Background
Methods
Search strategy
Data extraction and quality assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
Study identification
Study characteristics
Author, Year, Country | Study years | Country | Disease area | Study type | QA score | Sex | Age, yrs (mean or range) | Cases | Controls | SES measure(s) (no. of strata) | Alcohol measure (no. of strata) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boing et al., 2011 [13] | 1998-2006 | Brazil | Head & neck cancer | CC | 5 | M&F | NR | 1,017 | 951 | E (3), O (2) | g/yr (5) |
Braaten et al., 2005 [22] | 1991-1997 | Norway | Cancers [Various] | CO | 7 | F | 30-69 | 93,638 | NA | E (4) | g/d (4) |
Brown et al., 2001 [19] | 1986-1989 | USA | Oesophageal cancer | CC | 7 | M | 30-79 | 347 | 1,354 | E (3), O (3), I (3) | Drinks/wk (4) |
Brown et al., 2005 [31] | 1991-1994 & 2003 | New Zealand | Stroke | CC | 6 | M&F | 69 cases; 60 controls | 1,242 | 2,247 | I (2) | Drinks/d (2) |
Brummett et al., 2011 [38] | NR | USA | Systolic BP | CO | 6 | M&F | 29 | 14,299 | NA | E (5), I (13), T (2) | Days drank/wk; Drinks/wk (4) |
Chaix et al., 2010 [39] | 2007-2008 | France | Systolic BP | CO | 6 | M&F | 30-79 | 5,941 | NA | E (4), ES (3), T (2) | Drinking status (4) |
Conway et al., 2010 [14] | 2002-2004 | UK | Head & neck cancer | CC | 7 | M&F | NR | 103 | 91 | A (5) | Units/wk (5) |
Day et al., 1993 [15] | 1984-1985 | USA | Head & neck cancer | CC | 5 | M&F | 18-79 | 1,065 | 1,182 | E (3), ES (2) | Drinks/wk (5) |
Dyer et al., 1999 [40] | 1985-1986 | USA | Hypertension | CO | 8 | M&F | 18-30 | 4,747 | NA | E (2) | ml/d (NA) |
Gammon et al., 1997 [20] | 1993-1995 | USA | Oesophageal cancer | CC | 6 | M&F | 66 | 221 | 695 | E (6), I (5) | Drinks/wk (6) |
Greenberg et al., 1991 [16] | 1984-1985 | USA | Head & neck cancer | CC | 5 | M | 18-79 | 762 | 837 | E (3), O (3), ES (3) | Drinks/wk (5) |
Heck & Pamuk, 1997 [23] | 1971-1975 | UK | Breast cancer | CO | 8 | F | NR | 6,261 | NA | E (4), I (5) | Last 12 months (2) |
Joshi et al., 2008 [30] | NR | South Korea | Liver cancer | CO | 7 | M | 30-59 | 548,530 | NA | O (4) | g/d (5) |
Kivimaki et al., 2009 [32] | 2000-2004 | Finland | Stroke | CO | 7 | F | 44 | 48,361 | NA | O (3) | g/wk (3) |
Kropp et al., 2001 [24] | 1992-1995 | Germany | Female breast cancer | CC | 7 | F | 43 | 706 | 1,381 | E (3) | g/d (6) |
Kruk et al., 2007 [25] | 2003-2007 | Poland | Female breast cancer | CC | 7 | F | 55 | 858 | 1,085 | E (4), I (3) | Drinks/wk (3) |
Kuper et al., 2007 [33] | 1991-1992 | Sweden | Stroke | CO | 8 | F | 40 | 47,942 | NA | E (4) | g/d (4) |
Laaksonen, et al., 2008 [34] | 1979-2001 | Finland | Stroke | CO | 7 | M&F | 25-64 | 60,608 | NA | E (3) | Drinks/wk (3) |
Larsen et al., 2011 [26] | 1993-1997 | Denmark | Female breast cancer | CO | 7 | F | 50-64 | 23,111 | NA | E (3), O (7), I (4) | g/d (NA) |
Martin-Moreno et al., 1993 [27] | 1990-1991 | Spain | Female breast cancer | CC | 7 | F | 18-75 | 762 | 988 | O (5) | g/d (5) |
Mattioli et al., 2006 [42] | NR | Italy | Atrial fibrillation | CC | 6 | M&F | 54 | 116 | 116 | E (3), I (3) | ml/d (4) |
McFadden et al., 2009 [35] | 1993-1997 | UK | Stroke | CO | 9 | M&F | 39-79 | 22,488 | NA | O (5) | Units/wk (3) |
Melchior et al., 2005 [28] | 1989-1990 | France | Cancers [Various] | CO | 6 | M&F | 35-50 | 20,346 | NA | O (3), OM | Glasses/d (4) |
Menvielle, et al., 2004 [17] | 1989-1991 | France | Head & neck cancer | CC | 7 | M | NR | 504 | 242 | E (3), O (3) | Glasses/d (6) |
Petrovski et al., 2011 [43] | 2005 | Hungary | Liver disease | CC | 5 | M | 55 cases; 54 controls | 287 | 892 | E (4) | Units/wk (4); Problem drinking (2) |
