Background
Methods
Study participants
Data collection
Statistical analyses
Results
Baseline characteristics
Good (n = 103) n (%) | Rather good (n = 644) n (%) | Poor (n = 261) n (%) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Women | 67 (65) | 437 (68) | 142 (54) | <.001 |
Living alone | 39 (38) | 283 (44) | 97 (37) | .127 |
Education≥9 years | 37 (38) | 114 (18) | 34 (13) | <.001 |
Need for daily help | 0 (0) | 15 (2) | 61 (24) | <.001 |
Help from a relative at least once a week | 19 (19) | 142 (23) | 111 (43) | <.001 |
Having someone who helps when needed | 86 (85) | 509 (81) | 211 (81) | |
Mini-Mental State Examination < 27 | 26 (25) | 217 (34) | 104 (40) | .018 |
Charlson’s comorbity index ≥2 | 57 (58) | 373 (60) | 175 (71) | .005 |
Feelings of depression at least sometimes | 16 (16) | 178 (28) | 131 (51) | <.001 |
Feelings of loneliness at least sometimes | 6 (6) | 152 (24) | 102 (40) | <.001 |
Satisfaction with life | 98 (98) | 613 (97) | 224 (88) | <.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | .257 | |||
< 25 | 43 (48) | 189 (37) | 57 (35) | |
25–29.9 | 34 (38) | 241 (47) | 73 (45) | |
≥ 30 | 13 (14) | 86 (17) | 32 (20) | |
Weight change during the past 3 years | <.001 | |||
Increased | 18 (18) | 1616 (25) | 75 (29) | |
No change | 72 (71) | 374 (59) | 122 (47) | |
Decreased | 12 (12) | 96 (15) | 60 (23) | |
Smoking | .041 | |||
Has never smoked | 60 (58) | 381 (60) | 133 (51) | |
Has stopped or is still smoking | 43 (42) | 256 (40) | 126 (49) | |
Having daily outdoor activities | 100 (97) | 624 (98) | 221 (86) | <.001 |
Difficulties in walking 500 m | 5 (5) | 71 (11) | 116 (45) | <.001 |
Three or more falls during the previous 12 months | 3 (3) | 18 (3) | 27 (10) | <.001 |
Self-rated health | P-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Good (n = 97) n (%) | Rather good (n = 604) n (%) | Poor (n = 242) n (%) | ||
Objective health status | <.001 | |||
Good | 87 (90) | 344 (57) | 17 (7) | |
Moderate | 10 (10) | 226 (37) | 118 (49) | |
Poor | 0 (0) | 34 (6) | 107 (44) |
Self-rated health and objective health status and risk of mortality
5-year follow-up | 10-year follow-up | 27-year follow-up | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-rated health (n = 1008) | n (%) | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value |
Good | 103 (10) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Rather good | 644 (64) | 2.60 (0.95–7.13) | .064 | 1.79 (1.07–2.99) | .026 | 1.23 (0.99–1.53) | .067 |
Poor | 261 (26) | 7.89 (2.88–21.61) | <.001 | 4.59 (2.73–7.70) | <.001 | 2.01 (1.58–2.56) | <.001 |
Objective health status (n = 962) | |||||||
Good | 451 (47) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Moderate | 363 (38) | 1.60 (1.05–2.45) | <.001 | 1.93 (1.48–2.52) | <.001 | 1.50 (1.30–1.74) | <.001 |
Poor | 148 (15) | 3.98 (2.57–6.16) | .030 | 3.85 (2.86–5.18) | <.001 | 2.57 (2.12–3.12) | <.001 |
5-year follow-up | 10-year follow-up | 27-year follow-up | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-rated health (n = 1008) | n (%) | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value |
Good | 103 (10) | 1a | 1 | 1 | |||
Rather good | 644 (64) | 2.29 (1.24–4.23)c | .009 | 1.19 (0.94–1.51)d | .143 | ||
Poor | 261 (26) | 2.17 (1.42–3.31)† | <.001b | 4.08 (2.14–7.77)‡ | <.001 | 1.62 (1.23–2.13)d | <.001 |
Objective health status (n = 962) | |||||||
Good | 451 (47) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Moderate | 363 (38) | 1.62 (1.06–2.48)e | .027 | 1.99 (1.53–2.60)e | <.001 | 1.62 (1.40–1.87)e | <.001 |
Poor | 148 (15) | 4.13 (2.67–6.40)e | <.001 | 4.20 (3.12–5.66)e | <.001 | 2.91 (2.40–3.54)e | <.001 |