Background
Methods
Study site and subjects
Surveillance data
Case control study
Data collection and analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Description of the person, place, and time characteristics of HEV outbreak
Characteristic | Proportion of Cases n (%) | Died | CFR (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years | <=5 | 51 (3.8) | 0 | 0 |
6–17 | 180 (13.3) | 2 | 1.1 | |
18–30 | 594 (43.7) | 23 | 3.9 | |
31–59 | 445 (32.7) | 4 | 1 | |
60>= | 89 (6.5) | 0 | 0 | |
Sex | Female | 788 (58.0) | 26 | 3.3 |
Male | 571 (42.0) | 4 | 0.7 | |
Pregnancy Statusa
| Yes | 23 (1.7) | 15 | 65.2 |
Overall Total | 1359 | 30 | 2.2 |
Sub counties | Population estimatesa
| Cases | Proportion of cases % |
---|---|---|---|
Lorengchora | 11,099 | 233 | 2.01 |
Ngolereit | 10,502 | 126 | 1.20 |
Lopeei | 13,393 | 104 | 0.77 |
Iriri | 41,932 | 323 | 0.77 |
Matany | 22,810 | 159 | 0.70 |
Lotome | 11,589 | 63 | 0.54 |
Lokopo | 21,311 | 288 | 0.02 |
Case control study
Variable | Cases | Controls | Odds Ratio |
P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 107(%) |
N = 214(%) | (95%CI) | ||
Male Sex | 37 (34.6) | 104 (48.6) | 0.54 (0.3–0.87) | 0.017*
|
Female not pregnant | 19 (27.1) | 33 (30.0) | 1.55 (0.65–3.43) | 0.337 |
Dry season | 68 (63.5) | 150 (70.1) | 1.49 (0.83–2.52) | 0.188 |
Live in rural setting | 94 (87.8) | 194 (90.6) | 1.00 (0.28–3.50) | 1.000 |
Education level | ||||
None | 78 (72.9) | 172 (80.4) | 1.0 | |
Primary | 19 (17.7) | 30 (14.0) | 1.46 (0.75–2.85) | 0.263 |
Secondary | 7 (6.5) | 9 (4.2) | 2.32 (0.65–8.29) | 0.193 |
Tertiary | 3 (2.8) | 3 (1.4) | 2.53 (0.49–3.14) | 0.267 |
Unsanitary (Open defecation) habits | 77 (71.9) | 111 (51.9) | 2.46 (1.47–4.12) | 0.001*
|
Drunk alcohol 2 weeks before outbreak. | 80 (74.7) | 151 (70.5) | 1.24 (0.73–2.21) | 0.420 |
No soap in the household. | 56 (52.3) | 89 (42.6) | 1.59 (0.98–2.59) | 0.060 |
Never wash hands with soap after defecation. | 50 (46.7) | 70 (35.0) | 1.64 (1.01–2.65) | 0.043*
|
Clean hands with soap before eating | 69 (64.5) | 141 (65.9) | 0.93 (0.55–1.57) | 0.789 |
Did not clean utensils after eating food. | 70 (65.4) | 94 (44.9) | 2.72 (1.60–4.61) |
P < 0.001*
|
Drinking untreated water. | 58 (54.2) | 181 (84.5) | 5.19 (2.82–9.54) |
P < 0.001*
|
Had contact with animals prior to epidemic. | 61 (57.0) | 132 (61.7) | 0.81 (0.49–1.32) | 0.402 |
Attended funerals 2 weeks before outbreak. | 13 (16.6) | 14 (9.2) | 0.56 (0.55–3.02) | 0.556 |
use the same basin for washing hands | 42 (39.3) | 75 (35.1) | 1.24 (0.73–2.10) | 0.420 |
Ate food from the roadside | 43 (40.2) | 39 (18.2) | 2.88 (1.70–4.84) |
P < 0.001*
|
Primary source of water | ||||
Tap water | 19 (17.8) | 49 (22.9) | 1.0 | |
Bore Hole | 82 (76.6) | 162 (75.7) | 1.34 (0.69–2.58) | 0.381 |
Well | 5 (4.7) | 2 (1.0) | 10.7 (1.15–98.5) | 0.037*
|
Dam | 1 (1.0) | 1(.5) | 2.16 (0.13–34.9) | 0.586 |
Household has no latrine | 82 (76.6) | 173 (80.4) | 0.76 (0.42–1.37) | 0.355 |
Have common bathing practices | 59 (58.1) | 124 (57.9) | 1.16 (0.68–1.99) | 0.587 |
Had recently travelled | 27 (25.20) | 30 (14.0) | 2.04 (1.14–3.63) | 0.016*
|
Did you own or have contacts with animals prior to the epidemic | ||||
No | 46 (43.0) | 82 (38.3) | ||
Yes | 61 (57.0) | 132 (61.7) | 0.81 (0.49–1.32) | 0.402 |
If yes which animals | ||||
Pigs | 3 (4.9) | 9 (6.7) | 1 | |
Cows | 24 (39.3) | 38 (28.4) | 1.59 (0.32–7.88) | 0.570 |
Goats | 15 (24.6) | 39 (29.1) | 1.36 (0.24–7.67) | 0.720 |
Poultry | 19 (31.1) | 48 (35.8) | 0.82 (0.18–3.70) | 0.790 |
Variable | Odds Ratio | 95% CI |
P-Value |
---|---|---|---|
In the week before the epidemic did you eat roadside food(Yes) | 6.11 | 2.85–13.09 |
P < 0.001* |
Did you drink any untreated water(Yes) | 6.69 | 3.15–14.16 |
P < 0.001* |
Do you always clean your utensils(No) | 3.24 | 1.55–3.760 | 0.002* |
Education Level | |||
Primary | 1.57 | 0.67–3.64 | 0.293 |
Secondary | 5.57 | 0.94–33.0 | 0.059 |
Tertiary | 1.54 | 0.24–9.98 | 0.650 |
Primary source of water | |||
Borehole | 0.93 | 0.40–2.14 | 0.865 |
Well | 2.86 | 0.25–32.2 | 0.394 |
Dam | 1.76 | 0.09–31.9 | 0.702 |
Availability of soap in household(No) | 1.78 | 0.88–3.59 | 0.106 |
Season(Wet) | 1.42 | 0.67–3.02 | 0.368 |
Occupation-Hunter | 1.14 | 1.03–12.66 | 0.013* |