Background
Methods
Study population
Socioeconomic status and air pollution measurements
Mean socioeconomic index
Education
NO2levels
Statistical analysis
Results
n
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Median
|
Min
|
Max
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family housing residents
|
Urban <50%
| 70 | 1096 | 386 | 1059 | 536 | 2047 |
Urban ≥50%
| 68 | 1150 | 387 | 1129 | 504 | 2013 | |
All
| 138 | 1123 | 386 | 1096 | 504 | 2047 | |
% 16–64 years
|
Urban <50%
| 70 | 66.85 | 6.48 | 66.19 | 52.81 | 79.19 |
Urban ≥50%
| 68 | 68.16 | 5.30 | 68.89 | 51.53 | 77.70 | |
All
| 138 | 67.49 | 5.94 | 67.88 | 51.53 | 79.19 | |
% Unemployment
|
Urban <50%
| 70 | 6.34 | 1.38 | 6.43 | 1.87 | 9.17 |
Urban ≥50%
| 68 | 7.81 | 1.95 | 7.53 | 4.83 | 14.50 | |
All
| 138 | 7.06 | 1.83 | 6.90 | 1.87 | 14.50 | |
% Manual workers
|
Urban <50%
| 70 | 4.77 | 1.81 | 4.45 | 1.25 | 9.17 |
Urban ≥50%
| 68 | 4.56 | 1.96 | 4.52 | 0.69 | 11.55 | |
All
| 138 | 4.67 | 1.88 | 4.50 | 0.69 | 11.55 | |
% low education
|
Urban <50%
| 70 | 48.03 | 13.16 | 48.30 | 18.26 | 87.74 |
Urban ≥50%
| 68 | 42.54 | 10.12 | 40.30 | 23.86 | 63.28 | |
All
| 138 | 45.33 | 12.03 | 44.92 | 18.26 | 87.74 |
n | Mean | S. D. | Min | P25 | Median | P75 | Max | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO
2
|
Urban <50%
| 70 | 12.92 | 5.57 | 3.23 | 8.37 | 11.84 | 17.33 | 25.67 |
Urban ≥50%
| 68 | 23.26 | 4.22 | 10.38 | 22.10 | 24.18 | 25.70 | 30.49 | |
All
| 138 | 18.02 | 7.16 | 3.23 | 11.32 | 19.42 | 24.19 | 30.49 | |
SE index*
a
|
Urban <50%
| 70 | 1.42 | 0.18 | 1.17 | 1.27 | 1.41 | 1.52 | 2.05 |
Urban ≥50%
| 68 | 1.35 | 0.14 | 1.04 | 1.28 | 1.33 | 1.42 | 1.69 | |
All
| 138 | 1.38 | 0.16 | 1.04 | 1.27 | 1.34 | 1.48 | 2.05 | |
Education*
b
|
Urban <50%
| 70 | 3.38 | 0.32 | 2.72 | 3.10 | 3.39 | 3.58 | 4.10 |
Urban ≥50%
| 68 | 3.49 | 0.32 | 2.93 | 3.32 | 3.44 | 3.62 | 4.26 | |
All
| 138 | 3.43 | 0.32 | 2.72 | 3.21 | 3.40 | 3.61 | 4.26 |
Land | SE index* a
| NO2
| Education* b
| NO2
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean | S. D. | n | Mean | S. D. | |||
Urban <50%
|
1.04-1.24
| 11 | 18.71 | 4.31 |
2.72-3.03
| 11 | 17.14 | 6.11 |
1.25-1.34
| 16 | 13.29 | 3.55 |
3.04-3.24
| 13 | 13.40 | 4.62 | |
1.35-1.46
| 10 | 11.69 | 4.81 |
3.25-3.49
| 25 | 10.01 | 3.97 | |
1.47-1.65
| 24 | 12.43 | 5.65 |
3.50-3.82
| 12 | 13.30 | 6.04 | |
1.66-2.05
| 5 | 5.39 | 1.94 |
3.83-4.26
| 8 | 15.27 | 6.14 | |
Urban ≥50%
|
1.04-1.24
| 14 | 22.15 | 5.85 |
2.72-3.03
| 3 | 14.91 | 6.01 |
1.25-1.34
| 23 | 21.95 | 4.87 |
3.04-3.24
| 10 | 23.89 | 5.62 | |
1.35-1.46
| 14 | 23.99 | 1.60 |
3.25-3.49
| 26 | 23.06 | 3.68 | |
1.47-1.65
| 10 | 25.35 | 1.58 |
3.50-3.82
| 15 | 23.23 | 3.89 | |
1.66-2.05
| 2 | 24.29 | 0.81 |
3.83-4.26
| 10 | 25.41 | 1.51 | |
All
|
1.04-1.24
| 25 | 20.64 | 5.42 |
2.72-3.03
| 14 | 16.66 | 5.93 |
1.25-1.34
| 39 | 18.40 | 6.11 |
3.04-3.24
| 23 | 17.96 | 7.27 | |
1.35-1.46
| 24 | 18.87 | 6.99 |
3.25-3.49
| 51 | 16.66 | 7.60 | |
1.47-1.65
| 34 | 16.23 | 7.66 |
3.50-3.82
| 27 | 18.82 | 6.99 | |
1.66-2.05
| 7 | 10.79 | 9.36 |
3.83-4.26
| 18 | 20.90 | 6.60 |
Land |
ρ Wy + SEindexa
β+Educationb
γ
|
ρ Wy + SEindex β
|
ρ Wy + Education γ
