Background
Methods
Data sources
Variables description
Definitions
Data analysis
Results
Descriptive analysis
Characteristics | Total | Stunting | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | p value | |||||
N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | ||
Individual-level factors | |||||||
Child sex | |||||||
Females | 1769 | (49%) | 581 | (33%) | 1188 | (67%) | |
Males | 1825 | (51%) | 774 | (42%) | 1051 | (58%) | < 0.01 |
Child’s age group | |||||||
< 6 months | 332 | (9%) | 35 | (11%) | 297 | (89%) | |
6–23 months | 1171 | (33%) | 425 | (36%) | 745 | (64%) | |
24–59 months | 2091 | (58%) | 894 | (43%) | 1197 | (57%) | < 0.01 |
Child parity - First child | |||||||
Yes | 995 | (28%) | 345 | (35%) | 650 | (65%) | |
No | 2598 | (72%) | 1009 | (39%) | 1589 | (61%) | 0.03 |
Child weight at birth | |||||||
≥ 2.5 Kg | 3156 | (95%) | 1131 | (36%) | 2025 | (64%) | |
< 2.5 Kg | 173 | (5%) | 94 | (54%) | 79 | (46%) | < 0.01 |
History of diarrhea - two weeks prior to the survey | |||||||
No | 3131 | (87%) | 1147 | (37%) | 1984 | (63%) | |
Yes | 462 | (13%) | 207 | (45%) | 255 | (55%) | < 0.01 |
Maternal/household factors | |||||||
Mother height (cm) | |||||||
≥ 145 cm | 3506 | (98%) | 1296 | (37%) | 2210 | (63%) | |
< 145 cm | 88 | (2%) | 59 | (67%) | 29 | (33%) | < 0.01 |
Mother’s highest educational level | |||||||
Secondary/higher | 463 | (13%) | 90 | (19%) | 373 | (81%) | |
Primary | 2615 | (73%) | 1021 | (39%) | 1594 | (61%) | |
No education | 516 | (14%) | 245 | (47%) | 271 | (53%) | < 0.01 |
History of intake of parasite drugs for mothers during pregnancy | |||||||
Yes | 1374 | (50%) | 449 | (33%) | 925 | (67%) | |
No | 1396 | (50%) | 547 | (39%) | 849 | (61%) | < 0.01 |
Duration of intake of daily iron tablets or syrup by mothers during pregnancy | |||||||
≥ 30 days | 1532 | (71%) | 531 | (35%) | 1001 | (65%) | |
0–29 days | 621 | (29%) | 250 | (40%) | 371 | (60%) | 0.01 |
Breastfeeding within the first hour after birth | |||||||
Yes | 2839 | (79%) | 1046 | (37%) | 1793 | (63%) | |
No | 742 | (21%) | 304 | (41%) | 439 | (59%) | 0.06 |
Household wealth index | |||||||
High (rich) | 1211 | (34%) | 299 | (25%) | 912 | (75%) | |
Middle | 700 | (19%) | 264 | (38%) | 436 | (62%) | |
Low (Poor) | 1682 | (47%) | 791 | (47%) | 891 | (53%) | < 0.01 |
Number of household members | |||||||
5 people or less | 2176 | (61%) | 826 | (38%) | 1350 | (62%) | |
> 5 | 1417 | (39%) | 529 | (37%) | 888 | (63%) | 0.73 |
Availability of improved water at household | |||||||
Yes | 2551 | (72%) | 902 | (35%) | 1649 | (65%) | |
No | 1014 | (28%) | 444 | (44%) | 570 | (56%) | < 0.01 |
Toilet (Sanitation facility) | |||||||
Improved | 2603 | (73%) | 945 | (36%) | 1658 | (64%) | |
Not improved | 958 | (27%) | 400 | (42%) | 558 | (58%) | < 0.01 |
Community level factors | |||||||
Province of residence | |||||||
Kigali City | 406 | (11%) | 92 | (23%) | 314 | (77%) | |
South | 853 | (24%) | 347 | (41%) | 506 | (59%) | |
West | 856 | (24%) | 381 | (45%) | 475 | (55%) | |
North | 500 | (14%) | 194 | (39%) | 306 | (61%) | |
