Background
Methods
Participants and procedures
Measures
Measures | Description | Source and adaptations | Test-retest reliabilitya
| Cronbach’s α |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary behaviour | ||||
Individual correlates
| ||||
Decisional balance for eating fruits and vegetables | 5 items about ‘Pros’ and 4 items about ‘Cons’ rated on 4-point Likert scale | Adapted for TEAN study from Hagler et al. [40] | Pros: 0.87 [40] Cons: 0.74 [40] | Pros: 0.78 [40] Cons: 0.72 [40] |
Decisional balance for eating high-fat foods | 4 items about ‘Pros’ and 3 items about ‘Cons’ rated on 4-point Likert scale | Adapted for TEAN study from Hagler et al. [40] | Pros: 0.85 [40] Cons: 0.71 [40] | Pros: 0.64 [40] Cons: 0.79 [40] |
Decisional balance for drinking sugar-sweetened beverages | 3 items about ‘Pros’ rated on 4-point Likert scale | TEAN study | Unknown | Unknown |
Self-efficacy for eating fruits and vegetables | 5 items rated on a 5-point scale ranging from ‘I’m sure I can’t’ to ‘I’m sure I can’ | Adapted for TEAN study from Hagler et al. [40] | 0.87 [40] | 0.77 [40] |
Self-efficacy for eating low-fat foods | 8 items rated on a 5-point scale ranging from ‘I’m sure I can’t’ to ‘I’m sure I can’ | Included in TEAN study from Hagler et al. [40] | 0.93 [40] | 0.90 [40] |
Self-efficacy for reducing sugar-sweetened beverage intake | 2 items rated on a 5-point scale ranging from ‘I’m sure I can’t’ to ‘I’m sure I can’ | TEAN study | Unknown | Unknown |
Enjoyment of fruits and vegetables | Single item rated on 5-point Likert scale | TEAN study | Unknown | n/a |
Enjoyment of high-fat foods | Single item rated on 5-point Likert scale | TEAN study | Unknown | n/a |
Enjoyment of sugar-sweetened beverages | Single item rated on 5-point Likert scale | TEAN study | Unknown | n/a |
Social correlates
| ||||
Social support for eating fruits and vegetables | 3 items about ‘support from adults’ and 3 items about ‘support from peers’ rated on a 4-point Likert scale | Adapted for TEAN study from Hagler et al. [40] | Adults: 0.79 [40] Peers: 0.75 [40] | Adults: 0.74 [40] Peers: 0.74 [40] |
Social support for eating high-fat foods | 3 items about ‘support from adults’ and 3 items about ‘support from peers’ rated on a 4-point Likert scale | Adapted for TEAN study from Hagler et al. [40] | Adults: 0.93 [40] Peers: 0.77 [40] | Adults: 0.77 [40] Peers: 0.80 [40] |
Social support for drinking sugar-sweetened beverages | 3 items about ‘support from adults’ and 3 items about ‘support from peers’ rated on a 4-point Likert scale | TEAN study | Unknown | Unknown |
Environmental correlates
| ||||
School food environment | 4 dichotomous items (‘Yes’, ‘No’), one assessing healthy and 3 unhealthy school practices/policies | Active Where study [38] | Kappa range: 0.57–0.77 [38] | n/a |
Physical activity behaviour | ||||
Individual correlates
| ||||
