Background
Methods
Data source
Inclusion/exclusion criteria
Variables of interest
Statistical analyses
Results
Total | ||
---|---|---|
N | Percent | |
Total Visits | 29,850,475 | 100% |
Age | ||
Median | 48 | |
Mean | 45.0 | |
Standard deviation | 27.50 | |
Race | ||
Caucasian | 19,314,454 | 64.7% |
African-American | 4,052,601 | 13.6% |
Other | 6,483,420 | 21.7% |
Gender | ||
Female | 17,831,769 | 59.7% |
Male | 12,015,263 | 40.3% |
Unknown | 3443 | 0.0% |
Insurance | ||
Commercial | 1,681,308 | 5.6% |
Medicare | 10,010,108 | 33.5% |
Medicaid | 6,968,569 | 23.3% |
Managed Care | 8,043,140 | 26.9% |
Other | 3,147,350 | 10.5% |
Admission Type | ||
Emergency | 13,780,883 | 46.2% |
Urgent | 4,466,926 | 15.0% |
Elective | 7,507,444 | 25.2% |
Other/Unknown | 4,095,222 | 13.7% |
CT Scan | 2,195,374 | 7.4% |
Contrast Used | ||
Iodinated | 2,290,183 | 7.7% |
Non-Iodinated | 463,956 | 1.6% |
Both | 73,839 | 0.2% |
Unknown | 3,258,046 | 10.9% |
None | 23,764,451 | 79.6% |
Total | |||
---|---|---|---|
N | Percent | ||
Total Visits | 29,850,475 | 100% | |
Elixhauser Comorbidities | |||
Congestive Heart Failure | 2,956,976 | 9.9% | |
Cardiac Arrhythmia | 4,708,604 | 15.8% | |
Valvular Disease | 1,269,470 | 4.3% | |
Pulmonary Circulation Disorders | 896,999 | 3.0% | |
Peripheral Vascular Disorders | 1,392,847 | 4.7% | |
Hypertension (Uncomplicated) | 10,030,305 | 33.6% | |
Hypertension (Complicated) | 1,768,162 | 5.9% | |
Paralysis | 470,505 | 1.6% | |
Other Neurological Disorders | 2,076,621 | 7.0% | |
Chronic Pulmonary Disease | 5,651,859 | 18.9% | |
Diabetes (Uncomplicated) | 4,479,120 | 15.0% | |
Diabetes (Complicated) | 962,632 | 3.2% | |
Hypothyroidism | 2,680,999 | 9.0% | |
Renal Failure | 1,781,578 | 6.0% | |
Liver Disease | 1,017,975 | 3.4% | |
Peptic Ulcer Disease (excluding bleeding) | 219,464 | 0.7% | |
AIDS/HIV | 77,709 | 0.3% | |
Lymphoma | 50,977 | 0.2% | |
Metastatic Cancer | 375,880 | 1.3% | |
Solid Tumor without Metastasis | 816,723 | 2.7% | |
Rheumatoid Arthritis Collagen | 582,016 | 1.9% | |
Coagulopathy | 988,278 | 3.3% | |
Obesity | 3,335,095 | 11.2% | |
Weight Loss | 985,799 | 3.3% | |
Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders | 5,086,695 | 17.0% | |
Blood Loss Anemia | 260,342 | 0.9% | |
Deficiency Anemia | 711,987 | 2.4% | |
Alcohol Abuse | 1,672,862 | 5.6% | |
Drug Abuse | 1,684,008 | 5.6% | |
Psychoses | 920,047 | 3.1% | |
Depression | 4,026,007 | 13.5% | |
Elixhauser Comorbidity Index | |||
Median | 2 | ||
Mean | 2.1 | ||
Std Dev | 2.17 | ||
Chronic Kidney Disease | |||
No CKD | 28,085,084 | 94.0% | |
CKD | 1,765,391 | 5.9% | |
Stage of Chronic Kidney Disease | N | % Overall | % of CKD |
Stage 1 | 11,958 | 0.0% | 0.7% |
Stage 2 | 99,004 | 0.3% | 5.6% |
Stage 3 | 644,398 | 2.2% | 36.5% |
Stage 4 & 5 | 219,255 | 0.7% | 12.4% |
Unspecified | 790,776 | 2.6% | 44.8% |
Diagnosis of Cancer | |||
No Cancer | 28,828,219 | 97.0% | |
Primary Cancer | 1,022,256 | 3.4% | |
Type of Primary Cancer | N | % Overall | % of Cancer |
Bone | 2991 | 0.0% | 0.3% |
Breast | 77,428 | 0.3% | 7.6% |
Colorectal | 127,275 | 0.4% | 12.5% |
Endocrine | 37,769 | 0.1% | 3.7% |
Gastrointestinal | 164,323 | 0.6% | 16.1% |
Gynecological | 64,034 | 0.2% | 6.3% |
Hemolymph | 42,572 | 0.1% | 4.2% |
Leukemia | 37,869 | 0.1% | 3.7% |
Liver | 18,022 | 0.1% | 1.8% |
