Introduction
Methods
Design and source of information
Variables
Results
Age
Social class
Good perceived health status | Poor perceived health status | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | n | Prev. | Bivar OR | Mvar OR | 95% CI | n | Prev. | Bivar OR | Mvar OR | 95% CI |
Age
| ||||||||||
15-34 | 239 | 37.0 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 19.3 | 1 | 1 | ||
35-54 | 192 | 36.9 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.72-1.24 | 16 | 17.3 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.30-2.39 |
55-64 | 51 | 27.4 | *0.64 | 0.59 | 0.39-0.89 | 26 | 28.3 | 1.64 | 1.84 | 0.65-5.15 |
> = 65 | 47 | 22.6 | *0.49 | 0.41 | 0.19-0.87 | 17 | 9.2 | 0.42 | 0.61 | 0.14-2.61 |
Total | 528 | 33.9 | 66 | 16.4 | ||||||
Social class
| ||||||||||
I-II | 190 | 38.7 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 9.2 | 1 | 1 | ||
III | 139 | 30.7 | *0.71 | 0.72 | 0.54-0.95 | 14 | 12.4 | 1.41 | 0.88 | 0.29-2.64 |
IV-V | 195 | 31.8 | *0.73 | 0.75 | 0.57-0.98 | 45 | 18.6 | *2.27 | 1.36 | 0.48-3.81 |
Employment status
| ||||||||||
Salaried employees | 365 | 33.0 | 1 | 1 | 34 | 21.4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Unemployed men | 31 | 31.0 | 0.91 | 1.11 | 0.69-1.79 | 7 | 18.3 | 0.82 | 0.62 | 0.23-1.68 |
Retired men | 55 | 34.3 | 1.05 | 1.21 | 0.61-2.39 | 22 | 12.1 | *0.51 | 0.52 | 0.17-1.58 |
Students | 73 | 31.2 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.62-1.28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Type of PHC
| ||||||||||
PCR 1984-93 | 96 | 34.7 | 1 | 1 | 18 | 17.0 | 1 | 1 | ||
PCR 1994-98 | 93 | 31.3 | *0.85 | 0.86 | 0.60-1.22 | 18 | 17.1 | 1.01 | 1.13 | 0.50-2.51 |
No PCR | 161 | 34.7 | 0.99 | 1.05 | 0.76-1.46 | 22 | 15.5 | 0.89 | 0.77 | 0.36-1.63 |
Mutual or private | 90 | 32.6 | 0.91 | 1.06 | 0.72-1.54 | 4 | 18.5 | 1.11 | 0.54 | 0.15-1.94 |
No usual PHC | 87 | 37.1 | 1.11 | 1.24 | 0.84-1.82 | 4 | 22.3 | *1.41 | 1.40 | 0.38-5.15 |
Good perceived health status | Poor perceived health status | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | n | Prev. | Bivar OR | Mvar OR | 95% CI | n | Prev. | Bivar OR | Mvar OR | 95% CI |
Age
| ||||||||||
15-34 | 242 | 41.8 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 31.7 | 1 | 1 | ||
35-54 | 232 | 40.6 | 0.95 | 1.07 | 0.81-1.41 | 28 | 21.7 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.24-1.53 |
55-64 | 47 | 27.0 | *0.51 | 0.58 | 0.38-0.90 | 26 | 20.8 | 0.57 | 0.65 | 0.24-1.72 |
> = 65 | 51 | 20.4 | *0.35 | 0.54 | 0.31-0.95 | 60 | 16.7 | *0.43 | 0.58 | 0.20-1.64 |
Total | 572 | 36.3 | 128 | 19.5 | ||||||
Social class
| ||||||||||