Perceived barriers to active transport (cycling or walking) to/from school | 19 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale | 17 items from the Active Where study [38] and 2 items added by expert panel: ‘being tired’ and ‘having a tight schedule (no time)’ | Original 17 items: 0.38–0.77 [38] | 11-item version: 0.80 [41] |
Perceived barriers to active transport to/from closest park | 17 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale | Active Where study [38] | 0.32–0.78 [38] | Unknown |
Perceived barriers to active transport in the neighbourhood | 9 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale | Active Where study [38] | 0.35–0.63 [38] | Unknown |
Decisional balance for engagement in physical activity | 5 items about ‘Pros’ and 5 items about ‘Cons’ rated on 4-point Likert scale | Adapted for TEAN study from Norman et al. [42] | Pros: 0.74 [42] Cons: 0.86 [42] | Pros: 0.81 [42] Cons: 0.53 [42] |
Self-efficacy for physical activity | 6 items rated on a 5-point scale ranging from ‘I’m sure I can’t’ to ‘I’m sure I can’ | Included in TEAN study from Norman et al. [42] | 0.71 [42] | 0.76 [42] |
Enjoyment of physical activity | Single item rated on 5-point Likert scale | Included in TEAN study from Norman et al. [42] | 0.43 [42] | n/a |
Social correlates
| ||||
Social support for physical activity | 3 items about ‘support from adults’ and 2 items about ‘support from peers’ rated on a 5-point frequency scale | Adapted for TEAN study from Norman et al. [42] | Adults: 0.78 [42] Peers: 0.68 [42] | Adults: 0.81 [42] Peers: 0.53 [42] |
Parental rules about physical activity | 14 dichotomous items (‘Yes’, ‘No’) | Active Where study [38] | % agreement: 50% - 78% [38] | n/a |
Environmental correlates
| ||||
School physical activity equipment | 6 dichotomous items (‘Yes’, ‘No’) | Active Where study [38] | % agreement: 77% - 86% [38] | n/a |
Physical activity equipment at home | 10 dichotomous items (‘Yes’, ‘No’) and 4-point frequency scales | Active Where study [38] | % agreement: 55%–67% Frequency scales: 0.49–0.75 [38] | n/a |
Perceived neighbourhood traffic safety | 6 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale | Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale – Youth [43] | Items: 0.41–0.57 [38] Scale: 0.67 [43] | 0.81 [43] |
Perceived neighbourhood crime safety | 8 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale | Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale – Youth [43] | Items: 0.34–0.74 [38] Scale: 0.73 [43] | 0.87 [43] |
Physical activity friendly school policy | 2 items rated on a 5-point frequency scale | Active Where study [38] | 0.27–0.57 [38] | n/a |
Sedentary behaviour | ||||
Individual correlates
| ||||
Decisional balance for engagement in sedentary behaviour | 6 items about ‘Pros’ and 6 items about ‘Cons’ rated on 4-point Likert scale | Adapted for TEAN study from Norman et al. [42] | Pros: 0.30 [42] Cons: 0.59 [42] | Pros: 0.61 [42] Cons: 0.58 [42] |