Radi et al., 2005 [41] | 1997-1998 | France | Hypertension | CC | 5 | M&F | 42 M; 44 F | 203 | 406 | E (3) | Glasses/d (2) |
Robert et al., 2004 [29] | 1988-1995 | USA | Female breast cancer | CC | 7 | F | 62 cases; 61 controls | 7,179 | 7,488 | E (4), A (5) | Drinks/d (3) |
Sharp et al., 2001 [21] | 1993-1996 | UK | Oesophageal cancer | CC | 6 | F | NR | 159 | 159 | O (5) | Units/wk (4) |
Sundell et al., 2008 [36] | 1987, 1992 & 1997 | Finland | Stroke | CO | 8 | M&F | 25-64 | 15,965 | NA | E (3) | Binge drinking (2) |
Veronesi et al., 2010 [37] | 1986–1994 | Italy | Stroke | CO | 8 | M&F | 51 | 5,084 | NA | E (2) | g/d (3) |
Zatonski et al., 1991 [18] | 1986-1987 | Poland | Head & neck cancer | CC | 7 | M | 53 cases; 44 controls | 249 | 965 | E (3), O (3) | Yrs vodka consumption (4) |
Study, Year | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | QA | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5a | 5b | 6 | 7 | 8 | Score | |
Braaten et al., 2005 [22] | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | 7 |
Brummett et al., 2011 [38] | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | 5 |
Chaix et al., 2010 [39] | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | ⋅⋅⋅ | 6 |
Dyer et al., 1999 [40] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 |
Heck & Palmuck, 2007 [23] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | 8 |
Joshi et al., 2008 [30] | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | * | * | 7 |
Kivimaki et al., 2009 [32] | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | 7 |
Kuper et al., 2007 [33] | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 |
Laaksonen et al., 2007 [34] | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | * | 7 |
Larsen et al., 2011 [26] | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 7 |
McFadden et al., 2009 [35] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | 9 |
Melchior et al., 2005 [28] | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | 6 |
Sundell et al., 2008 [36] | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 |
Veronesi et al., 2010 [37] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | 8 |
Study, Year | Selection | Comparability | Exposure | QA score | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5a | 5b | 6 | 7 | 8 | ||
Boing et al., 2011 [13] | ⋅⋅⋅ | ⋅⋅⋅ | ⋅⋅⋅ | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | 5 |
Brown et al., 2001 [19] | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | * | 7 |
Brown et al., 2005 [31] | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | 6 |
Conway et al., 2010 [14] | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | 7 |
Day et al., 1993 [15] | ⋅⋅⋅ | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | 5 |
Gammon et al., 1997 [20] | * | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | ⋅⋅⋅ | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | 6 |
Greenberg et al., 1991 [16] | ⋅⋅⋅ | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | 5 |
Kropp et al., 2001 [24] | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | * | 7 |
Kruk et al., 2007 [25] | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | * | * | 7 |
Martin-Moreno et al., 1993 [27] | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | * | 7 |
Mattioli et al., 2005 [42] | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | 6 |
Menvielle et al., 2004 [17] | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | * | 7 |
Petrovski et al., 2011 [43] | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | 5 |
Radi et al., 2005 [41] | ⋅⋅⋅ | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | 5 |