Lung | 133,837 | 0.4% | 13.1% |
Miscellaneous | 120,556 | 0.4% | 11.8% |
Neurological | 29,724 | 0.1% | 2.9% |
Respiratory | 9034 | 0.0% | 0.9% |
Skin | 7073 | 0.0% | 0.7% |
Urinary | 149,749 | 0.5% | 14.6% |
Renal Adverse Event Outcome | Components of the Renal Adverse Events Outcome | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acute Kidney Injury without dialysis | Acute Kidney Injury with dialysis | CI-AKI | Renal Failure | ||
Baseline | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
No CKD | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
CKD Stage 1 | 6.1% | 6.0% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.0% |
CKD Stage 2 | 8.4% | 8.3% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.0% |
CKD Stage 3 | 11.4% | 11.1% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.1% |
CKD Stage 4&5 | 12.7% | 11.6% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 0.2% |
CT | 2.8% | 2.6% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% |
No CT | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
CT with Iodinated Contrast | 2.9% | 2.8% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% |
CT without Iodinated Contrast | 2.7% | 2.6% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% |
No-Cancer | 1.4% | 1.3% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Cancer | 3.0% | 2.9% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Bone | 1.4% | 1.3% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Breast | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Colorectal | 4.1% | 4.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Endocrine | 1.5% | 1.5% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Gastrointestinal | 3.3% | 3.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Gynecological | 2.5% | 2.4% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Hemolymph | 3.9% | 3.5% | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Leukemia | 5.3% | 4.9% | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Liver | 4.3% | 4.0% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Lung | 2.8% | 2.7% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Miscellaneous | 1.9% | 1.9% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Neurological | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Respiratory | 2.2% | 2.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Skin | 1.6% | 1.6% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Urinary | 4.1% | 4.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Variable | Absolute Risk Estimate (95% confidence interval) | P-Value |
---|---|---|
CT | 0.19% (0.17, 0.21%) | < 0.0001 |
Iodinated CM | 0.81% (0.80, 0.83%) | < 0.0001 |
CKD Stage 1 | 2.55% (2.35, 2.74%) | < 0.0001 |
CKD Stage 2 | 4.64% (4.56, 4.71%) | < 0.0001 |
CKD Stage 3 | 7.24% (7.19, 7.28%) | < 0.0001 |
CKD Stage 4/5 | 8.14% (8.08, 8.19%) | < 0.0001 |
Cancer | 0.87% (0.85, 0.89%) | < 0.0001 |
Urinary | 2.33% (2.28, 2.39%) | < 0.0001 |
Leukemia | 2.20% (2.09, 2.31%) | < 0.0001 |
Colorectal | 1.69% (1.63, 1.75%) | < 0.0001 |
Hemolymph | 1.22% (1.12, 1.33%) | < 0.0001 |
Gynecological | 1.03% (0.95, 1.11%) | < 0.0001 |
Liver | 1.00% (0.84, 1.16%) | < 0.0001 |
Gastrointestinal | 0.59% (0.54, 0.65%) | < 0.0001 |
Lung | 0.33% (0.27, 0.39%) | < 0.0001 |
Endocrine | 0.29% (0.18, 0.39%) | < 0.0001 |