Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 3/2018

04.12.2017 | Original Paper

Psychopathology and Associated Risk Factors Among Forcibly Displaced Syrian Children and Adolescents

verfasst von: Vahdet Gormez, Hale Nur Kılıç, A. Cahid Orengul, Merve Nursoy Demir, Şeyma Demirlikan, Sibel Demirbaş, Betül Babacan, Kerem Kınık, Bengi Semerci

Erschienen in: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health | Ausgabe 3/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

More than half of the 2.7 million registered Syrian refugees in Turkey are under 18 years of age. This study investigates prevalence of psychopathology and associated risk factors in refugee children in Turkey. Of a total of 218 children aged 9–15 years, 56.2% lost someone important to them, 55.1% saw dead or wounded people, 70.4% witnessed explosions or gun battles, 42.5% witnessed people being tortured and 25.6% personally experienced cruelty/torture during war. Prevalence of PTSD was 18.3% and that of anxiety-related disorders were as high as 69.0%. Death of an important person (p = .032) and male gender (p = .040) were associated with PTSD; whilst exposure to cruelty or torture (p = .014) and increasing duration of refuge (p = .042) were significantly associated with development of anxiety disorders. Findings of the present study reveals existence of the expected but unspoken mental health needs among the Syrian children in Turkey.
Literatur
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Cagaptay S, Menekse B. The impact of Syria’s refugees on southern Turkey. Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 2014. Cagaptay S, Menekse B. The impact of Syria’s refugees on southern Turkey. Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 2014.
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Reed RV, Fazel M, Jones L, Panter-Brick C, Stein A. Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in low-income and middle-income countries: risk and protective factors. Lancet 2012;379(9812):250–65.CrossRefPubMed Reed RV, Fazel M, Jones L, Panter-Brick C, Stein A. Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in low-income and middle-income countries: risk and protective factors. Lancet 2012;379(9812):250–65.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Alpak G, Unal A, Bulbul F, Sagaltici E, Bez Y, Altindag A, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees in Turkey: a cross-sectional study. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2015;19(1):45–50.CrossRefPubMed Alpak G, Unal A, Bulbul F, Sagaltici E, Bez Y, Altindag A, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees in Turkey: a cross-sectional study. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2015;19(1):45–50.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Tufan AE, Alkin M, Bosgelmez S. Post-traumatic stress disorder among asylum seekers and refugees in Istanbul may be predicted by torture and loss due to violence. Nord J Psychiatry 2013;67(3):219–24.CrossRefPubMed Tufan AE, Alkin M, Bosgelmez S. Post-traumatic stress disorder among asylum seekers and refugees in Istanbul may be predicted by torture and loss due to violence. Nord J Psychiatry 2013;67(3):219–24.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Yurtbay T, Alyanak B, Abali O, Kaynak N, Durukan M. The psychological effects of forced emigration on Muslim Albanian children and adolescents. Community Ment Health J. 2003;39(3):203–12.CrossRefPubMed Yurtbay T, Alyanak B, Abali O, Kaynak N, Durukan M. The psychological effects of forced emigration on Muslim Albanian children and adolescents. Community Ment Health J. 2003;39(3):203–12.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Steel Z, Chey T, Silove D, Marnane C, Bryant RA, Van Ommeren M. Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama 2009;302(5):537–49.CrossRefPubMed Steel Z, Chey T, Silove D, Marnane C, Bryant RA, Van Ommeren M. Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama 2009;302(5):537–49.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Paardekooper B, De Jong J, Hermanns J. The psychological impact of war and the refugee situation on South Sudanese children in refugee camps in Northern Uganda: an exploratory study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1999;40(04):529–36.CrossRefPubMed Paardekooper B, De Jong J, Hermanns J. The psychological impact of war and the refugee situation on South Sudanese children in refugee camps in Northern Uganda: an exploratory study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1999;40(04):529–36.