Background
Methods
Eligible studies
Review team
Search methods
Selection of studies for the review
Underlying model and definition of variables
Time intervals considered
Statistical analysis
Variable | n | (%) | Until 99 n = 7 | 2000–2 n = 20 | 2003–5 n = 29 |
p
§
| Projects numbers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area covered by data integration
†
| |||||||
Region or country |
35
|
(63)
| 2 (29) | 11 (55) | 22 (76) | P 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 29, 31, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 55 | |
Hospital |
16
|
(29)
| 4 (57) | 7 (35) | 5 (17) | .037 | P 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 18, 23, 24, 26, 32, 33, 37, 46, 53, 54, 56 |
Department |
5
|
(9)
| 1 (14) | 2 (10) | 2 (7) | P 7, 25, 28, 30, 49 | |
Missing
|
0
|
(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
| ||
Sources for patient data integration
‡
| |||||||
Hospitals |
33
|
(69)
| 4 (67) | 13 (68) | 16 (70) | * | P 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56 |
Hospital departments |
19
|
(40)
| 2 (33) | 10 (53) | 7 (30) | * | P 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 37, 39, 46, 49, 53, 54 |
Primary care |
16
|
(33)
| 0 (0) | 5 (26) | 11 (48) | .020 | P 8, 12, 15, 16, 17, 22, 27, 29, 31, 34, 35, 38, 40, 41, 44, 48 |
Health portal |
4
|
(8)
| 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (17) | .054 | P 13, 20, 34, 49 |
Private clinics |
1
|
(2)
| 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | * | P 13 |
Private labs |
1
|
(2)
| 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | * | P 13 |
Missing
|
8
|
(14)
|
1(14)
|
1(5)
|
6(21)
| ||
User groups
‡
| |||||||
Health professionals |
42
|
(100)
| 5 (100) | 18 (100) | 19 (100) | P 4, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56 | |
Medical users |
20
|
(48)
| 1 (20) | 8 (44) | 11 (58) | * | P 9, 10, 17, 18, 20, 25, 29, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 48, 49, 54, 55, 56 |
Nurses |
4
|
(10)
| 1 (20) | 2 (11) | 1 (5) | * | P 38, 42, 55, 56 |
Other health prof. |
5
|
(12)
| 0 (0) | 4 (22) | 1 (5) | * | P 10, 18, 31, 42, 44 |
Patients |
2
|
(5)
| 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (11) | * | P 13, 38 |
Clerical |
1
|
(2)
| 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | * | P 22 |
Missing
|
14
|
(25)
|
2(29)
|
2(10)
|
10(34)
| ||
Type of data integrated
‡
| |||||||
Diagnosis and Problems |
40
|
(77)
| 6 (86) | 13 (76) | 21 (75) | * | P 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55 |
Images |
35
|
(67)
| 4 (57) | 14 (82) | 17 (61) | * | P 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 39, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 54, 56 |
Lab results |
34
|
(65)
| 6 (86) | 11 (65) | 17 (61) | * | P 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 51, 54, 55, 56 |
Discharge |
33
|
(63)
| 2 (29) | 12 (71) | 19 (68) | * | P 1, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 34, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56 |
Procedures |
31
|
(60)
| 4 (57) | 9 (53) | 18 (64) | * | P 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 34, 36, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55 |
Prescription |
28
|
(54)
| 4 (57) | 8 (47) | 16 (57) | * | P 1, 2, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 32, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56 |
Admission |
25
|
(48)
| 3 (43) | 7 (41) | 15 (54) | * | P 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 37, 39, 41, 42, 45, 47, 50, 52, 53, 54 |
