Background
Methods
Study sample
Instrument
Resilient coping (BRCS)
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
N (%) | BRCS M (S.D.) | Group differences
P value | Cohen’s d, effect-sizea
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender |
P < .05 |
d = 0.09 | ||
Male | 1174 (46.8) |
14.9
b
(3.3)
| ||
Female | 1334 (53.2) | 14.6 (3.1) | ||
Age group, yr. |
P < .001 |
d = 0.03 | ||
14–24 | 257 (10.2) | 14.4 (3.3) | ||
25–34 | 360 (14.4) | 14.9 (3.2) | ||
35–44 | 382 (15.2) | 15.1 (3.3) | ||
45–54 | 445 (17.7) | 15.0 (3.0) | ||
55–64 | 454 (18.1) |
15.2 (2.9)
| ||
65–74 | 381 (15.2) | 14.4 (3.2) | ||
≥ 75 | 229 (9.1) | 13.4 (3.3) | ||
Cohabitation |
P < .001 |
d = 0.01 | ||
Yes | 1315 (52.4) |
15,0 (3.0)
| ||
No | 1193 (47.6) | 14.4 (3.3) | ||
Marital Status |
P < .001 |
d = 0.02 | ||
Married | 1112 (4.3) | 15.0 (3.0) | ||
Separated | 64 (2.6) |
15.7 (3.2)
| ||
Single | 705 (28.1) | 14.7 (3.3) | ||
Divorced | 351 (14.0) | 14.6 (3.3) | ||
Widowed | 276 (11.0) | 13.7 (3.2) | ||
Education |
P < .000 |
d = 0.04 | ||
None | 67 (2.7) | 12.7 (4.0) | ||
High School | 1810 (72,5) | 14.6 (3.2) | ||
College | 323 (12,9) | 15.4 (3.0) | ||
University | 220 (8.8) |
16.2 (2.6)
| ||
Currently Student | 78 (3,1) | 13.8 (3.5) | ||
Unemployment |
P < .05 |
d = 0.02 | ||
Yes | 142 (5.7) | 14,1 (3.5) | ||
No | 2366 (94.3) |
14.8 (3.2)
| ||
Net household income |
P < .001 |
d = 0.02 | ||
< 1250 €/month | 593 (23.6) | 14.1 (3.5) | ||
1250- < 2500 €/month | 1146 (45.7) | 14.7 (3.1) | ||
≥ 2500 €/month | 769 (30.7) |
15.3 (3.1)
|
Factor analyses
Item | Unrotated solution |
---|---|
Component 1 | |
I look for creative ways to alter difficult situations
| .816 |
Regardless of what happens to me, I believe I can control my
reaction to it
| .758 |
I believe that I can grow in positive ways by dealing with
difficult situations
| .853 |
I actively look for ways to replace the losses I encounter in life
| .718 |
Factors | MAP test | PA Eigenvalues | |
---|---|---|---|
Average squared partial correlations | Raw data | Random dataa
| |
0 | .2482 | ||
1 | .1165 | 2.4827 | 1.0964 |
2 | .3944 | .6766 | 1.0408 |
3 | 1 | .4580 | 1.0004 |
4 | .3827 | .9678 |
χ 2 (df) | CFI | SRMR | RMSEA (CI) | TLI | GFI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-factor model | 8.987 (2) | .995 | .015 | .053 (.022–.091) | .984 | .996 |
N | χ 2 (df) | Δ χ 2
| Δ p
| CMIN/DF | CFI | Δ CFI | RMSEA | Δ RMSEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||||||
Men | 1.171 | 28.508 (2) | 14.254 | .982 | .106 | ||||
Women | 1.330 | 16.831 (2) | 8.415 | .989 | .075 | ||||
Multigroup analysis | |||||||||
Configural model | 45.340 (4) | 11.335 | .986 | .064 | |||||
Metric model | 53.155 (8) | 7.815 | .099 | 6.644 | .984 | .002 | .048 | .016 | |
Scalar model | 82.542 (12) | 29.388 | <.001 | 6.879 | .975 | .009 | .049 | .001 | |
Age | |||||||||
14–29 years | 444 | 0.209 (2) | 0.104 | 1 | 0 | ||||
30–39 years | 330 | 2.908 (2) | 1.454 | .998 | .037 | ||||
40–49 years | 447 | 29.243 (2) | 14.621 | .950 | .175 | ||||
50–59 years | 466 | 10.147 (2) | 5.073 | .985 | .094 | ||||