Robert et al., 2004 [29] | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | 7 |
Sharp et al., 2001 [21] | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | 6 |
Zatonski et al., 1991 [18] | * | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | ⋅⋅⋅ | * | * | 7 |
Study | SES measure | Sex | RR/OR/HR (95% CI) for low compared to high SES | Variables adjusted for | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||
Head & neck cancer
| |||||
Boing et al., 2011 [13] | Education | M + F | 2.27 (1.61, 3.19) | 1.58 (1.06, 2.36) | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol use |
Conway et al., 2010 [14] | Neighbourhooda | M + F | 3.62 (1.35, 9.71) | 1.90 (0.59, 6.09) | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol use |
Day et al., 1993 [15] | Education | M + F | · · · | White: 1.40 (1.00, 1.80) | Smoking, alcohol use |
Black: 1.20 (0.60, 2.60) | |||||
Greenberg et al., 1991 [16] | Education | M | · · · | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | Age, ethnicity, marital status, study area, smoking, alcohol use, snuff dipping, tobacco chewing, tooth loss, denture problems, education, occupational status, percentage of years worked |
Menvielle, et al., 2004 [17] | Education | M | 3.22 (2.01, 5.18) | 1.63 (0.90, 2.98) | Age, smoking, alcohol use |
Zatonski et al., 1991 [18] | Education | M | 2.94 (2.03, 4.27) | 2.51 (1.06, 5.94) | Age, smoking, alcohol use |
Female breast cancer
| |||||
Braaten et al., 2005 [22] | Education | F | 0.68 (0.56, 0.83) | 0.90 (0.73, 1.12) | Parity, alcohol use, OC, height, HRT, BMI, mammography, menopausal status |
Heck & Pamuk, 1997 [23] | Education | F | 0.44 (0.24, 0.80) | 0.66 (0.37, 1.19) | Age, education, income, ethnicity, family history of breast cancer, parity, age at menarche, age at menopause, OC, HRT, alcohol use, BMI, height |
Kruk et al., 2007 [25] | Education | F | · · · | Pre-menopausal: 2.39 (1.58, 3.60) | Age, BMI, stress experience, passive smoking |
Post-menopausal: 1.31 (0.98, 1.76) | |||||
Larsen et al., 2011 [26] | Education | F | 0.84 (0.70, 1.00) | 0.94 (0.79, 1.12) | HRT, parity, alcohol use, BMI |
Martin-Moreno et al., 1993 [27] | OSC | F | · · · | 0.63 (0.33, 1.17) | Age, study area, SES, BMI, total energy intake |
Melchior et al., 2005 [28] | OSC | F | 0.92 (0.44, 1.92) | 0.96 (0.46, 2.03) | Age, smoking, alcohol use, marital status, BMI, FVC, family history of breast cancer, age at first childbirth |
Robert et al., 2004 [29] | Education | F | 0.87 (0.77, 0.98) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.10) | Age, interview year, community SES, urbanicity, mammography, family history of breast cancer, parity, alcohol use, BMI, age at first birth, HRT, OC |
Oesophageal cancer
| |||||
Brown et al., 2001 [19] | Education | M | · · · | White: 1.50 (0.90, 2.60) | Age, study area, alcohol use, smoking, FVC |
M | · · · | Black: 3.10 (1.60, 6.10) | |||
Gammon et al., 1997 [20] | Income | M | · · · | 5.00 (1.67, 14.99) | Age, sex, study area, ethnicity, BMI, smoking, alcohol use |
Sharp et al., 2001 [21] | OSC | F | 1.51 (0.75, 3.06) | · · · | Not applicable |
Other cancers
| |||||
Braaten et al., 2005 [22] All cancers | Education | F | 0.95 (0.85, 1.07) | · · · | Not applicable |
Melchior et al., 2005 [28] All cancers | OSC | M | 1.47 (1.03, 2.09) | 1.35 (0.94, 1.93) | Age, smoking, alcohol use, marital status, BMI, FVC, family history of lung & oral cancer (M), occupational asbestos exposure (M), family history of breast cancer (F), parity (F) |
F | 1.00 (0.58, 1.73) | 1.03 (0.59, 1.80) | |||
Braaten et al., 2005 [22] Colon cancer | Education | F | 1.23 (0.70, 2.18) | · · · | Not applicable |
