Background
Methods
Participants
Survey instrument
Patient safety culture
Workplace environment
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient safety culture
Dimension | Positive response rate | Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|
A. Patient safety policy across hospital units (Cronbach’s α = 0.77) | 65.1% | 3.69 ± 0.54 |
1–1 Things “fall between the cracks” when transferring patients from one unit to another+ | 70.3% | 3.78 ± 0.79 |
1–2 Important patient care information is often lost during shift changes+ | 77.7% | 3.90 ± 0.78 |
1–3 Problems often occur in exchange of information across hospital units+ | 55.4 | 3.56 ± 0.87 |
1–4 Hospital units do not coordinate well with each other+ | 70.0% | 3.79 ± 0.79 |
1–5 There is good cooperation among hospital units that need to work together | 56.2% | 3.52 ± 0.94 |
1–6 It is often unpleasant to work with staff from other hospital units+ | 68.4% | 3.77 ± 0.90 |
1–7 Hospital units work well together to provide the best care for patients | 65.8% | 3.73 ± 0.88 |
1–8 Hospital management seems interested in patient safety only after an adverse event happens+ | 56.8% | 3.51 ± 1.01 |
B. Feedback and openness of communication for patient safety (Cronbach’s α = 0.81) | 55.7% | 3.55 ± 0.61 |
2–1 We are given feedback about changes put into place based on event reports | 49.3% | 3.47 ± 0.84 |
2–2 We are informed about errors that happen in this unit | 35.3% | 3.18 ± 0.84 |
2–3 In this unit, we discuss ways to prevent errors from happening again | 45.9% | 3.35 ± 0.85 |
2–4 Staff will freely speak up if they see something that may negatively affect patient care | 75.9% | 3.87 ± 0.73 |
2–5 Staff feel free to question the decisions or actions of those with more authority | 72.1% | 3.88 ± 0.80 |
C. Supervisor /manager democratic expectation/actions (Cronbach’s α = 0.62) | 59.6% | 3.58 ± 0.63 |
3–1 My supervisor/manager says a good word when he/she sees a job done according to established patient safety procedures | 40.8% | 3.22 ± 0.89 |
3–2 My supervisor/manager seriously considers staff suggestions for improving patient safety | 63.7% | 3.60 ± 0.79 |
3–3 My supervisor/manager overlooks patient safety problems that happen over and over+ | 74.3% | 3.91 ± 0.84 |
D. Frequency of events reported (Cronbach’s α = 0.88) | 21.6% | 2.68 ± 0.94 |
4–1 When a mistake is made, but is caught and corrected before affecting the patient, how often is this reported? | 29.4% | 2.92 ± 1.04 |
4–2 When a mistake is made, but has no potential to harm the patient, how often is this reported? | 18.6% | 2.56 ± 1.06 |
4–3 When a mistake is made that could harm the patient, but does not, how often is this reported? | 16.7% | 2.55 ± 1.03 |
E. Teamwork within units for patient safety (Cronbach’s α = 0.75) | 64% | 3.65 ± 0.61 |
5–1 People support one another in this unit | 73.5% | 3.83 ± 0.67 |
5–2 When a lot of work needs to be done quickly, we work together as a team to gets the work done | 77.2% | 3.90 ± 0.73 |
5–3 In this unit, people treat each other with respect | 72.1% | 3.84 ± 0.79 |
5–4 We have enough staff to handle the workload | 33.2% | 3.04 ± 0.98 |
F. System and procedure for patient safety (Cronbach’s α = 0.69) | 43.6% | 3.28 ± 0.59 |
6–1 We are actively doing things to improve patient safety | 58.1% | 3.58 ± 0.82 |
6–2 After we make changes to improve patient safety, we evaluate their effectiveness | 41.6% | 3.22 ± 0.99 |
6–3 When an event is reported, it feels like the person in being written up, not the problem+ | 39.5% | 3.18 ± 0.94 |
6–4 We work in “crisis mode” trying to do too much, too quickly+ | 33.2% | 3.04 ± 0.97 |
6–5 Our procedures and systems are good at preventing errors from happening | 44.6% | 3.34 ± 0.81 |
6–6 Staff in this unit work longer hours than is best for patient care+ | 44.8% | 3.30 ± 1.13 |
G. Strict manager response to error (Cronbach’s α = 0.64) | 54.3% | 3.50 ± 0.70 |