Self-efficacy for reducing sedentary behaviour | 7 items rated on a 5-point scale ranging from ‘I’m sure I can’t’ to ‘I’m sure I can’ | Included in TEAN study from Norman et al. [42] | 0.80 [42] | 0.90 [42] |
Enjoyment of sedentary behaviour | Single item rated on 5-point Likert scale | Included in TEAN study from Norman et al. [42] | 0.29 [42] | n/a |
Social correlates
| ||||
Social support for sedentary behaviour | Single item about ‘support from adults’ and 2 items about ‘support from peers’ rated on a 5-point frequency scale | Adapted for TEAN study from Norman et al. [42] | Adults: 0.93 [42] Peers: 0.77 [42] | Adults: n/a Peers: 0.58 [42] |
Parental rules about sedentary behaviour | 3 dichotomous items (‘Yes’, ‘No’) | Adapted for TEAN study from Salmon et al. [44] | % agreement: 71% - 90% [44] | n/a |
Environmental correlates
| ||||
Screen media in bedroom | 6 dichotomous items (‘Yes’, ‘No’) | Adapted from continuous items in Active Where study [38] | 0.36–0.79 [38] | n/a |
Personal electronics | 4 dichotomous items (‘Yes’, ‘No’) | Adapted from continuous items in Active Where study [38] | 0.38–0.76 [38] | n/a |
Data analyses
Results
Overall sample (N = 119) | Boys (n = 59) | Girls (n = 60) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measure [theoretical range: number of items] | Meana (SD) | ICC (95% CI) | Cronbach αa
| Meana (SD) | ICC (95% CI) | Cronbach αa
| Meana (SD) | ICC (95% CI) | Cronbach αa
|
Dietary behaviour | |||||||||
Individual correlates | |||||||||
Pros for eating fruits and vegetables [1–4 : 5] | 3.0 (0.6) | 0.86 (0.74, 0.92) | 0.75 | 2.9 (0.6) | 0.82 (0.68, 0.90) | 0.78 | 3.1 (0.5) | 0.87 (0.72, 0.94) | 0.70 |
Cons for eating fruits and vegetables [1–4 : 4] | 1.7 (0.5) | 0.72 (0.62, 0.83) | 0.64 | 1.7 (0.6) | 0.71 (0.57, 0.86) | 0.67 | 1.7 (0.5) | 0.72 (0.58, 0.87) | 0.61 |
Pros for eating high-fat foods [1–4 : 4] | 2.1 (0.6) | 0.69 (0.59, 0.79) | 0.69 | 2.1 (0.7) | 0.67 (0.53, 0.81) | 0.67 | 2.0 (0.6) | 0.71 (0.56, 0.87) | 0.72 |
Cons for eating high-fat foods [1–4 : 3] | 2.5 (0.6) | 0.76 (0.67, 0.85) | 0.59 | 2.4 (0.7) | 0.78 (0.65, 0.93) | 0.59 | 2.6 (0.6) | 0.75 (0.62, 0.89) | 0.58 |
Pros for drinking sugar-sweetened beverages [1–4 : 3] | 2.4 (0.4) | 0.68 (0.57, 0.79) | 0.56 | 2.5 (0.4) | 0.64 (0.52, 0.76) | 0.60 | 2.4 (0.4) | 0.70 (0.55, 0.88) | 0.52 |
Self-efficacy for eating fruits and vegetables [1–5 : 5] | 3.2 (0.9) | 0.92 (0.90, 0.94) | 0.83 | 3.0 (0.9) | 0.88 (0.81, 0.93) | 0.83 | 3.4 (0.8) | 0.93 (0.75, 0.98) | 0.82 |
Self-efficacy for eating low-fat foods [1–5 : 8] | 3.0 (0.9) | 0.81 (0.77, 0.86) | 0.91 | 2.9 (0.9) | 0.80 (0.66, 0.88) | 0.91 | 3.1 (0.8) | 0.82 (0.74, 0.88) | 0.91 |
Self-efficacy for reducing sugar-sweetened beverage intake [1–5 : 2] | 3.6 (1.0) | 0.77 (0.68, 0.86) | 0.69 | 3.5 (1.1) | 0.72 (0.58, 0.87) | 0.68 | 3.7 (1.0) | 0.82 (0.76, 0.87) | 0.70 |
Enjoyment of fruits and vegetables [1–5 : 1] | 3.9 (0.9) | 0.90 (0.84, 0.95) | n/a | 3.8 (0.9) | 0.88 (0.80, 0.94) | n/a | 4.0 (0.8) | 0.91 (0.83, 0.97) | n/a |
