Background
Methods
Study participants
Study assessments
Self-reported hearing and vision problems
Cognitive decline
Depressive symptoms
Life satisfaction
Covariates
Data analysis
Results
Participant demographics
Variables | N | Frequency | t value for difference between groups with and without hearing problems | t value for difference between groups with and without vision problems |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 1.12 | 3.28** | ||
Male | 2,947 | 52.1% | ||
Female | 2,712 | 47.9% | ||
Education level | ||||
1. No formal education (illiterate) (reference category) | 1344 | 23.8% | ||
2. ≤ Primary School | 2563 | 45.3% | -0.15 | 0.07 |
3. ≤Junior middle school | 1057 | 18.7% | -2.74** | -3.75*** |
4. ≥Senior middle school | 694 | 12.3% | -1.29 | -3.00** |
Marital status | 1.26 | 2.46* | ||
1. Married | 4795 | 84.7% | ||
2. Single | 863 | 15.3% | ||
Region | 3.07** | 0.63 | ||
Urban | 1743 | 30.8 | ||
Rural | 3915 | 69.2 | ||
Hypertension | -1.03 | -2.45* | ||
Yes | 673 | 11.9% | ||
No | 4985 | 88.1% | ||
Dyslipidemia | -3.09** | -2.44* | ||
Yes | 592 | 10.5% | ||
No | 5066 | 89.5% | ||
Diabetes | -2.33* | -2.40* | ||
Yes | 337 | 6.0% | ||
No | 5321 | 94.0% | ||
Stroke | 0.95 | -1.42 | ||
Yes | 339 | 6.0% | ||
No | 5319 | 94% | ||
Smoking Status | 0.96 | -2.24* | ||
Smoker | 1590 | 28.1% | ||
Non-smoker | 4068 | 71.9% | ||
Drinking Status | 1971 | 34.8% | 0.66 | 2.66** |
Drinkers | 3687 | 65.2% | ||
Non-drinkers |
Direct effects
Indirect effects
Unstandardized B (SE) | Standardized β | |
---|---|---|
P1: Hearing problems → Cognitive decline | -4.017*** | -0.078*** |
P2: Hearing problems → Depressive symptoms | -0.955*** | -0.046*** |
P3: Vision problems → Cognitive decline | -5.119*** | -0.077*** |
P4: Vision problems → Depressive symptoms | -2.107*** | -0.078*** |
P5: Depressive symptoms → Cognitive decline | 0.370*** | 0.150*** |
P6: Cognitive decline → Life satisfaction | 0.003*** | 0.053*** |
P7: Depressive symptoms → Life satisfaction | 0.030*** | 0.215*** |
P8: Hearing problems → Life satisfaction | -0.044 | -0.015 |
P9: Vision problems → Life satisfaction | -0.062 | -0.016 |
Unstandardized B (SE) | 95% confidence interval | |
---|---|---|
Vision problems→ Depressive symptoms → Cognitive decline P4*P5 | -0.780*** | -1.151 - -0.457 |
Vision problems→ Cognitive decline → Life satisfaction P3*P6 | -0.016*** | -0.027 - -0.007 |
Vision problems→ Depressive symptoms → Life satisfaction P4*P7 | -0.064*** | -0.091 - -0.039 |
Vision problems→ Depressive symptoms → Cognitive decline → life satisfaction P4*P5*P6 | -0.002*** | -0.004 - -0.001 |
Hearing problems → Depressive symptoms → Cognitive decline P2*P5 | -0.353*** | -0.617 - -0.150 |
Hearing problems → Cognitive decline → life satisfaction P1*P6 | -0.012*** | -0.022 - -0.006 |
Hearing problems → Depressive symptoms → life satisfaction P2*P7 | -0.029*** | -0.048 - -0.012 |
Hearing problems → Depressive symptoms → Cognitive decline → life satisfaction P2*P5*P6 | -0.001*** | -0.002–0.000 |