 | 49.62 | 32.07 | −.10 | −1.21 | 10.6 | 4.5 | 66 | .88 |
T1 | 68 | 51.56 | 31.75 | .09 | −1.20 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 68 | .86 | |
Treatment | T0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
T1 | 50 | 60.52 | 17.64 | −.49 | −.33 | .00 | .00 | 44 | .83 | |
Total Scorea | T0 | 64 | 54.11 | 24.96 | −.24 | −.89 | .00 | .00 | 54 | .95 |
T1 | 69 | 61.82 | 22.87 | −.60 | −.36 | .00 | .00 | 54 | .94 | |
Parent-report |
N
|
M
|
SD
| Skewness | Kurtosis | Floor (%) | Ceiling (%) |
N
| α | |
Physical | T0 | 150 | 52.57 | 26.74 | −.09 | −1.06 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 146 | .88 |
T1 | 126 | 58.12 | 25.64 | −.23 | −1.19 | .00 | 2.4 | 117 | .89 | |
Social | T0 | 150 | 51.43 | 24.94 | −.05 | −.94 | 2.7 | .00 | 129 | .86 |
T1 | 125 | 57.25 | 25.68 | −.35 | −.86 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 113 | .87 | |
Emotional | T0 | 150 | 52.34 | 25.95 | −.06 | −.87 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 143 | .89 |
T1 | 125 | 58.25 | 24.65 | −.27 | −.68 | .80 | 2.4 | 116 | .87 | |
Coping | T0 | 135 | 50.97 | 17.86 | .20 | −.47 | .00 | .00 | 125 | .75 |
T1 | 115 | 51.08 | 18.00 | −.09 | −.45 | .00 | 1.7 | 109 | .78 | |
Beliefs | T0 | 144 | 54.99 | 29.41 | −.12 | −1.05 | 6.3 | 9.0 | 142 | .88 |
T1 | 123 | 55.95 | 30.10 | −.16 | −1.08 | 4.9 | 10.6 | 123 | .88 | |
Treatment | T0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
T1 | 95 | 59.76 | 18.90 | .33 | −.62 | .00 | .00 | 81 | .87 | |
Future | T0 | 140 | 58.43 | 30.31 | −.18 | −1.07 | 4.3 | 12.9 | 140 | .88 |
T1 | 119 | 62.17 | 29.09 | −.46 | −.89 | 3.4 | 11.8 | 111 | .88 | |
Effects on parents | T0 | 148 | 52.54 | 22.88 | .24 | −.75 | .00 | 0.7 | 139 | .86 |
T1 | 125 | 58.37 | 23.04 | −.15 | −.65 | .00 | 2.4 | 112 | .86 | |
Total Scorea | T0 | 147 | 52.06 | 23.73 | .06 | −.92 | .00 | .00 | 123 | .94 |
T1 | 125 | 57.96 | 23.54 | −.28 | −.84 | .00 | .00 | 103 | .95 |
Patient-Reports (N = 55) | Parent-reports (N = 55) | ANCOVA for repeated measures | ICC [CI] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD)
|
M (SD)
|
F
|
p
| Ŋp2 | |||
Physical | T0 | 56.74 (26.59) | 48.94 (24.71) | 2.36 | .13 | .04 | .56** [.36–.71] |
T1 | 59.60 (25.93) | 51.10 (24.86) | .01 | .93 | .00 | .44** [.23–.62] | |
Social | T0 | 54.27 (26.65) | 43.32 (23.57) | 2.91 | .09 | .05 | .74** [.60–.83] |
T1 | 62.59 (24.75) | 48.38 (26.62) | .22 | .64 | .01 | .44** [.22–.61] | |
Emotional | T0 | 53.76 (26.79) | 41.88 (22.36) | .36 | .55 | .01 | .67** [.50–.78] |
T1 | 63.49 (23.32) | 49.05 (24.73) | .06 | .80 | .00 | .58** [.39–.72] | |
Coping | T0 | 62.18 (22.34) | 52.42 (18.90) | 2.87 | .10 | .05 | .35** [.11–.56] |
T1 | 60.90 (16.22) | 48.81 (14.82) | 4.98 | .03 | .13 | .29* [.03–.50] | |
Beliefs | T0 | 48.75 (32.00) | 46.02 (30.37) | .02 | .89 | .00 | .61** [.44–.75] |