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Morgos D, Worden JW, Gupta L. Psychosocial effects of war experiences among displaced children in southern Darfur. OMEGA J Death Dying 2008;56(3):229–53.CrossRef Morgos D, Worden JW, Gupta L. Psychosocial effects of war experiences among displaced children in southern Darfur. OMEGA J Death Dying 2008;56(3):229–53.CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Sujoldžić A, Peternel L, Kulenović T, Terzić R. Social determinants of health—a comparative study of Bosnian adolescents in different cultural contexts. Coll Antropol. 2006;30(4):703–11.PubMed Sujoldžić A, Peternel L, Kulenović T, Terzić R. Social determinants of health—a comparative study of Bosnian adolescents in different cultural contexts. Coll Antropol. 2006;30(4):703–11.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Tousignant M, Habimana E, Biron C, Malo C, SIDOLI-LeBIANC E, Bendris N. The Quebec Adolescent Refugee Project: psychopathology and family variables in a sample from 35 nations. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999;38(11):1426–32.CrossRefPubMed Tousignant M, Habimana E, Biron C, Malo C, SIDOLI-LeBIANC E, Bendris N. The Quebec Adolescent Refugee Project: psychopathology and family variables in a sample from 35 nations. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999;38(11):1426–32.CrossRefPubMed
14.
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahmad A, Sofi M, Sundelin-Wahlsten V, Von Knorring A-L. Posttraumatic stress disorder in children after the military operation “Anfal” in Iraqi Kurdistan. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000;9(4):235–43.CrossRefPubMed Ahmad A, Sofi M, Sundelin-Wahlsten V, Von Knorring A-L. Posttraumatic stress disorder in children after the military operation “Anfal” in Iraqi Kurdistan. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000;9(4):235–43.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Garbarino J, Kostelny K. The effects of political violence on Palestinian children’s behavior problems: a risk accumulation model. Child Dev. 1996;67(1):33–45.CrossRefPubMed Garbarino J, Kostelny K. The effects of political violence on Palestinian children’s behavior problems: a risk accumulation model. Child Dev. 1996;67(1):33–45.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldstein RD, Wampler NS, Wise PH. War experiences and distress symptoms of Bosnian children. Pediatrics 1997;100(5):873–8.CrossRefPubMed Goldstein RD, Wampler NS, Wise PH. War experiences and distress symptoms of Bosnian children. Pediatrics 1997;100(5):873–8.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Pynoos RS, Frederick C, Nader K, Arroyo W, Steinberg A, Eth S, et al. Life threat and posttraumatic stress in school-age children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44(12):1057–63.CrossRefPubMed Pynoos RS, Frederick C, Nader K, Arroyo W, Steinberg A, Eth S, et al. Life threat and posttraumatic stress in school-age children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44(12):1057–63.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Thabet AA, Vostanis P. Post traumatic stress disorder reactions in children of war: a longitudinal study. Child Abuse Negl. 2000;24(2):291–8.CrossRefPubMed Thabet AA, Vostanis P. Post traumatic stress disorder reactions in children of war: a longitudinal study. Child Abuse Negl. 2000;24(2):291–8.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Punamäki R-L, Qouta S, El Sarraj E, Montgomery E. Psychological distress and resources among siblings and parents exposed to traumatic events. Int J Behav Dev. 2006;30(5):385–97.CrossRef Punamäki R-L, Qouta S, El Sarraj E, Montgomery E. Psychological distress and resources among siblings and parents exposed to traumatic events. Int J Behav Dev. 2006;30(5):385–97.CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Spence SH. A measure of anxiety symptoms among children. Behav Res Ther. 1998;36(5):545–66.CrossRefPubMed Spence SH. A measure of anxiety symptoms among children. Behav Res Ther. 1998;36(5):545–66.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Thabet AAM, Abdulla T, Elhelou M, Vostanis P. Effect of trauma on Palestinian children’s mental health in the Gaza Strip and West Bank. Protection of children during armed political conflict: a multidisciplinary perspective. 2006. pp. 123–42. Thabet AAM, Abdulla T, Elhelou M, Vostanis P. Effect of trauma on Palestinian children’s mental health in the Gaza Strip and West Bank. Protection of children during armed political conflict: a multidisciplinary perspective. 2006. pp. 123–42.
