Background
The aim of this study
Methods
Study population
Measures
The reference standard -the Beighton score (BS)
The index test -the five-part questionnaire on hypermobility (5PQ)
1. Can you now (or could you ever) place your hands flat on the floor without bending your knees? | |
2. Can you now (or could you ever) bend your thumb to touch your forearm? | |
3. As a child did you amuse your friends by contorting your body into strange shapes OR could you do the splits? | |
4. As a child or teenager did your shoulder or kneecap dislocate on more than one occasion? | |
5. Do you consider yourself double-jointed? | |
Endorsement of two or more questions suggests generalised joint hypermobility. |
Procedures
Translation of the questionnaire into Swedish
Data collection
Statistics
Validity
Test-retest reliability
Item specific analyses
Results
Characteristics of the study population
Assessment method | Hypermobile | |
---|---|---|
Yes | No | |
5PQ (Reliability group, first assessment) | ||
Women: n (%) | 6 (28.6) | 15 (71.4) |
Men: n (%) | 3 (30.0) | 7 (70.0) |
5PQ (Validity group) | ||
Women: n (%) | 65 (38.2) | 105 (61.8) |
Men: n (%) | 22 (19.3) | 92 (80.7) |
BS according to present hypermobility with an age-dependent cut-off scorea | ||
Women: n (%) | 20 (11.8) | 150 (88.2) |
Men: n (%) | 3 (2.6) | 11 (97.4) |
BS according to present hypermobility ≥ 4/9a | ||
Women: n (%) | 42 (24.7) | 128 (75.3) |
Men: n (%) | 5 (4.4) | 109 (95.6) |
Statistics
Validity
5PQ score | Sensitivity (%) (95% CI) | Specificity (%) (95% CI) | PPV (%) (95% CI) | NPV (%) (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
BS according to present hypermobility with an age-dependent cut-off scorea | ||||
= 0/5 | 100.00 (85.18, 100.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 1.40) | 8.10 (8.10, 8.10) | – |
≥ 1/5 | 95.65 (78.05, 99.89) | 34.10 (28.37, 40.20) | 11.34 (10.16, 12.64) | 98.89 (92.85, 99.84) |
≥ 2/5b | 91.30 (71.96, 98.93) | 74.71 (68.98, 79.87) | 24.14 (19.96, 28.88) | 98.98 (96.28, 99.73) |
≥ 3/5 | 56.52 (34.49, 76.81) | 91.57 (87.52, 94.64) | 37.14 (25.67, 50.27) | 95.98 (93.74, 97.45) |
≥ 4/5 | 30.43 (13.21, 52.92) | 97.32 (94.55, 98.92) | 50.00 (27.75, 72.25) | 94.07 (92.37, 95.42) |
= 5/5 | 0.00 (0.00, 14.82) | 99.62 (97.88, 99.99) | 0 | 91.87 (91.82, 91.93) |
BS according to present hypermobility ≥ 4/9a | ||||
= 0/5 | 100.00 (92.45, 100.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 1.54) | 16.55 (16.55, 16.55) | – |
≥ 1/5 | 85.11 (71.69, 93.80) | 35.02 (28.96, 41.46) | 20.62 (18.24, 23.21) | 92.22 (85.42, 96.00) |
≥ 2/5b | 72.34 (57.36, 84.38) | 77.64 (71.79, 82.78) | 39.08 (32.31, 46.30) | 93.40 (89.87, 95.76) |
≥ 3/5 | 42.55 (28.26, 57.82) | 93.67 (89.78, 96.41) | 57.14 (42.45, 70.67) | 89.16 (86.51, 91.33) |
≥ 4/5 | 17.02 (7.65, 30.81) | 97.47 (94.57, 99.07) | 57.14 (32.66, 78.56) | 85.56 (83.86, 87.10) |
= 5/5 | 0.00 (0.00, 7.55) | 99.58 (97.67, 99.99) | 0 | 83.39 (83.28, 83.51) |
Test-retest reliability
Item specific analyses
5PQ item number | Hypermobile | Non-hypermobile | OR for GJH (95% CI) | P valuea | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distribution of answers on the 5PQ | ||||||
Yes | No | Yes | No | |||
BS according to present hypermobility with an age-dependent cut-off scoreb | ||||||
1 | 20 | 3 | 133 | 128 | 6.42 (1.86, 22.12) | 0.001 |
2 | 16 | 7 | 59 | 202 | 7.83 (3.07, 19.92) | < 0.001 |
3 | 11 | 12 | 45 | 216 | 4.40 (1.83, 10.60) | 0.001 |
4 | 2 | 21 | 15 | 246 | 1.56 (0.34, 7.30) | 0.637 |
5 | 14 | 9 | 16 | 245 | 23.82 (8.96, 63.36) | < 0.001 |
BS according to present hypermobility ≥ 4/9b | ||||||
1 | 35 | 12 | 118 | 119 | 2.94 (1.46, 5.94) | 0.002 |
2 | 29 | 18 | 46 | 191 | 6.69 (3.42, 13.08) | < 0.001 |
3 | 18 | 29 | 38 | 199 | 3.25 (1.64, 6.43) | < 0.001 |
4 | 3 | 44 | 14 | 223 | 1.09 (0.30, 3.94) | 1.000 |
5 | 17 | 30 | 13 | 224 | 9.76 (4.32, 22.09) | < 0.001 |