T1 | 51.25 (32.68) | 48.75 (30.40) | .78 | .38 | .02 | .56** [.36–.70] | |
Treatment | T0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
T1 | 62.88 (16.99) | 60.10 (16.88) | 5.38 | .03 | .13 | .45** [.19–.65] | |
Total Score a | T0 | 55.91 (24.46) | 44.81 (22.12) | 2.39 | .13 | .04 | .74** [.60–.83] |
T1 | 62.58 (22.95) | 53.53 (24.03) | .01 | .92 | .00 | .55** [.36–.70] |
Criterion and convergent validity
Patient-reports | KIDSCREEN-10 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Physical | T0 | .41** | – | |||||||
T1 | .30* | – | ||||||||
2. Social | T0 | .38** | .84** | – | ||||||
T1 | .32** | .82** | – | |||||||
3. Emotional | T0 | .43** | .71** | .79** | – | |||||
T1 | .30* | .75** | .82** | – | ||||||
4. Coping | T0 | .42** | .29* | .28** | .46** | – | ||||
T1 | .46** | .22 | .31* | .35** | – | |||||
5. Beliefs | T0 | .38** | .61** | .65** | .81** | .30* | – | |||
T1 | .28* | .60** | .66** | .76** | .34** | – | ||||
6. Treatment | T0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
T1 | .43** | .14 | .02 | −.03 | .20 | −.12 | – | |||
QoLISSY Total Score a | T0 | .44** | .92** | .95** | .90** | .38** | .75** | – | ||
T1 | .33** | .92** | .94** | .92** | .33** | .73** | .05 | |||
Parents-reports | KIDSCREEN-10 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
1. Physical | T0 | .27** | – | |||||||
T1 | .28** | – | ||||||||
2. Social | T0 | .31** | .77** | – | ||||||
T1 | .35** | .81** | – | |||||||
3. Emotional | T0 | .41** | .69** | .85** | – | |||||
T1 | .27** | .73** | .86** | – | ||||||
4. Coping | T0 | .26** | .14 | .16 | .25** | – | ||||
T1 | .23* | .26** | .28** | .35** | – | |||||
5. Beliefs | T0 | .34** | .56** | .59** | .69** | .16 | – | |||
T1 | .13 | .60** | .62** | .67** | .24* | – | ||||
6. Treatment | T0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
T1 | .27* | .04 | −.02 | −.06 | .14 | −.13 | – | |||
7. Future | T0 | .27** | .62** | .70** | .73** | .22* | .70** | – | – | |
T1 | .15 | .58** | .67** | .70** | .21* | .68** | −.07 | – | ||
8. Effects on parents | T0 | .36** | .55** | .60** | .60** | .25** | .56** | – | .58** | – |
T1 | .22* | .62** | .65** | .66** | .25** | .63** | −.02 | .74** | – | |
QoLISSY Total Score a | T0 | .36** | .89** | .94** | .92** | .20* | .68** | – | .73** | .63** |
T1 | .33** | .91** | .96** | .93** | .32** | .86** | −.01 | .70** | .69** |
Known-groups validity
Treated (IGHD/SGA) | Untreated (ISS) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient-reports | M (SD) (N = 40) | M (SD) (N = 22) |
F
|
p
| Ŋp2 |
Physical | 48.33 (28.00) | 69.88 (17.86) | 8.44 | .005 | .12 |
Social | 46.99 (29.03) | 64.85 (18.86) | 4.72 | .03 | .07 |
Emotional | 47.35 (25.13) | 65.76 (26.67) | 5.76 | .02 | .09 |
Coping | 62.50 (21.40) | 62.38 (24.30) | .01 | .92 | .00 |
