Background
Methods
Subjects
Variables
Social demographic characteristics
Health behaviors
Physical health
ADL
APE
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics | Total (N/%) | APEa Use (N/%) | Unadjusted model | Adjusted model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | OR | 95%CI |
P
| OR | 95%CI |
P
| ||
Observations | 3922 | 2154 (54.9) | 1768 (45.1) | ||||||
Region | |||||||||
Rural | 2153 (54.9) | 806 (37.4) | 1347 (62.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Urban | 1769 (45.1) | 1348 (76.2) | 421 (23.8) | 5.35 | 4.65–6.15 |
0.000
| 2.76 | 2.26–3.36 |
0.000
|
Gender | NAb
| ||||||||
Male | 1822 (46.5) | 1018 (55.9) | 804 (44.1) | 1.00 | |||||
Female | 2100 (53.5) | 1136 (54.1) | 964 (45.9) | 0.93 | 0.82–1.05 | 0.265 | |||
Age | 0.082 | NA | |||||||
60− | 2569 (65.5) | 1392 (54.2) | 1177 (45.8) | 1.00 | |||||
70− | 1121 (28.6) | 644 (57.4) | 477 (42.6) | 1.14 | 0.99–1.31 | 0.067 | |||
80+ | 232 (5.9) | 118 (50.9) | 114 (49.1) | 0.87 | 0.66–1.14 | 0.331 | |||
Education |
0.000
|
0.000
| |||||||
Illiteracy or semiliterate | 1736 (44.3) | 758 (43.7) | 978 (56.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Primary school | 1175 (30.0) | 680 (57.9) | 495 (42.1) | 1.77 | 1.52–2.05 |
0.000
| 1.30 | 1.10–1.55 |
0.002
|
Junior school | 597 (15.2) | 391 (65.5) | 206 (34.5) | 2.44 | 2.01–2.97 |
0.000
| 1.30 | 1.04–1.63 |
0.020
|
Senior school or above | 414 (10.6) | 325 (78.5) | 89 (21.5) | 4.71 | 3.65–6.06 |
0.000
| 1.95 | 1.45–2.62 |
0.000
|
Marital status | |||||||||
Single | 817 (20.8) | 409 (50.1) | 408 (49.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Couple | 3105 (79.2) | 1745 (56.2) | 1360 (43.8) | 1.28 | 1.09–1.49 |
0.002
| 1.01 | 0.84–1.20 | 0.936 |
Economic status |
0.000
| 0.060 | |||||||
Poor | 677 (17.3) | 298 (44.0) | 379 (56.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Normal | 2319 (59.1) | 1251 (53.9) | 1068 (46.1) | 1.49 | 1.25–1.77 |
0.000
| 1.21 | 1.00–1.47 | 0.046 |
Good | 926 (23.6) | 605 (65.3) | 321 (34.7) | 2.39 | 1.95–2.93 |
0.000
| 1.31 | 1.03–1.65 |
0.023
|
Smoking | |||||||||
No | 3041 (77.5) | 1741 (57.3) | 1300 (42.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 881 (22.5) | 413 (46.9) | 468 (53.1) | 0.65 | 0.56–0.76 |
0.000
| 0.89 | 0.74–1.07 | 0.221 |
Drinking (time/a week) | |||||||||
<1 | 3243 (82.7) | 1805 (55.7) | 1438 (44.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
≥1 | 679 (17.3) | 349 (51.4) | 330 (48.6) | 0.84 | 0.71–0.99 |
0.043
| 0.93 | 0.76–1.14 | 0.505 |
Exercise (time/a week) | |||||||||
<3 | 1514 (38.6) | 633 (41.8) | 881 (58.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
≥3 | 2408 (61.4) | 1521 (63.2) | 887 (36.8) | 2.38 | 2.09–2.72 |
0.000
| 1.53 | 1.32–1.78 |
0.000
|
Watching TV | |||||||||
No | 470 (12.0) | 179 (38.1) | 291 (61.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 3452 (88.0) | 1975 (57.2) | 1477 (42.8) | 2.17 | 1.78–2.65 |
0.000
| 1.69 | 1.34–2.12 |
0.000
|
Number of NCDsc
|
0.000
|
0.001
| |||||||
None | 1338 (34.1) | 649 (48.5) | 689 (51.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
0.001
| |||
1 | 1781 (45.4) | 1006 (56.5) | 775 (43.5) | 1.37 | 1.19–1.58 |
0.000
| 1.29 | 1.10–1.52 |