Transfers |
16
|
(31)
| 2 (29) | 6 (35) | 8 (29) | * | P 1, 10, 11, 12, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 29, 37, 42, 47, 50, 53, 54 |
Referrals |
10
|
(19)
| 0 (0) | 3 (18) | 7 (25) | * | P 1, 15, 22, 27, 34, 37, 38, 41, 47, 52 |
Lab orders |
9
|
(17)
| 0 (0) | 3 (18) | 6 (21) | * | P 1, 10, 12, 13, 18, 22, 27, 42, 51 |
Bio-signal |
9
|
(17)
| 1 (14) | 6 (35) | 2 (7) | * | P 3, 22, 27, 42, 44, 51, 53, 54, 56 |
Missing
|
4
|
(7)
|
0(0)
|
3(43)
|
1(3)
| ||
Type of model
†,ℓ
| |||||||
Semantic – all data structured |
21
|
(44)
| 1 (20) | 8 (47) | 12 (46) | P 5, 9, 13, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 25, 29, 30, 33, 34, 37, 38, 40, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56 | |
Middleware |
19
|
(40)
| 3 (60) | 8 (47) | 8 (31) | P 4, 11, 14, 18, 19, 24, 26, 27, 31, 32, 39, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51 | |
Direct communication |
5
|
(10)
| 1 (20) | 1 (6) | 1 (12) | P 2, 6, 7, 23, 45 | |
Generic – structure and data dynamic |
3
|
(6)
| 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (12) | P 1, 17, 36 | |
Missing
|
7
|
(13)
|
2(29)
|
3(15)
|
3(10)
| ||
Medical informatics standards
‡
| |||||||
HL7 (includes CDA) |
23
|
(68)
| 2 (67) | 12 (80) | 9 (56) | * | P 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 14, 16, 21, 27, 29, 30, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 42, 44, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56 |
Just CDA |
5
|
(15)
| 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 4 (25) | * | P 16, 21, 27, 34, 52 |
DICOM |
11
|
(32)
| 2 (67) | 6 (40) | 3 (19) | .071 | P 3, 9, 14, 25, 31, 32, 34, 35, 43, 44, 51 |
Other |
8
|
(24)
| 2 (67) | 3 (20) | 3 (19) | * | P 3, 27, 32, 33, 35, 38, 47, 51 |
GEHR |
3
|
(9)
| 1 (33) | 0 (0) | 2 (13) | * | P 3, 17, 36 |
SCIPHOX |
1
|
(3)
| 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | * | P 34 |
MML |
1
|
(3)
| 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | * | P 13 |
Missing
|
24
|
(43)
|
4(57)
|
5(25)
|
15(52)
| ||
Repository
‡
| |||||||
Database |
34
|
(77)
| 5 (83) | 10 (63) | 19 (86) | * | P 2, 4, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 54, 55, 56 |
Virtual |
11
|
(25)
| 1 (17) | 7 (44) | 3 (14) | * | P 5, 6, 8, 14, 21, 28, 35, 37, 42, 49, 54 |
Files |
7
|
(16)
| 1 (17) | 2 (13) | 4 (18) | * | P 9, 10, 20, 22, 26, 31, 38 |
PACS |
1
|
(2)
| 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | * | P 25 |
LDAP |
1
|
(2)
| 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | * | P 27 |
Missing
|
13
|
(23)
|
1(14)
|
4(20)
| 8(28) | ||
Communication method
‡
| |||||||
Database direct access |
9
|
(30)
| 4 (80) | 1 (13) | 4 (24) | .063 | P 2, 23, 26, 28, 32, 39, 41, 46, 54 |
Web services |
8
|
(27)
| 0 (0) | 1 (13) | 7 (41) | .042 | P 5, 6, 16, 20, 33, 38, 49, 52 |
CORBA |
4
|
(13)
| 0 (0) | 2 (25) | 2 (12) | * | P 14, 27, 33, 47 |
E-Mail |
3
|
(10)
| 0 (0) | 1 (13) | 2 (12) | * | P 15, 20, 34 |
DICOM |
3
|
(10)
| 0 (0) | 1 (13) | 2 (12) | * | P 25, 31, 43 |
DDE |
3
|
(10)
| 0 (0) | 2 (25) | 1 (6) | * | P 7, 14, 34 |
DHE |
3
|
(10)
| 0 (0) | 2 (25) | 1 (6) | * | P 19, 47, 48 |
CGI |
3
|
(10)
| 2 (40) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | .082 | P 32, 39, 55 |
Agents |
2
|
(7)
| 1 (20) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | * | P 11, 26 |
Missing
|
28
|
(50)
|
2(29)
|
12(60)
|
14(48)
| ||
How data is made available to users
‡
| |||||||
Web browser |
34
|
(92)