Beliefs | 43.28 (29.70) | 61.36 (32.76) | 3.57 | .06 | .05 |
Total Score a | 47.56 (25.74) | 66.83 (18.04) | 7.445 | .008 | .11 |
Parents-reports | M (SD) (N = 99) | M (SD) (N = 28) |
F
|
p
| Ŋp2 |
Physical | 47.84 (25.97) | 65.47 (24.05) | 8.91 | .003 | .06 |
Social | 47.40 (24.79) | 58.72 (23.79) | 4.59 | .03 | .03 |
Emotional | 48.42 (24.63) | 57.86 (26.41) | 4.69 | .03 | .03 |
Coping | 49.10 (16.99) | 58.22 (19.56) | 3.95 | .04 | .03 |
Beliefs | 52.52 (29.25) | 58.25 (33.29) | 1.39 | .24 | .01 |
Future | 53.93 (30.21) | 68.57 (26.62) | 8.12 | .005 | .06 |
Effects on parents | 49.61 (22.34) | 56.69 (22.05) | 1.48 | .22 | .01 |
Total Score a | 49.91 (23.54) | 61.50 (22.58) | 7.70 | .006 | .05 |
Short stature (≤ −2 SDS) | Normal height (> −2 SDS) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient-reports | M (SD) (N = 47) | M (SD) (N = 15) |
F
|
p
| Ŋp2 |
Physical | 52.48 (26.83) | 66.94 (24.47) | 3.43 | .06 | .05 |
Social | 49.11 (27.72) | 66.58 (20.79) | 4.89 | .03 | .07 |
Emotional | 51.07 (26.70) | 62.71 (26.82) | 1.80 | .18 | .03 |
Coping | 61.70 (21.52) | 64.83 (25.15) | .12 | .72 | .00 |
Beliefs | 46.14 (33.01) | 60.83 (25.38) | 2.29 | .13 | .03 |
Total Score a | 50.89 (25.27) | 65.41 (21.03) | 3.87 | .06 | .06 |
Parents-reports | M (SD) (N = 101) | M (SD) (N = 26) |
F
|
p
| Ŋp2 |
Physical | 49.95 (26.36) | 58.65 (26.43) | 1.37 | .24 | .01 |
Social | 47.08 (24.33) | 60.85 (24.67) | 5.55 | .02 | .04 |
Emotional | 48.05 (25.07) | 60.04 (24.03) | 3.74 | .06 | .03 |
Coping | 49.92 (17.37) | 55.76 (19.56) | 1.11 | .29 | .01 |
Beliefs | 52.72 (30.59) | 57.93 (28.59) | .52 | .46 | .00 |
Future | 54.65 (30.08) | 66.92 (28.07) | 2.59 | .11 | .02 |
Effects on parents | 50.27 (22.65) | 54.68 (21.41) | .52 | .47 | .00 |
Total Score a | 50.32 (23.42) | 60.28 (23.76) | 3.44 | .06 | .02 |
Responsiveness
Treated (IGHD/SGA) | Untreated (ISS) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient-reports | M (SD) (N = 33) | M (SD (N = 18) |
F
|
p
| Ŋp2 | |
Physical | T0 | 48.99 (26.96) | 69.91 (18.22) | 8.51 | < .01 | .15 |
T1 | 62.65 (22.85) | 61.94 (27.57) | ||||
Social | T0 | 45.67 (26.64) | 66.42 (20.42) | 14.76 | < .01 | .24 |
T1 | 62.04 (25.86) | 58.51 (23.70) | ||||
Emotional | T0 | 47.06 (24.86) | 70.71 (26.56) | 11.68 | < .01 | .20 |
T1 | 61.24 (23.29) | 62.18 (26.80) | ||||
Coping | T0 | 60.98 (22.29) | 67.78 (21.62) | 2.44 | .13 | .05 |
T1 | 60.56 (16.19) | 57.08 (18.03) | ||||
Beliefs | T0 | 41.86 (30.03) | 68.06 (31.21) | 3.23 | .08 | .06 |
T1 | 46.59 (33.88) | 56.60 (28.72) | ||||
Total score a | T0 | 48.88 (24.17) | 69.01 (19.50) | 9.72 | < .01 | .16 |
T1 | 61.60 (22.88) | 60.88 (24.20) | ||||
KIDSCREEN-10 Index | T0 | 54.80 (12.06) | 51.93 (9.10) | 1.06 | .30 | .02 |
T1 | 55.80 (10.58) | 55.66 (13.89) | ||||