0.002
|
2 | 582 (14.8) | 354 (60.8) | 228 (39.2) | 1.64 | 1.35–2.00 |
0.000
| 1.41 | 1.12–1.77 |
0.003
|
3+ | 221 (5.6) | 145 (65.6) | 76 (34.4) | 2.02 | 1.50–2.72 |
0.000
| 1.78 | 1.26–2.52 |
0.001
|
Hospitalization | |||||||||
No | 3355 (85.5) | 1790 (53.4) | 1565 (46.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 567 (14.5) | 364 (64.2) | 203 (35.8) | 1.56 | 1.30–1.88 |
0.000
| 1.19 | 0.96–1.48 | 0.101 |
ADLd
|
0.000
| 0.247 | |||||||
1 | 2854 (72.8) | 1638 (57.4) | 1216 (42.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 630 (16.1) | 331 (52.5) | 299 (47.5) | 0.82 | 0.69–0.97 |
0.026
| 1.03 | 0.85–1.26 | 0.716 |
3 | 438 (11.2) | 185 (42.2) | 253 (57.8) | 0.54 | 0.44–0.66 |
0.000
| 0.83 | 0.65–1.05 | 0.133 |
The distance to the nearest health institutions (km) | |||||||||
<1 | 3639 (92.8) | 2024 (55.6) | 1615 (44.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
≥1 | 283 (7.2) | 130 (45.9) | 153 (54.1) | 0.67 | 0.53–0.86 |
0.002
| 0.98 | 0.75–1.28 | 0.893 |
Type of health insurancee
|
0.000
|
0.000
| |||||||
None | 113 (2.9) | 57 (50.4) | 56 (49.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
UEBMI | 808 (20.6) | 658 (81.4) | 150 (18.6) | 4.31 | 2.86–6.48 |
0.000
| 2.13 | 1.36–3.33 |
0.001
|
URBMI | 470 (12.0) | 370 (78.7) | 100 (21.3) | 3.63 ` | 2.36–5.58 |
0.000
| 2.18 | 1.37–3.46 |
0.001
|
NCMS | 2507 (63.9) | 1053 (42.0) | 1454 (58.0) | 0.71 | 0.48–1.03 | 0.077 | 1.15 | 0.75–1.74 | 0.511 |
Others | 24 (0.6) | 16 (66.7) | 8 (33.3) | 1.96 | 0.77–4.95 | 0.153 | 1.68 | 0.61–4.64 | 0.311 |
Characteristics | Total (N/%) | APEa Use (N/%) | Unadjusted model | Adjusted model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | OR | 95%CI |
P
| OR | 95%CI |
P
| ||
Observations | 2153 | 806 (37.4) | 1347 (62.6) | ||||||
Gender | NAb
| ||||||||
Male | 1045 (48.5) | 396 (37.9) | 649 (62.7) | 1.00 | |||||
Female | 1108 (51.5) | 410 (37.0) | 698 (63.0) | 0.96 | 0.80–1.14 | 0.669 | |||
Age | 0.326 | NA | |||||||
60− | 1468 (68.2) | 563 (38.4) | 905 (61.6) | 1.00 | |||||
70− | 550 (25.5) | 199 (36.2) | 351 (63.8) | 0.91 | 1.74–1.11 | 0.371 | |||
80+ | 135 (6.3) | 44 (32.6) | 91 (67.4) | 0.77 | 0.53–1.13 | 0.188 | |||
Education |
0.000
| 0.122 | |||||||
Illiteracy or semiliterate | 1206 (56.0) | 409 (33.9) | 797 (66.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Primary school | 631 (29.3) | 252 (39.9) | 379 (60.1) | 1.29 | 1.06–1.58 |
0.011
| 1.13 | 0.92–1.39 | 0.238 |
Junior school | 215 (10.0) | 90 (54.5) | 125 (58.1) | 1.40 | 1.04–1.88 |
0.025
| 1.16 | 0.85–1.58 | 0.342 |
Senior school or above | 101 (4.7) | 55 (54.5) | 46 (45.5) | 2.33 | 1.54–3.50 |
0.000
| 1.66 | 1.06–2.58 |
0.025
|
Marital status | NA | ||||||||
Single | 504 (23.4) | 171 (33.9) | 333 (66.1) | 1.00 | |||||
Couple | 1649 (76.6) | 635 (38.5) | 1014 (61.5) | 1.22 | 0.98–1.50 | 0.630 | |||
Economic status |
0.000
|
0.010
| |||||||
Poor | 448 (20.8) | 135 (30.1) | 313 (69.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Normal | 1338 (62.1) | 504 (37.7) | 834 (62.3) | 1.40 | 1.11–1.76 |
0.004
| 1.24 | 0.97–1.58 | 0.074 |
Good | 367 (17.0) | 167 (45.5) | 200 (54.5) | 1.93 | 1.45–2.58 |
0.000
| 1.60 | 1.18–2.16 |
0.002
|