Braaten et al., 2005 [22] Rectal cancer | Education | F | 0.63 (0.33, 1.21) | · · · | Not applicable |
Joshi et al., 2008 [30] Liver cancer | OSC | M | 1.75 (1.48, 2.07) | 1.63 (1.38, 1.93) | Age, fasting serum glucose, BMI, alcohol use, smoking |
OSC | M | 2.18 (1.15, 4.11) | 1.54 (0.80, 2.97) | Age, smoking, alcohol use, marital status, BMI, FVC, family history of lung & oral cancer, occupational asbestos exposure | |
Stroke
| |||||
Kivimaki et al., 2009 [32] | OSC | F | 2.28 (1.30, 3.90) | 1.88 (1.10, 3.20) | Hypertension, CHD, diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, PA, BMI |
Kuper et al., 2007 [33] | Education | F | 2.10 (1.40, 2.90) | 1.80 (1.30, 2.60) | Age, alcohol use |
Laaksonen, et al., 2008 [34] | Education | M + F | 1.59 (0.84, 2.99) | 1.57 (0.83, 2.96) | Age, age squared, study year, diabetes, myocardial infarction, CHD, heart failure, alcohol use |
McFadden et al., 2009 [35] | OSC | M | 2.84 (1.40, 5.74) | 2.90 (1.43, 5.87) | Age, alcohol use |
F | 2.32 (1.19, 4.49) | 2.05 (1.05, 4.00) | |||
Veronesi et al., 2010 [37] | Education | M | 2.14 (1.25, 3.69) | 2.18 (1.26, 3.78) | Age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, HDL cholesterol, alcohol use |
F | 0.54 (0.26, 1.12) | 0.40 (0.20, 0.85) | |||
Hypertension
| |||||
Dyer et al., 1999 [40] | Education | M | Black: 0.98 (0.72, 1.31) | Black: 1.01 (0.72, 1.41) | Age, systolic BP, BMI, waist circumference, PA, alcohol use, pulse, smoking, education, fasting insulin, triglycerides, uric acid and HDL cholesterol |
White: 0.57 (0.37, 0.86) | White: 0.48 (0.30, 0.76) | ||||
F | Black: 0.65 (0.47, 0.89) | Black: 0.67 (0.48, 0.94) | |||
White: 0.25 (0.15, 0.42) | White: 0.42 (0.23, 0.78) | ||||
Radi et al., 2005 [41] | OSC | F | · · · | 8.12 (1.30, 50.73) | Age, education, smoking (women), alcohol use, PA, social support at work, recent stressful life events, low support outside of work (women) |
Other conditions
| |||||
Mattioli et al., 2006 [42] Atrial fibrillation | Education | M + F | 1.12 (0.50, 2.49) | · · · | Not applicable |
Petrovski et al., 2011 [43] Liver disease | Education | M + F | 3.22 (1.72, 6.03) | 2.86 (1.30, 6.26) | Age, smoking, alcohol use, PA |
Disease/Condition | Studies | Pooled risk estimate | I2statistic |
---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted
| |||
Head and neck cancer | 4 | 2.72 (2.20, 3.37) | 0% |
Female breast cancer | 5 | 0.78 [0.67, 0.91] | 53% |
Stroke | 5 | 1.84 [1.33, 2.56] | 59% |
Adjusted
| |||
Head and neck cancer | 6 | 1.40 [1.18, 1.66] | 0% |
Female breast cancer | 7 | 1.04 [0.85, 1.27] | 73% |
Stroke | 5 | 1.65 [1.13, 2.41] | 67% |
Alcohol-attributable cancers and SES
Alcohol-attributable cardiovascular disease and SES
Other alcohol-attributable conditions and SES
Relationship between alcohol-attributable disease, SES and alcohol use
Author, Year | Disease/condition | Alcohol measure | SES measure | SES level | RR/OR/HR (95% CI) | Variables adjusted for |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brown et al., 2001 [19] | Oesophageal cancer | 15–35 drinks/wka | Income | Low | 71.80 (15.00, 343.90) | Age, study area, raw fruit and vegetable consumption, ethnicity |
Intermediate | 14.60 (2.90, 73.80) | |||||
High | 2.00 (0.20, 23.10) | |||||
>35 drinks/wka | Income | Low | 231.60 (48.20, 1114.00) | |||
Intermediate | 98.80 (20.90, 467.30) | |||||
High | 38.70 (7.10, 210.40) | |||||
Kropp et al., 2001 [24] | Breast cancer | ≥19 g/d | Education | Low | 3.70 (1.23, 11.15) | Parity, breastfeeding, education, menopausal status, family history of breast cancer |
Intermediate | 1.57 (1.03, 2.35) | |||||
High | 0.70 (0.39, 1.27) |