7–1 Staff are afraid to ask question the when something does not seem right+ | 49.9% | 3.40 ± 0.99 |
7–2 Hospital management provides a work climate that promotes patient safety | 55.2% | 3.51 ± 0.84 |
7–3 The actions of hospital management show that patient safety is a top priority | 57.8% | 3.59 ± 0.92 |
H. Concern for error (Cronbach’s α = 0.85) | 39.4% | 3.20 ± 1.03 |
8–1 Staff feel like their mistakes are held against them+ | 44.0% | 3.31 ± 1.10 |
8–2 Staff worry that mistakes they make are kept in their personnel file+ | 34.7% | 3.10 ± 1.11 |
The relationship of workplace environment to patient safety culture
Work Environment | Category | N | Overall | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||||
Working experience‡ | 1–2 yeara | 152 | 3.39 ± 0.03 | 3.77 ± 0.05 | 3.50 ± 0.05 | 3.59 ± 0.05 | 2.66 ± 0.07 | 3.63 ± 0.05 | 3.32 ± 0.05 | 3.52 ± 0.06 | 3.16 ± 0.08 |
3–8 yearb | 156 | 3.39 ± 0.03 | 3.63 ± 0.04 | 3.60 ± 0.05 | 3.63 ± 0.05 | 2.69 ± 0.08 | 3.67 ± 0.04 | 3.23 ± 0.05 | 3.50 ± 0.05 | 3.18 ± 0.08 | |
≥9 yearc | 69 | 3.39 ± 0.05 | 3.67 ± 0.06 | 3.55 ± 0.07 | 3.44 ± 0.07 | 2.68 ± 0.11 | 3.68 ± 0.07 | 3.29 ± 0.06 | 3.46 ± 0.09 | 3.37 ± 0.13 | |
p-value | 0.99 | 0.08 | 0.41 | 0.13 | 0.96 | 0.834 | 0.45 | 0.81 | 0.35 | ||
Scheffe | |||||||||||
Working hours per week† | ≤ 40 h | 142 | 3.45 ± 0.39 | 3.78 ± 0.52 | 3.58 ± 0.65 | 3.62 ± 0.61 | 2.82 ± 0.90 | 3.69 ± 0.59 | 3.16 ± 0.66 | 3.57 ± 0.72 | 3.37 ± 1.03 |
> 40 h | 235 | 3.36 ± 0.40 | 3.64 ± 0.55 | 3.53 ± 0.59 | 3.56 ± 0.65 | 2.59 ± 0.95 | 3.63 ± 0.62 | 3.35 ± 0.54 | 3.46 ± 0.68 | 3.11 ± 1.01 | |
p-value | 0.03* | 0.01* | 0.43 | 0.32 | 0.02* | 0.34 | < 0.001* | 0.14 | 0.02* | ||
Dental institution type† | Clinic-level | 212 | 3.43 ± 0.02 | 3.68 ± 0.04 | 3.58 ± 0.04 | 3.61 ± 0.04 | 2.81 ± 0.06 | 3.70 ± 0.04 | 3.23 ± 0.04 | 3.42 ± 0.05 | 3.42 ± 0.07 |
Hospital-level | 165 | 3.34 ± 0.04 | 3.71 ± 0.04 | 3.52 ± 0.04 | 3.54 ± 0.05 | 2.51 ± 0.07 | 3.60 ± 0.05 | 3.34 ± 0.05 | 3.61 ± 0.05 | 2.93 ± 0.07 | |
p-value | 0.033* | 0.56 | 0.35 | 0.256 | < 0.001* | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.01* | 0.001* | ||
Number of unit chair‡ | ≤ 7a | 108 | 3.48 ± 0.04 | 3.78 ± 0.05 | 3.69 ± 0.06 | 3.74 ± 0.06 | 2.83 ± 0.09 | 3.78 ± 0.05 | 3.11 ± 0.06 | 3.49 ± 0.06 | 3.40 ± 0.10 |
8-13b | 90 | 3.31 ± 0.04 | 3.58 ± 0.05 | 3.38 ± 0.07 | 3.44 ± 0.07 | 2.53 ± 0.09 | 3.56 ± 0.06 | 3.19 ± 0.07 | 3.45 ± 0.07 | 3.38 ± 0.11 | |
14-25c | 89 | 3.32 ± 0.04 | 3.59 ± 0.05 | 3.50 ± 0.06 | 3.51 ± 0.07 | 2.79 ± 0.10 | 3.49 ± 0.07 | 3.32 ± 0.04 | 3.32 ± 0.08 | 3.08 ± 0.09 | |
≥ 26d | 90 | 3.44 ± 0.05 | 3.80 ± 0.06 | 3.60 ± 0.06 | 3.59 ± 0.06 | 2.53 ± 0.11 | 3.76 ± 0.07 | 3.53 ± 0.06 | 3.76 ± 0.07 | 2.93 ± 0.11 | |
p-value | 0.01* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | 0.01* | 0.03* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | ||
Scheffe | a > b | a > b | a > b | a > c | a,b < d | b,c < d | d < a,b | ||||
Number of patients per day per dental hygienist† | ≤8 Patients | 126 | 3.48 ± 0.04 | 3.85 ± 0.05 | 3.71 ± 0.05 | 3.70 ± 0.06 | 2.58 ± 0.09 | 3.84 ± 0.05 | 3.32 ± 0.05 | 3.65 ± 0.06 | 3.17 ± 0.10 |
> 8 Patients | 250 | 3.35 ± 0.02 | 3.61 ± 0.03 | 3.47 ± 0.04 | 3.51 ± 0.04 | 2.73 ± 0.06 | 3.56 ± 0.04 | 3.26 ± 0.04 | 3.43 ± 0.04 | 3.22 ± 0.06 | |
p-value | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | 0.14 | < 0.001* | 0.37 | 0.01* | 0.64 | ||
Certification evaluation of dental institution† | Certification | 108 | 3.39 ± 0.04 | 3.77 ± 0.05 | 3.52 ± 0.06 | 3.61 ± 0.06 | 2.55 ± 0.10 | 3.66 ± 0.06 | 3.52 ± 0.06 | 3.67 ± 0.07 | 2.86 ± 0.09 |
Non certification | 269 | 3.39 ± 0.02 | 3.67 ± 0.03 | 3.56 ± 0.04 | 3.57 ± 0.04 | 2.73 ± 0.05 | 3.65 ± 0.04 | 3.18 ± 0.03 | 3.44 ± 0.04 | 3.35 ± 0.06 | |
p-value | 0.97 | 0.10 | 0.68 | 0.553 | 0.09 | 0.98 | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | 0.001* |