Enjoyment of high-fat foods [1–5 : 1] | 3.1 (1.0) | 0.34 (0.16, 0.49) | n/a | 3.3 (1.1) | 0.30 (0.11, 0.54) | n/a | 2.9 (1.2) | 0.38 (0.12, 0.59) | n/a |
Enjoyment of sugar-sweetened beverages [1–5 : 1] | 3.0 (1.0) | 0.40 (0.21, 0.54) | n/a | 3.2 (1.0) | 0.41 (0.23, 0.59) | n/a | 2.9 (1.0) | 0.39 (0.10, 0.58) | n/a |
Social correlates | |||||||||
Social support for eating fruits and vegetables from adults [1–4 : 3] | 3.2 (1.0) | 0.51 (0.34, 0.64) | 0.53 | 3.0 (0.9) | 0.54 (0.39, 0.68) | 0.49 | 3.3 (1.0) | 0.49 (0.34, 0.66) | 0.57 |
Social support for eating fruits and vegetables from peers [1–4 : 3] | 1.6 (1.0) | 0.44 (0.35, 0.51) | 0.65 | 1.5 (1.0) | 0.41 (0.24, 0.58) | 0.64 | 1.7 (0.9) | 0.46 (0.30, 0.63) | 0.66 |
Social support for eating less high-fat foods from adults [1–4 : 3] | 2.4 (1.2) | 0.65 (0.56, 0.73) | 0.54 | 2.1 (1.0) | 0.64 (0.51, 0.77) | 0.57 | 2.7 (1.2) | 0.66 (0.54, 0.79) | 0.53 |
Social support for eating less high-fat foods from peers [1–4 : 3] | 1.3 (0.7) | 0.56 (0.45, 0.65) | 0.55 | 1.2 (0.4) | 0.56 (0.41, 0.70) | 0.60 | 1.4 (0.8) | 0.56 (0.40, 0.70) | 0.52 |
Social support for drinking sugar-sweetened beverages from adults [1–4 : 3] | 2.0 (0.6) | 0.64 (0.51, 0.74) | 0.64 | 2.0 (0.6) | 0.62 (0.50, 0.74) | 0.63 | 1.9 (0.5) | 0.65 (0.52, 0.78) | 0.66 |
Social support for drinking sugar-sweetened beverages from peers [1–4 : 3] | 2.3 (0.5) | 0.67 (0.56, 0.77) | 0.68 | 2.3 (0.5) | 0.62 (0.51, 0.73) | 0.65 | 2.2 (0.5) | 0.70 (0.54, 0.89) | 0.70 |
Environmental correlates | |||||||||
School food environment (unhealthy) [0–4 : 4] | 2.9 (0.9) | 0.56 (0.45, 0.65) | n/a | 2.9 (0.9) | 0.52 (0.37, 0.66) | n/a | 2.9 (0.9) | 0.60 (0.47, 0.73) | n/a |
Physical activity (PA) | |||||||||
Individual correlates | |||||||||
Perceived barriers to active transport to/from school [1–4 : 19] | 2.2 (0.6) | 0.76 (0.66, 0.85) | 0.91 | 2.2 (0.7) | 0.75 (0.62, 0.88) | 0.91 | 2.3 (0.6) | 0.77 (0.63, 0.88) | 0.90 |
Perceived barriers to active transport to/from closest park [1–4: 17] | 1.9 (0.7) | 0.61 (0.48, 0.73) | 0.92 | 1.9 (0.7) | 0.65 (0.50, 0.76) | 0.93 | 1.9 (0.7) | 0.57 (0.40, 0.71) | 0.91 |
Perceived barriers to PA in the neighbourhood [1–4 : 9] | 1.7 (0.6) | 0.67 (0.56, 0.76) | 0.83 | 1.7 (0.7) | 0.60 (0.43, 0.75) | 0.85 | 1.7 (0.6) | 0.73 (0.60, 0.87) | 0.82 |
Pros for engagement in PA [1–4 : 5] | 3.2 (0.6) | 0.80 (0.71, 0.90) | 0.78 | 3.3 (0.6) | 0.78 (0.64, 0.87) | 0.78 | 3.2 (0.6) | 0.81 (0.74, 0.86) | 0.77 |
Cons for engagement in PA [1–4 : 5] | 1.9 (0.5) | 0.68 (0.57, 0.76) | 0.61 | 1.8 (0.5) | 0.65 (0.53, 0.74) | 0.62 | 1.9 (0.5) | 0.69 (0.46, 0.83) | 0.61 |
Self-efficacy for PA [1–5 : 6] | 2.7 (1.0) | 0.73 (0.63, 0.85) | 0.88 | 2.9 (1.0) | 0.72 (0.58, 0.90) | 0.87 | 2.6 (0.9) | 0.73 (0.62, 0.86) | 0.87 |
Enjoyment of PA [1–5 : 1] | 3.7 (1.0) | 0.65 (0.53, 0.75) | n/a | 4.0 (1.0) | 0.63 (0.47, 0.73) | n/a | 3.6 (1.0) | 0.66 (0.51, 0.75) | n/a |
