Introduction
Instrument | Number of Items | Domains |
---|---|---|
Short-form 36 (SF-36) | 36 | Physical Functioning, Role physical, Bodily pain, General Health, Vitality, Social functioning, Role Emotional, and Mental Health |
Nottingham health profile (NHP) | 38 | Physical mobility, Social isolation, Emotional reactions, Pain, Sleep, and Energy |
Quality of life index (QLI) | 35 | Health and functioning, Social and economic, Psychological and Spiritual, and Family |
EuroQol-5D (EQD5) | 5 | Mobility, Self-care, Usual activity, Pain/Discomfort, and Anxiety/Depression |
Kaasa’s questionnaire (KQ) | 12 | Psychosocial well-being, Medical side-effects, Activities of daily living and Physical performance |
Quality of life profile (QP) | 44 | Life-picture, Life-areas, Problems and Acceptance |
World Health Organization quality of life questionnaire- Brief (WHOQOLBREF) | 26 | Physical health, Psychological health, Social relationships and Environmental |
Comprehensive quality of life scale (CQS) | 35 | Material well-being, Health, Productivity, Intimacy, Safety, Place in community and Emotional well-being |
Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) | 5 | Not Applicable |
Swedish health-related quality of life questionnaire (SWED-QUAL) | 61 | Physical functioning, Role functioning, Emotional well-being, Pain, Sleep, Family functioning and General health perceptions |
Short-form 12 (SF-12) | 12 | Physical Functioning, Role physical, Bodily pain, General Health, Vitality, Social functioning, Role Emotional, and Mental Health |
Method
Screening of potential instruments by evaluating their characteristic features
Intent of the instrument
Content suitability
Checklist/Concept | Definition* |
---|---|
Satisfaction of needs | Refers to the fulfilment of fundamental life needs that are necessary for flourishing, specifically, accessibility, education, employment, financial stability, health, and social cohesion. |
• Accessibility | • *Refers to the ease of access to the built environment and transportation system. |
• Education | • *Refers to the acquisition of formal education and religious (Islamic) theology. |
• Employment | • *Refers to a gainful employment or paid job that can provide the individual with the necessary financial support to live independently. |
• Financial stability | • *Refers to a state of financial buoyancy or sufficiency. |
• Health | • *Refers to a state of being healthy physically, mentally, and spiritually. |
• Social cohesion | • *Refers to social belongingness and community and family relationships. |
Self-perception | *Refers to self-value, physical appearance, and feeling independent (i.e. the ability to perform activities of daily living). |
Spirituality | *Refers to religious faith and religious practices. |
Happiness | *Refers to the state of being joyous, cheerful, calm and contented with life offerings. |
How to apply the checklist | |
Step 1: Identify the main meaningful unit within the items of the instrument | |
Step 2: Check if the meaningful unit is consistent with any of the available concepts | |
Step 3: Link the meaningful unit to the most appropriate concept base on face validity | |
Step 4: Compute the total number of items in the scale that are link to each concept | |
Example of how an appraiser applies the checklist (using item 2 from WHOQOLBREF) | |
Item 2: How satisfied are you with your health? | |
Step 1: Main meaningful unit = Satisfaction with health | |
Step 2 & 3: Satisfaction with health = Consistent with ‘Satisfaction of needs (health)’ | |
Step 4: Number of item = 1 |
Psychometric analysis
Internal consistency | We rated internal consistency as adequate when the Cronbach alpha was ≥0.7, not adequate when the criterion was not met and not applicable (NA) when internal consistency was not reported. |
Reliability | We considered reliability as adequate when the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) or weighted Kappa was ≥0.7, not adequate when the criterion was not met and not applicable (NA) when reliability was not reported. |
Content validity | We considered content validity as adequate when the target population was involved in the development of the scale, not adequate when the criterion was not met and not applicable (NA) when the property was not reported. |
Construct validity Structural (factor analysis) | We rated construct validity as adequate when the factors explained at least 40% of the variance, not adequate when the criterion was not met and not applicable (NA) when construct validity was not reported. |
Hypothesis testing | We rated construct validity as adequate when the correlation with an instrument measuring the same construct was ≥0.50 (OR at least 75% of the results were in accordance with the hypotheses) AND correlation with related constructs was higher than with unrelated constructs. Not adequate when the criterion was not met and not applicable (NA) when construct validity was not reported. |
Criterion validity | We rated criterion validity as adequate when the correlation with a criterion instrument(s) was ≥0.50, not adequate when the criterion was not met and not applicable (NA) when criterion validity was not reported. |