60–69 years | 393 | 16.285 (2) | 8.142 | .957 | .135 | ||||
≥ 70 years | 421 | 8.740 (2) | 4.370 | .986 | .090 | ||||
Multigroup analysis for all age groups | |||||||||
Configural model | 67.528 (12) | 5.627 | .980 | .043 | |||||
Metric model | 96.920 (32) | 29.393 | .080 | 3.029 | .977 | .003 | .029 | .014 | |
Scalar model | 239.290 (52) | 142.370 | <.001 | 4.602 | .933 | .044 | .038 | .009 | |
Multigroup analysis for all age groups except 14–29 years and ≥70 years | |||||||||
Configural model | 58.577 (8) | 7.322 | .972 | .062 | |||||
Metric model | 73.271 (20) | 14.694 | .259 | 3.664 | .971 | .001 | .040 | .022 | |
Scalar model | 101.076 (32) | 27.805 | .006 | 3.159 | .962 | .009 | .036 | .004 |
Internal consistency
Normative data
Total | Men | Women | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14–92 y
N = 2508 | 14–24
n = 134 | 25–34
n = 152 | 35–44
n = 180 | 45–54
n = 213 | 55–64
n = 225 | 65–74
n = 177 | ≥75
n = 93 | 14–24
n = 123 | 25–34
n = 208 | 35–44
n = 202 | 45–54
n = 232 | 55–64
n = 229 | 65–74
n = 204 | ≥75
n = 136 | |
M | |||||||||||||||
S.D. | |||||||||||||||
Sum Score | Percentilea
| ||||||||||||||
4 | 0.2 | 1.1 | .7 | .6 | 0.7 | – | – | – | .8 | .5 | .5 | – | – | – | 1.1 |
5 | 0.6 | – | – | – | – | .7 | .6 | – | – | 1.2 | 1.0 | – | – | .5 | – |
6 | 0.9 | 2.7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.6 | – | 1.5 | .4 | – | – | 2.2 |
7 | 1.5 | – | 1.3 | 2.2 | 1.42 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 2.3 | – | 2.5 | – | 1.1 | – | 1.7 | 3.7 |
8 | 3.0 | 4.6 | 3.0 | 4.4 | 2.1 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 5.1 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 2.0 | .7 | 3.7 | 5.6 |
9 | 4.9 | 6.8 | 4.9 | 5.8 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 5.4 | 9.6 | 6.2 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 5.7 | 8.9 |
10 | 8.2 | 11.4 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 9.5 | 6.3 | 9.4 | 15.7 | 9.0 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 4.6 | 2.4 | 11.8 | 17.8 |
11 | 12.7 | 16.3 | 10.2 | 9.7 | 13.0 | 8.7 | 14.5 | 19.7 | 15.2 | 10.5 | 12.9 | 9.1 | 6.3 | 20.0 | 27.4 |
12 | 19.5 | 23.1 | 17.4 | 15.3 | 18.7 | 13.4 | 19.3 | 27.5 | 24.2 | 17.2 | 18.4 | 16.5 | 14.4 | 26.9 | 39.3 |
13 | 27.9 | 33.7 | 26.0 | 21.1 | 26.8 | 20.1 | 28.1 | 39.3 | 32.4 | 27.2 | 24.6 | 23.2 | 25.6 | 33.7 | 53.3 |
14 | 38.0 | 44.7 | 35.5 | 30.0 | 37.2 | 28.8 | 40.6 | 49.4 | 42.6 | 39.0 | 34.8 | 31.4 | 34.5 | 42.9 | 64.8 |
15 | 49.4 | 54.6 | 46.7 | 41.7 | 48.1 | 40.4 | 51.1 | 59.6 | 51.2 | 51.2 | 49.0 | 43.3 | 47.2 | 55.2 | 72.6 |
16 | 62.4 | 69.3 | 57.2 | 52.5 | 58.5 | 56.3 | 63.4 | 72.5 | 62.3 | 64.5 | 63.4 | 60.4 | 61.1 | 67.5 | 81.5 |
17 | 75.7 | 83.3 | 69.4 | 65.3 | 72.3 | 72.8 | 77.3 | 82.0 | 77.5 | 77.2 | 74.4 | 76.0 | 75.3 | 79.3 | 90.4 |
18 | 84.6 | 88.6 | 79.6 | 76.9 | 83.4 | 84.2 | 85.5 | 84.8 | 87.7 | 85.1 | 83.6 | 85.3 | 84.1 | 88.4 | 94.4 |
19 | 90.3 | 92.4 | 87.2 | 83.9 | 88.6 | 90.2 | 91.8 | 87.6 | 92.2 | 89.5 | 91.3 | 92.6 | 89.1 | 93.8 | 97.8 |
20 | 96.3 | 97.4 | 95.7 | 93.3 | 95.3 | 96.0 | 97.7 | 94.5 | 96.7 | 95.6 | 97.3 | 98.1 | 95.6 | 98.0 | 99.6 |