Smoking | NA | ||||||||
No | 640 (70.3) | 570 (37.7) | 943 (62.3) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 1513 (29.7) | 236 (36.9) | 404 (63.1) | 0.96 | 0.79–1.17 | 0.726 | |||
Drinking (time/a week) | NA | ||||||||
<1 | 1719 (79.8) | 649 (37.8) | 1070 (62.2) | 1.00 | |||||
≥1 | 434 (20.2) | 157 (36.2) | 277 (63.8) | 0.93 | 0.75–1.16 | 0.544 | |||
Exercise (time/a week) | |||||||||
<3 | 1051 (51.2) | 359 (32.6) | 743 (67.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
≥3 | 1102 (48.8) | 447 (42.5) | 604 (57.5) | 1.53 | 1.28–1.82 |
0.000
| 1.41 | 1.18–1.69 |
0.000
|
Watching TV | |||||||||
No | 304 (14.1) | 75 (24.7) | 229 (75.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 1849 (85.9) | 731 (39.5) | 1118 (60.5) | 1.99 | 1.51–2.63 |
0.000
| 1.72 | 1.28–2.30 |
0.000
|
Number of NCDsc
|
0.001
|
0.000
| |||||||
None | 808 (37.5) | 267 (33.1) | 541 (67.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
1 | 963 (44.7) | 368 (38.2) | 595 (61.8) | 1.25 | 1.03–1.52 |
0.024
| 1.32 | 1.07–1.62 |
0.008
|
2 | 278 (12.9) | 123 (44.2) | 155 (55.8) | 1.60 | 1.21–2.12 |
0.001
| 1.78 | 1.32–2.40 |
0.000
|
3+ | 104 (4.8) | 48 (46.2) | 56 (53.8) | 1.73 | 1.15–2.62 |
0.009
| 2.02 | 1.30–3.14 |
0.002
|
Hospitalization | |||||||||
No | 1900 (88.2) | 688 (36.2) | 1212 (63.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 253 (11.8) | 688 (46.6) | 135 (53.4) | 1.54 | 1.18–2.00 |
0.001
| 1.43 | 1.08–1.90 |
0.011
|
ADLd
| 0.069 | 0.266 | |||||||
1 | 1448 (67.3) | 561 (38.7) | 887 (61.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 399 (18.5) | 148 (37.1) | 251 (62.9) | 0.93 | 0.74–1.17 | 0.548 | 0.92 | 0.72–1.17 | 0.502 |
3 | 306 (14.2) | 97 (31.7) | 209 (68.3) | 0.73 | 0.56–0.95 |
0.021
| 0.78 | 0.58–1.05 | 0.109 |
The distance to the nearest health institutions (km) | NA | ||||||||
Less than 1 km | 1933 (89.8) | 727 (37.6) | 1206 (62.4) | 1.00 | |||||
1 km+ | 220 (10.2) | 79 (35.9) | 141 (64.1) | 0.92 | 0.69–1.24 | 0.621 | |||
Type of health insurancee
|
0.000
|
0.014
| |||||||
None | 38 (1.8) | 8 (21.1) | 30 (78.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
NCMS | 2036 (94.6) | 750 (36.8) | 1286 (63.2) | 2.18 | 0.99–4.79 | 0.051 | 1.82 | 0.81–4.07 | 0.144 |
Others | 79 (3.7) | 48 (60.8) | 31 (39.2) | 5.80 | 2.35–14.29 |
0.000
| 3.41 | 1.34–8.71 |
0.010
|
Characteristics | Total (N/%) | APEa Use (N/%) | Unadjusted model | Adjusted model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | OR | 95%CI |
P
| OR | 95%CI |
P
| ||
Observations | 1769 | 1348 (76.2) | 421 (23.8) | ||||||
Gender | |||||||||
Male | 777 (43.9) | 622 (80.1) | 155 (19.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Female | 992 (56.1) | 726 (53.9) | 266 (26.8) | 0.68 | 0.54–0.85 |
0.001
| 0.83 | 0.64–1.07 | 0.166 |
Age | 0.486 | NAb
| |||||||
60− | 1101 (62.2) | 829 (75.3) | 272 (24.7) | 1.00 | |||||
70− | 571 (32.2) | 445 (77.9) | 126 (22.1) | 1.15 | 0.91–1.47 | 0.230 | |||
80+ | 97 (5.5) | 74 (76.3) | 23 (23.7) | 1.05 | 0.64–1.71 | 0.828 | |||
Education |
0.000
|
0.001
| |||||||
Illiteracy or semiliterate | 530 (30.0) | 349 (65.8) | 181 (34.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Primary school | 544 (30.8) | 428 (78.7) | 116 (21.3) | 1.91 | 1.45–2.51 |