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. | SE | p | Coeff. | SE | p | Coeff. | SE | p | ||
Urban <50%
|
Intercept
| 11.01 | 2.16 | <0.001 | 8.59 | 1.95 | <0.001 | 6.33 | 1.72 | <0.001 |
SEindex
1.25–1.34
| −2.44 | 1.51 | 0.105 | −3.22 | 1.43 | 0.024 | ||||
SEindex
1.35–1.46
| −4.89 | 1.99 | 0.014 | −3.67 | 1.65 | 0.026 | ||||
SEindex
1.47–1.65
| −4.74 | 1.72 | 0.006 | −3.84 | 1.39 | 0.006 | ||||
SEindex
1.66–2.05
| −9.15 | 2.25 | <0.001 | −7.50 | 2.20 | <0.001 | ||||
Education
3.04–3.24
| −1.25 | 1.52 | 0.410 | −1.50 | 1.50 | 0.318 | ||||
Education
3.25–3.49
| −2.55 | 1.54 | 0.098 | −3.99 | 1.35 | 0.003 | ||||
Education
3.50–3.82
| 1.35 | 1.82 | 0.456 | −1.28 | 1.51 | 0.395 | ||||
Education
3.83–4.26
| 2.58 | 1.95 | 0.186 | −0.73 | 1.69 | 0.665 | ||||
Rho = 0.50 (p-value <0.001) | Rho = 0.61 (p-value <0.001) | Rho = 0.69 (p-value <0.001) | ||||||||
Residual I p-value = 0.423 | Residual I p-value = 0.098 | Residual I p-value = 0.294 | ||||||||
AIC = 395.52 | Residual I p-value = 0.098 AIC = 402.50 | AIC = 403.83 | ||||||||
(AIC for linear model = 407.44) | (AIC for linear model = 422.24) | (AIC for linear model = 433.32) | ||||||||
Urban ≥50%
|
Intercept
| 2.89 | 2.05 | 0.160 | 4.10 | 1.76 | 0.020 | 3.23 | 2.08 | 0.121 |
SEindex
1.25–1.34
| 1.36 | 1.09 | 0.211 | 1.05 | 0.80 | 0.194 | ||||
SEindex
1.35–1.46
| 1.31 | 1.29 | 0.310 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 0.438 | ||||
SEindex
1.47–1.65
| 2.04 | 1.68 | 0.226 | 1.90 | 0.98 | 0.053 | ||||
SEindex
1.66–2.05
| 0.75 | 2.47 | 0.760 | 0.83 | 0.85 | 0.653 | ||||
Education
3.04–3.24
| 2.90 | 1.63 | 0.076 | 3.34 | 1.66 | 0.045 | ||||
Education
3.25–3.49
| 1.59 | 1.78 | 0.371 | 2.94 | 1.55 | 0.059 | ||||
Education
3.50–3.82
| 1.20 | 1.95 | 0.540 | 2.78 | 1.62 | 0.086 | ||||
Education
3.83–4.26
| 2.11 | 2.30 | 0.360 | 4.03 | 1.68 | 0.016 | ||||
Rho = 0.76 (p-value <0.001) | Rho = 0.79 (p-value <0.001) | Rho = 0.73 (p-value <0.001) | ||||||||
Residual I p-value = 0.180 | Residual I p-value = 0.705 | Residual I p-value = 0.111 | ||||||||
AIC = 346.76 | AIC = 342.83 | AIC = 340.99 | ||||||||
(AIC for linear model = 387.44) | (AIC for linear model = 393.5) | (AIC for linear model = 382.99) | ||||||||
All
|
Intercept
| 4.50 | 1.32 | <0.001 | 3.92 | 1.10 | <0.001 | 2.81 | 1.21 | 0.020 |
SEindex
1.25–1.34
| −1.76 | 0.97 | 0.070 | −1.23 | 0.85 | 0.152 | ||||
SEindex
1.35–1.46
| −2.70 | 1.23 | 0.029 | −1.04 | 0.97 | 0.282 | ||||
SEindex
1.47–1.65
| −3.64 | 1.18 | 0.002 | −1.56 | 0.89 | 0.080 | ||||
SEindex
1.66–2.05
| −5.49 | 1.66 | 0.001 | −3.39 | 1.50 | 0.024 | ||||
Education
3.04–3.24
| 0.06 | 1.17 | 0.960 | −0.29 | 1.17 | 0.803 | ||||
Education
3.25–3.49
| 0.61 | 1.18 | 0.608 | −0.82 | 1.04 | 0.429 | ||||
Education
3.50–3.82
| 2.30 | 1.36 | 0.090 | 0.14 | 1.13 | 0.899 | ||||
Education
3.83–4.26
| 3.59 | 1.48 | 0.015 | 0.49 | 1.22 | 0.687 | ||||
Rho = 0.83 (p-value <0.001) | Rho = 0.87 (p-value <0.001) | Rho = 0.88 (p-value <0.001) | ||||||||
Residual I p-value = 0.611 | Residual I p-value = 0.552 | Residual I p-value = 0.552 | ||||||||
AIC = 777.53 | AIC = 779.59 | AIC = 782.96 | ||||||||
(AIC for linear model = 906.94) | (AIC for linear model = 929.91) | (AIC for linear model = 940.67) |