| 5 (83) | 11 (100) | 18 (90) | * | P 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 55, 56 |
Client application |
7
|
(19)
| 1 (17) | 3 (27) | 3 (15) | * | P 9, 12, 13, 24, 33, 48, 51 |
Missing
|
19
|
(34)
|
1(14)
|
9(45)
|
9(31)
| ||
How data is made available to other Information Systems
‡
| |||||||
Web services |
7
|
(88)
| 0 (-) | 2 (100) | 5 (83) | P 6, 11, 16, 18, 27, 35, 49 | |
CORBA |
1
|
(13)
| 0 (-) | 0 (0) | 1 (17) | * | P 27 |
Missing
|
48
|
(86)
|
7(100)
|
18(90)
|
23(79)
|
Results
Study selection
Project number | System name (or location) | Country | Number of publications | Publication dates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | Aarhus County | Denmark | 1 | 2005 | [8] |
P2 | Allina | USA | 1 | 2004 | [13] |
P3 | Argonauta | Germany | 1 | 1999 | [14] |
P4 | CareHaven | China | 1 | 2001 | [15] |
P5 | CareWeb | USA | 2 | [1998, 2000] | [16, 17] |
P6 | Chili | Germany | 1 | 2004 | [18] |
P7 | Cleveland – USA | USA | 1 | 2000 | [19] |
P8 | Clicks | Israel | 1 | 2003 | [20] |
P9 | Clinical Desktop (former Spectrum) | USA | 1 | 2002 | [21] |
P10 | Clinical Management System | China | 1 | 2005 | [22] |
P11 | Daegu – Korea | Korea | 1 | 2003 | [23] |
P12 | DIOGENE | Switzerland | 5 | [1998, 2005] | [24–28] |
P13 | Dolphin | Japan | 1 | 2005 | [9] |
P14 | Epirus-net | Greece | 1 | 2001 | [29] |
P15 | Funen Health Care Network | Denmark | 1 | 2000 | [30] |
P16 | GDGHA – General Hospital of Athens | Greece | 4 | [2002, 2004] | [31–34] |
P17 | GP Software Integration Project | Australia | 1 | 2003 | [35] |
P18 | GTDS | Germany | 1 | 2001 | [36] |
P19 | H:S | Denmark | 1 | 2005 | [8] |
P20 | health@net | Austria | 2 | [2004, 2005] | [37, 38] |
P21 | Heilderberg | Germany | 1 | 2001 | [39] |
P22 | HELP 2 | USA | 1 | 2003 | [40] |
P23 | Henri Mondor University Hospital | France | 1 | 1999 | [41] |
P24 | HIS/BUI | Israel | 1 | 1998 | [42] |
P25 | Hong Kong Polyt. Univ. | China | 1 | 2005 | [43] |
P26 | Image Engine | USA | 1 | 1996 | [44] |
P27 | HYGEIAnet | Greece | 5 | [2000, 2004] | [45–49] |
P28 | IHIS | Greece | 1 | 1997 | [50] |
P29 | INPC (new version of RMRS) | USA | 2 | [2001, 2004] | [51, 52] |
P30 | Magdburg | Germany | 1 | 2002 | [53] |
P31 | MedSec | Germany | 1 | 2001 | [54] |
P32 | MINDscape | USA | 1 | 1998 | [55] |
P33 | MUDR | Czech Republic | 1 | 2004 | [56] |
P34 | Munster | Germany | 5 | [2001, 2005] | [57–61] |
P35 | National Tech Univ. Athens | Greece | 1 | 2002 | [62] |
P36 | OACIS | Australia | 1 | 2003 | [35] |
P37 | OITL | USA | 1 | 2001 | [63] |
P38 | old@home | Sweden | 1 | [2004, 2005] | [10, 64] |
P39 | Oxford Clinical Intranet | UK | 2 | [1999, 2004] | [65, 66] |
P40 | PeaceHealth | USA | 1 | 2004 | [67] |
P41 | PHIN – Public Health Information Network | USA | 1 | 2004 | [68] |
P42 | RMRS – Regenstrief | USA | 3 | [1999, 2001] | [69–71] |
P43 | Shanghai Hospital | China | 1 | 2005 | [72] |
P44 | SPERIGEST | Italy | 5 | [1997, 2002] | [73–77] |
P45 | SUP | Denmark | 1 | 2005 | [8] |
P46 | Sydney | Australia | 1 | 2005 | [78] |
P47 | Synapses | Ireland | 4 | [1997, 2001] | [79–82] |
P48 | SynEx@UBSC | Italy | 2 | [1999, 2002] | [83, 84] |
P49 | TACWeb | Italy | 1 | 2003 | [85] |
P50 | Thessaloniki | Greece | 1 | 2003 | [86] |
P51 | Veterans Affairs | USA | 2 | [1999, 2000] | [87, 88] |
P52 | V-Net Med | Germany | 1 | 2005 | [89] |
P53 | Virgin del Rocio University Hospital – Seville | Spain | 1 | 2002 | [90] |
P54 | Web/VS | USA | 1 | 2001 | [91] |
P55 | WebCIS | USA | 1 | 1999 | [92] |
P56 | Web-EPR | Brazil | 1 | 2001 | [93] |