0.000
| 1.59 | 1.18–2.13 |
0.002
|
Junior school | 382 (21.6) | 301 (78.8) | 81 (21.2) | 1.92 | 1.42–2.62 |
0.000
| 1.44 | 1.03–2.03 |
0.033
|
Senior school or above | 313 (17.7) | 270 (86.3) | 43 (13.7) | 3.25 | 2.25–4.70 |
0.000
| 2.26 | 1.49–3.44 |
0.000
|
Marital status | NA | ||||||||
Single | 313 (17.7) | 238 (76.0) | 75 (24.0) | 1.00 | |||||
Couple | 1456 (82.3) | 1110 (76.2) | 346 (23.8) | 1.01 | 0.75–1.34 | 0.941 | |||
Economic status | 0.101 | 0.520 | |||||||
Poor | 229 (12.9) | 163 (71.2) | 66 (28.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Normal | 981 (55.5) | 747 (76.1) | 234 (23.9) | 1.29 | 0.93–1.78 | 0.118 | 1.19 | 0.85–1.66 | 0.305 |
Good | 559 (31.6) | 438 (78.4) | 121 (21.6) | 1.46 | 1.03–2.07 |
0.032
| 1.07 | 0.74–1.56 | 0.692 |
Smoking | NA | ||||||||
No | 1528 (86.4) | 177 (73.4) | 64 (26.6) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 241 (13.6) | 1171 (76.6) | 357 (23.4) | 1.18 | 0.87–1.61 | 0.280 | |||
Drinking (time/a week) | NA | ||||||||
<1 | 1524 (86.2) | 192 (78.4) | 53 (21.6) | 1.00 | |||||
≥1 | 245 (13.8) | 1156 (85.8) | 368 (24.1) | 1.15 | 0.83–1.59 | 0.391 | |||
Exercise (time/a week) | |||||||||
<3 | 1357 (23.3) | 274 (66.5) | 138 (33.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
≥3 | 412 (76.7) | 1074 (79.1) | 283 (20.9) | 1.91 | 1.49–2.43 |
0.000
| 1.83 | 1.42–2.37 |
0.000
|
Watching TV | |||||||||
No | 166 (9.4) | 104 (62.7) | 62 (37.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 1603 (90.6) | 1244 (77.6) | 359 (22.4) | 2.06 | 1.47–2.89 |
0.000
| 1.59 | 1.11–2.28 |
0.011
|
Number of NCDsc
|
0.026
| 0.074 | |||||||
None | 530 (30.0) | 382 (72.1) | 148 (27.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
1 | 818 (46.2) | 638 (78.0) | 180 (22.0) | 1.37 | 1.06–1.76 |
0.014
| 1.32 | 1.01–1.73 |
0.037
|
2 | 304 (17.2) | 231 (76.0) | 73 (24.0) | 1.22 | 0.88–1.69 | 0.218 | 1.08 | 0.76–1.53 | 0.651 |
3+ | 117 (6.6) | 97 (82.9) | 20 (17.1) | 1.87 | 1.12–3.15 |
0.017
| 1.74 | 1.00–3.02 |
0.048
|
Hospitalization | NA | ||||||||
No | 1455 (82.2) | 1102 (75.7) | 353 (24.3) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 314 (17.8) | 246 (78.3) | 68 (21.7) | 1.15 | 0.86–1.55 | 0.326 | |||
ADLd
|
0.021
| 0.218 | |||||||
1 | 1406 (79.5) | 1077 (76.6) | 329 (23.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 231 (13.1) | 183 (79.2) | 48 (20.8) | 1.16 | 0.82–1.63 | 0.381 | 1.34 | 0.93–1.94 | 0.108 |
3 | 132 (7.5) | 88 (66.7) | 44 (33.3) | 0.61 | 0.41–0.89 |
0.012
| 0.91 | 0.60–1.39 | 0.692 |
The distance to the nearest health institutions (km) | NA | ||||||||
<1 | 1706 (96.4) | 1297 (76.0) | 409 (24.0) | 1.00 | |||||
≥1 | 63 (3.6) | 51 (81.0) | 12 (19.0) | 1.34 | 0.70–2.53 | 0.369 | |||
Type of health insurancee
|
0.000
|
0.000
| |||||||
None | 75 (4.2) | 49 (65.3) | 26 (34.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
UEBMI | 755 (42.7) | 622 (82.4) | 133 (17.6) | 2.48 | 1.48–4.13 |
0.000
| 1.70 | 0.98–2.92 | 0.056 |
URBMI | 454 (25.7) | 362 (79.7) | 92 (20.3) | 2.08 | 1.23–3.53 |
0.006
| 1.87 | 1.08–3.23 |
0.025
|
Others | 485 (27.4) | 315 (64.9) | 170 (35.1) | 0.98 | 0.59–1.63 | 0.948 | 0.95 | 0.56–1.61 | 0.861 |