Measurement error | We rated measurement error as adequate when the Smallest Detectable Change (SDC) or Limit of Agreement (LoA) was less than Minimal Important Change (MIC), not adequate when the criterion was not met, and not applicable (NA) when measurement error was not reported. |
Responsiveness | We rated responsiveness as adequate when the correlation with the anchor instrument was ≥0.50 (OR at least 75% of the results were in accordance with the hypotheses), not adequate when the criterion was not satisfied and not applicable (NA) when responsiveness was not reported. |
Feasibility
Considerations in adapting the instrument for cross-cultural use
Results
Screening of instruments
Instrument | Intent of the instrument | Content suitability (reflection of polio survivors’ perspectives) | Psychometric properties | Feasibility | Cross-cultural relevance (item & semantic relevance) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short-form 36 (SF-36) | Health status measure | Health (8 items), Social cohesion (2 items), Happiness (2 items), Feeling independent (2 items) | Internal consistency, Reliability, Content validity, Construct validity, Criterion validity, Responsiveness | Comprehensive, Profile scores, Index score, Self-administered, and Requires permission for use, Completion time (10 min) | Semantic relevance |
Nottingham health profile (NHP) | Health status measure | Employment (1 item), Health (1 item), Social cohesion (6 items), Self-value (2 items), Feeling independent (2 items) | Internal consistency, Reliability, Construct validity, Responsiveness | Comprehensive, Profile scores, Index score, Self-administered, and Requires permission for use, Completion time (10 min) | Semantic relevance |
Quality of life index (QLI) | Quality of life measure | Accessibility (1 item), Education (1 item), Employment (2 items), Financial stability (1 item), Health (3 items), Social cohesion (8 items), Happiness (5 items), Spirituality (1 item), Self-value (1 item), Physical appearance (2 items), Feeling independent (3 items) | Internal consistency, Reliability, Content validity, Construct validity, Criterion validity | Comprehensive, Profile scores, Index score, Self-administered, and Requires permission for use, Completion time (10 min) | Item relevance, Semantic relevance. |
EuroQol-5D (EQD5) | Health status measure | Feeling independent (2 items) | Internal consistency, Reliability, Construct validity, Criterion validity, Responsiveness | Comprehensive, Index score, Self-administered, and Requires permission for use, Completion time (5 min) | Semantic relevance |
Kaasa’s questionnaire (KQ) | Quality of life measure | Social cohesion (2 items), Happiness (2 items), Self-value (3 items), Feeling independent (2 items) | Internal consistency, Content validity, Construct validity | Comprehensive, Profile scores, Self-administered, and Requires permission for use, Completion time (not available) | Item relevance, Semantic relevance |
Quality of life profile (QP) | Quality of life measure | Accessibility (1 item), Education (1 item), Employment (2 items), Financial stability (1 item), Social cohesion (8 items), Happiness (1 item), Self-value (1 item), Feeling independent (1 item) | Content validity | Comprehensive, Profile scores, Self/User administered, and Requires permission for use, Completion time (not available) | Item relevance, Semantic relevance |
World Health Organization quality of life questionnaire- Brief (WHOQOLBREF) | Quality of life measure | Accessibility (2 items), Employment (1 item), Financial stability (1 item), Health (3 items), Social cohesion (2 items), Happiness (item), Self-value (1 item), Physical appearance (1 tem), Feeling independent (2 items) | Internal consistency, Reliability, Content validity, Construct validity, Responsiveness | Comprehensive, Profile scores, Self-administered, and Requires permission for use, Completion time (15 min) | Item relevance, Semantic relevance |
Comprehensive quality of life scale (CQS) | Quality of life measure | Accessibility (2 items), Education (1 item), Employment (1 item), Financial stability (1 item), Health (2 items), Social cohesion (9 items), Happiness (2 items) | Internal consistency, Reliability, Construct validity | Comprehensive, Profile scores, User-administered, and Requires permission for use, Completion time (45 min) | Item relevance, Semantic relevance |
Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) | Life satisfaction measure | Satisfaction of needs (1 item) | Internal consistency, Reliability, Construct validity | Comprehensive, Index score, Self-administered, and Requires permission for use, Completion time (5 min) | Semantic relevance |
Swedish health-related quality of life questionnaire (SWED-QUAL) | Health status measure | Health (8 items), Social cohesion (9 items), Feeling independent (8 items) | Internal consistency, Content validity, Construct validity | Comprehensive, Profile scores, Inexpensive, Self-administered, and Requires permission for use, Completion time (15 min) | Semantic relevance |
Short-form 12 (SF-12) | Health status measure | Health (5 items), Social cohesion (2 items), Happiness (1 item), Feeling independent (3 items) | Internal consistency, Reliability, Construct validity, Criterion validity | Comprehensive, Profile scores, Index score, Self-administered, and Requires permission for use, Completion time (5 min) | Semantic relevance |