Social correlates | |||||||||
Social support for PA from adults [0–4 : 3] | 1.5 (0.9) | 0.79 (0.68, 0.88) | 0.68 | 1.4 (1.0) | 0.73 (0.59, 0.89) | 0.66 | 1.5 (0.9) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.88) | 0.71 |
Social support for PA from peers [0–4 : 2] | 1.1 (1.0) | 0.74 (0.62, 0.82) | 0.69 | 1.1 (1.1) | 0.69 (0.57, 0.77) | 0.72 | 1.2 (1.0) | 0.78 (0.62, 0.89) | 0.68 |
Parental rules about PA [0–14 : 14] | 7.0 (3.5) | 0.75 (0.66, 0.86) | n/a | 6.4 (3.6) | 0.73 (0.49, 0.87) | n/a | 7.5 (3.3) | 0.76 (0.68, 0.84) | n/a |
Environmental correlates | |||||||||
School physical activity equipment [0–6 : 6] | 4.6 (1.1) | 0.74 (0.60, 0.89) | n/a | 4.6 (1.1) | 0.75 (0.59, 0.90) | n/a | 4.5 (1.1) | 0.73 (0.58, 0.87) | n/a |
Physical activity equipment at home [0–10 : 10] | 5.0 (2.4) | 0.98 (0.95, 0.99) | n/a | 5.1 (2.5) | 0.89 (0.82, 0.93) | n/a | 4.9 (2.4) | 0.99* (0.98, 1.00) | n/a |
Perceived neighbourhood traffic safety [1–4 : 6] | 3.0 (0.4) | 0.81 (0.71, 0.86) | 0.59 | 3.1 (0.4) | 0.80 (0.66, 0.88) | 0.65 | 3.0 (0.4) | 0.81 (0.68, 0.89) | 0.53 |
Perceived neighbourhood crime safety [1–4 : 8] | 3.2 (0.5) | 0.75 (0.68, 0.83) | 0.82 | 3.4 (0.6) | 0.78 (0.65, 0.83) | 0.81 | 3.1 (0.5) | 0.73 (0.61, 0.86) | 0.82 |
Physical activity friendly school policy [0–4 : 2] | 2.5 (0.8) | 0.70 (0.60, 0.78) | n/a | 2.5 (0.9) | 0.65 (0.53, 0.78) | n/a | 2.6 (0.8) | 0.78 (0.62, 0.89) | n/a |
Sedentary behaviour (SB) | |||||||||
Individual correlates | |||||||||
Pros for engagement in SB [1–4 : 6] | 2.6 (0.5) | 0.71 (0.61, 0.82) | 0.57 | 2.7 (0.5) | 0.73 (0.60, 0.88) | 0.59 | 2.6 (0.5) | 0.70 (0.47, 0.84) | 0.56 |
Cons for engagement in SB [1–4 : 6] | 2.5 (0.5) | 0.66 (0.55, 0.76) | 0.53 | 2.4 (0.5) | 0.61 (0.49, 0.73) | 0.52 | 2.6 (0.4) | 0.69 (0.45, 0.85) | 0.51 |
Self-efficacy for reducing SB [1–5 : 7] | 3.1 (0.8) | 0.59 (0.48. 0.68) | 0.76 | 3.0 (0.9) | 0.60 (0.43, 0.75) | 0.78 | 3.2 (0.7) | 0.58 (0.44, 0.72) | 0.74 |
Enjoyment of SB [1–5 : 1] | 3.9 (0.9) | 0.77 (0.67, 0.86) | n/a | 4.0 (0.9) | 0.75 (0.62, 0.89) | n/a | 3.9 (0.9) | 0.80 (0.67, 0.88) | n/a |
Social correlates | |||||||||
Social support for SB from adults [0–4 : 1] | 2.2 (1.2) | 0.68 (0.56, 0.80) | n/a | 2.1 (1.2) | 0.66 (0.53, 0.80) | n/a | 2.4 (1.2) | 0.69 (0.44, 0.86) | n/a |
Social support for SB from peers [0–4 : 2] | 1.9 (0.8) | 0.72 (0.62, 0.83) | 0.55 | 1.9 (0.8) | 0.68 (0.54, 0.82) | 0.56 | 1.8 (0.8) | 0.76 (0.62,0.87) | 0.58 |
Parental rules about SB [0–3 : 3] | 1.0 (1.1) | 0.80 (0.72, 0.89) | n/a | 1.0 (1.1) | 0.81 (0.67, 0.90) | n/a | 1.0 (1.0) | 0.80 (0.70, 0.87) | n/a |
Environmental correlates | |||||||||
Screen media in bedroom [0–6: 6] | 1.9 (1.5) | 0.96 (0.92, 0.99) | n/a | 2.0 (1.6) | 0.92 (0.85, 0.96) | n/a | 1.8 (1.4) | 0.99* (0.98, 1.00) | n/a |
Personal electronics [0–4 : 4] | 2.7 (0.9) | 0.78 (0.68, 0.87) | n/a | 2.7 (1.0) | 0.77 (0.64, 0.87) | n/a | 2.7 90.8) | 0.78 (0.66, 0.89) | n/a |