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Muris P, Schmidt H, Merckelbach H. Correlations among two self-report questionnaires for measuring DSM-defined anxiety disorder symptoms in children: the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders and the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale. Personal Individ Differ. 2000;28(2):333–46.CrossRef Muris P, Schmidt H, Merckelbach H. Correlations among two self-report questionnaires for measuring DSM-defined anxiety disorder symptoms in children: the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders and the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale. Personal Individ Differ. 2000;28(2):333–46.CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodman R. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1997;38(5):581–6.CrossRefPubMed Goodman R. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1997;38(5):581–6.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodman R, Renfrew D, Mullick M. Predicting type of psychiatric disorder from Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) scores in child mental health clinics in London and Dhaka. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000;9(2):129–34.CrossRefPubMed Goodman R, Renfrew D, Mullick M. Predicting type of psychiatric disorder from Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) scores in child mental health clinics in London and Dhaka. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000;9(2):129–34.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Thabet AA, Stretch D, Vostanis P. Child mental health problems in Arab children: application of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2000;46(4):266 – 80.CrossRefPubMed Thabet AA, Stretch D, Vostanis P. Child mental health problems in Arab children: application of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2000;46(4):266 – 80.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Pfefferbaum B. Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36(11):1503–11.PubMed Pfefferbaum B. Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36(11):1503–11.PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Thabet AAM, Abed Y, Vostanis P. Comorbidity of PTSD and depression among refugee children during war conflict. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004;45(3):533–42.CrossRefPubMed Thabet AAM, Abed Y, Vostanis P. Comorbidity of PTSD and depression among refugee children during war conflict. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004;45(3):533–42.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Tartakovsky E. A longitudinal study of acculturative stress and homesickness: high-school adolescents immigrating from Russia and Ukraine to Israel without parents. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2007;42(6):485–94.CrossRefPubMed Tartakovsky E. A longitudinal study of acculturative stress and homesickness: high-school adolescents immigrating from Russia and Ukraine to Israel without parents. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2007;42(6):485–94.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas M, Baek Choi J. Acculturative stress and social support among Korean and Indian immigrant adolescents in the United States. J Sociol Soc Welf. 2006;33:123. Thomas M, Baek Choi J. Acculturative stress and social support among Korean and Indian immigrant adolescents in the United States. J Sociol Soc Welf. 2006;33:123.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Yako RM, Biswas B. “We came to this country for the future of our children. We have no future”: Acculturative stress among Iraqi refugees in the United States. Int J Intercult Relat. 2014;38:133–41.CrossRef Yako RM, Biswas B. “We came to this country for the future of our children. We have no future”: Acculturative stress among Iraqi refugees in the United States. Int J Intercult Relat. 2014;38:133–41.CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Shisana O, Celentano DD. Depressive symptomatology among Namibian adolescent refugees. Soc Sci Med. 1985;21(11):1251–7.CrossRefPubMed Shisana O, Celentano DD. Depressive symptomatology among Namibian adolescent refugees. Soc Sci Med. 1985;21(11):1251–7.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Psychopathology and Associated Risk Factors Among Forcibly Displaced Syrian Children and Adolescents
verfasst von
Vahdet Gormez
Hale Nur Kılıç
A. Cahid Orengul
Merve Nursoy Demir
Şeyma Demirlikan
Sibel Demirbaş
Betül Babacan
Kerem Kınık
Bengi Semerci
Publikationsdatum
04.12.2017
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health / Ausgabe 3/2018
Print ISSN: 1557-1912
Elektronische ISSN: 1557-1920
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-017-0680-7

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2018

Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 3/2018 Zur Ausgabe