Parents-reports | M (SD) (N = 78) | M (SD) (N = 20) |
F
|
p
| Ŋp2 | |
Physical | T0 | 46.78 (25.54) | 62.50 (25.90) | .14 | .71 | .00 |
T1 | 54.11 (25.04) | 63.92 (26.11) | ||||
Social | T0 | 48.20 (24.64) | 58.62 (24.46) | .79 | .38 | .01 |
T1 | 55.49 (25.73) | 58.50 (27.39) | ||||
Emotional | T0 | 47.88 (24.37) | 58.19 (23.58) | .85 | .36 | .01 |
T1 | 55.89 (24.63) | 60.16 (27.56) | ||||
Coping | T0 | 48.30 (17.03) | 59.89 (21.49) | 1.56 | .22 | .02 |
T1 | 50.42 (15.68) | 55.18 (24.01) | ||||
Beliefs | T0 | 51.92 (28.97) | 61.25 (32.23) | .24 | .62 | .00 |
T1 | 50.88 (29.08) | 57.19 (36.01) | ||||
Future | T0 | 52.05 (30.38) | 70.25 (25.31) | 3.33 | .07 | .03 |
T1 | 59.73 (28.37) | 63.56 (29.28) | ||||
Effects on parents | T0 | 49.48 (22.10) | 59.84 (24.41) | .25 | .62 | .00 |
T1 | 55.62 (21.70) | 58.99 (27.36) | ||||
Total score a | T0 | 50.56 (23.57) | 60.97 (22.46) | 1.33 | .25 | .01 |
T1 | 57.34 (23.31) | 60.63 (25.05) | ||||
KIDSCREEN-10 Index | T0 | 50.90 (10.16) | 51.75 (7.84) | 2.71 | .10 | .03 |
T1 | 51.75 (7.84) | 48.56 (12.11) |
Short stature (≤ −2 SDS) | Normal height (> −2 SDS) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient-reports | M (SD) (N = 28) | M (SD) (N = 20) |
F
|
p
| Ŋp2 | |
Physical | T0 | 59.38 (24.63) | 51.88 (29.79) | 1.137 | .29 | .02 |
T1 | 61.61 (20.95) | 63.92 (29.16) | ||||
Social | T0 | 51.51 (23.33) | 53.48 (31.68) | .075 | .78 | .00 |
T1 | 58.04 (25.29) | 63.86 (25.16) | ||||
Emotional | T0 | 55.72 (28.72) | 54.38 (27.59) | .024 | .87 | .00 |
T1 | 61.90 (22.93) | 60.33 (27.59) | ||||
Coping | T0 | 61.25 (20.05) | 64.25 (25.59) | .00 | .94 | .00 |
T1 | 57.68 (17.36) | 60.68 (17.06) | ||||
Beliefs | T0 | 52.46 (36.06) | 50.00 (30.28) | .03 | .85 | .00 |
T1 | 50.00 (32.59) | 49.38 (34.11) | ||||
Total score a | T0 | 55.42 (22.94) | 55.16 (28.06) | 0.10 | .92 | .00 |
T1 | 61.15 (21.17) | 61.24 (26.34) | ||||
Parents-reports | M (SD) (N = 41) | M (SD) (N = 53) |
F
|
p
| Ŋp2 | |
Physical | T0 | 54.96 (24.11) | 47.88 (27.56) | .65 | .41 | .00 |
T1 | 57.22 (24.03) | 55.72 (27.00) | ||||
Social | T0 | 52.68 (24.44) | 49.95 (25.12) | .01 | .90 | .00 |
T1 | 57.58 (24.58) | 56.32 (27.49) | ||||
Emotional | T0 | 51.26 (25.17) | 50.41 (23.96) | .25 | .61 | .00 |
T1 | 56.33 (25.13) | 58.37 (25.52) | ||||
Coping | T0 | 52.57 (20.60) | 50.10 (15.67) | .19 | .66 | .00 |
T1 | 54.37 (18.18) | 50.07 (16.53) | ||||
Beliefs | T0 | 57.93 (29.94) | 50.71 (29.99) | .00 | .97 | .00 |
T1 | 57.01 (31.78) | 50.71 (29.38) | ||||
Future | T0 | 62.32 (28.33) | 52.74 (30.96) | .64 | .42 | .00 |
T1 | 64.27 (26.77) | 59.06 (29.94) | ||||
Effects on parents | T0 | 55.62 (23.75) | 49.11 (22.06) | .06 | .79 | .00 |
T1 | 58.94 (21.70) | 54.70 (24.18) | ||||
Total score a | T0 | 55.00 (22.78) | 50.61 (23.73) | .62 | .43 | .00 |
T1 | 58.88 (22.09) | 57.82 (24.70) |