East | 978 | (27%) | 341 | (35%) | 637 | (65%) | < 0.01 |
Household location - Altitude | |||||||
Lowland (< 1641.5 m) | 1866 | (52%) | 606 | (32%) | 1260 | (68%) | |
Highland (≥1641.5 m) | 1728 | (48%) | 749 | (43%) | 979 | (57%) | < 0.01 |
Household type of residence | |||||||
Urban | 591 | (16%) | 140 | (24%) | 451 | (76%) | |
Rural | 3003 | (84%) | 1215 | (40%) | 1788 | (60%) | < 0.01 |
Risk factors for growth stunting
Characteristics | Full logistic regression model | Final logistic regression modela | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
Individual-level factors | ||||
Child sex | ||||
Females | Ref | Ref | ||
Males | 1.61 (1.30–1.99) | < 0.01 | 1.51 (1.25–1.82) | < 0.01 |
Child’s age group | ||||
< 6 months | Ref | Ref | ||
6–23 months | 4.43 (2.74–7.16) | < 0.01 | 4.91 (3.16–7.62) | < 0.01 |
24–59 months | 5.40 (3.33–8.76) | < 0.01 | 6.34 (4.07–9.89) | < 0.01 |
Child parity - First child | ||||
Yes | Ref | |||
No | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | 0.62 | ||
Child weight at birth | ||||
> 2.5 Kg | Ref | Ref | ||
< 2.5 Kg | 2.00 (1.24–3.23) | 0.01 | 2.12 (1.39–3.23) | < 0.01 |
History of diarrhea in two weeks prior to the survey | ||||
No | Ref | |||
Yes | 1.14 (0.85–1.52) | 0.38 | ||
Maternal/household factors | ||||
Mother height (cm) | ||||
≥145 cm | Ref | Ref | ||
< 145 cm | 2.81 (1.56–5.08) | < 0.01 | 3.27 (1.89–5.64) | < 0.01 |
Mother’s highest educational level | ||||
Secondary or higher | Ref | Ref | ||
Primary | 1.49 (1.03–2.15) | 0.04 | 1.71 (1.25–2.34) | < 0.01 |
No education | 1.83 (1.18–2.85) | 0.01 | 2.00 (1.37–2.92) | < 0.01 |
Intake of parasite drugs for mothers during pregnancy | ||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
No | 1.31 (1.06–1.61) | 0.01 | 1.29 (1.09–1.53) | < 0.01 |
Duration of intake of daily iron tablets or syrup by mothers during pregnancy | ||||
≥30 days | Ref | |||
0–29 days | 1.17 (0.93–1.46) | 0.17 | ||
Breastfeeding within the first hour after birth | ||||
Yes | Ref | |||
No | 1.27 (0.96–1.67) | 0.09 | ||
Household wealth index | ||||
High (rich) | Ref | Ref | ||
Middle | 1.36 (1.00–1.85) | 0.05 | 1.45 (1.12–1.86) | < 0.01 |
Low (poor) | 1.98 (1.49–2.63) | < 0.01 | 1.82 (1.45–2.29) | < 0.01 |
Household size (number of household members) | ||||
5 people or less | Ref | |||
> 5 | 1.01 (0.82–1.25) | 0.78 | ||
Access to improved water at household | ||||
Yes | Ref | |||
No | 1.19 (0.94–1.51) | 0.15 | ||
Toilet (Sanitation facility) | ||||
Improved | Ref | |||
Not improved | 0.91 (0.72–1.15) | 0.44 | ||
Community level characteristics | ||||
Province of residence | ||||
Kigali City | Ref | Ref | ||
South | 1.27 (0.79–2.04) | 0.32 | 1.26 (0.84–1.90) | 0.26 |
West | 1.24 (0.75–2.04) | 0.39 | 1.34 (0.88–2.05) | 0.17 |
North | 1.15 (0.69–1.91) | 0.59 | 1.11 (0.72–1.73) | 0.49 |
East | 1.04 (0.66–1.64) | 0.86 | 1.14 (0.79–1.64) | 0.69 |
Household location - Altitude | ||||
Lowland (< 1641.5 m) | Ref | Ref | ||
Highland (≥1641.5 m) | 1.22 (0.92–1.63) | 0.17 | 1.29 (0.99–1.67) | 0.05 |
Household type of residence | ||||
Urban | Ref | |||
Rural | 1.18 (0.86–1.62) | 0.29 |