I-II | 147 | 39.4 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 13.5 | 1 | 1 | ||
III | 177 | 33.4 | *0.77 | 0.82 | 0.61-1.10 | 22 | 17.3 | *1.34 | 1.56 | 0.58-4.16 |
IV-V | 236 | 38.7 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.75-1.34 | 86 | 21.4 | *1.74 | 2.14 | 0.85-5.36 |
Employment status
| ||||||||||
Salaried employees | 297 | 34.8 | 1 | 1 | 38 | 21.2 | 1 | 1 | ||
Housewifes | 113 | 38.1 | *1.15 | 0.97 | 0.70-1.34 | 53 | 14.6 | *0.63 | 0.49 | 0.26-0.93 |
Unemployed women | 35 | 46.0 | *1.59 | 0.97 | 0.61-1.53 | 5 | 35.3 | *2.02 | 0.95 | 0.31-2.93 |
Retired women | 29 | 20.8 | *0.49 | 0.66 | 0.35-1.25 | 26 | 9.6 | *0.39 | 0.45 | 0.20-1.01 |
Students | 97 | 40.6 | *1.28 | 1.37 | 0.96-1.96 | 4 | 15.9 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.16-3.19 |
Type of PHC
| ||||||||||
PCR 1984-93 | 101 | 39.7 | 1 | 1 | 28 | 14.1 | 1 | 1 | ||
PCR 1994-98 | 118 | 32.9 | *0.74 | 0.79 | 0.56-1.11 | 33 | 17.9 | *1.33 | 1.58 | 0.84-2.96 |
No PCR | 155 | 36.9 | *0.88 | 0.88 | 0.64-1.23 | 50 | 20.8 | *1.61 | 1.49 | 0.84-2.65 |
Mutual or private | 107 | 35.1 | *0.82 | 0.91 | 0.62-1.31 | 11 | 18.1 | *1.35 | 1.32 | 0.56-3.07 |
No usual PHC | 86 | 43.7 | *1.17 | 1.24 | 0.83-1.85 | 7 | 25.4 | *2.08 | 3.00 | 1.05-8.55 |
Employment status
Good perceived health status | Poor perceived health status | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | n | Prev. | Bivar OR | Mvar OR | 95% CI | n | Prev. | Bivar OR | Mvar OR | 95% CI |
Age
| ||||||||||
15-34 | 60 | 9.2 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 19.3 | 1 | 1 | ||
35-54 | 68 | 13.0 | *1.46 | 1.25 | 082-1.89 | 26 | 27.5 | 1.62 | 2.43 | 0.77-7.63 |
55-64 | 35 | 18.7 | *2.25 | 1.88 | 1.12-3.18 | 35 | 37.6 | *2.57 | 3.13 | 0.96-10.21 |
> = 65 | 61 | 29.6 | *4.12 | 3.37 | 1.47-7.69 | 88 | 48.5 | *4.01 | 8.63 | 1.97-37.77 |
Total | 224 | 14.4 | 156 | 38.4 | ||||||
Social class
| ||||||||||
I-II | 62 | 15.0 | 1 | 1 | 21 | 51.5 | 1 | 1 | ||
III | 76 | 16.1 | 1.09 | 1.15 | 0.79-1.69 | 54 | 43.6 | *0.72 | 0.82 | 0.37-1.81 |
IV-V | 83 | 13.4 | 0.87 | 1.01 | 0.69-1.49 | 78 | 33.3 | *0.47 | 0.42 | 0.19-0.91 |
Employment status
| ||||||||||
Salaried employees | 126 | 13.9 | 1 | 1 | 32 | 39.8 | 1 | 1 | ||
Unemployed men | 12 | 15.0 | 1.09 | 1.33 | 0.69-2.52 | 10 | 31.3 | *0.68 | 1.57 | 0.64-3.85 |
Retired men | 67 | 22.1 | *1.76 | 1.08 | 0.51-2.27 | 88 | 34.2 | 0.78 | 0.85 | 0.29-2.46 |
Students | 17 | 22.9 | *1.84 | 0.65 | 0.34-1.23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Type of PHC
| ||||||||||
PCR 1984-93 | 25 | 9.4 | 1 | 1 | 44 | 43.7 | 1 | 1 | ||
PCR 1994-98 | 48 | 15.7 | *1.81 | 1.95 | 1.14-3.32 | 32 | 37.9 | *0.78 | 0.58 | 0.29-1.16 |
No PCR | 78 | 15.8 | *1.81 | 2.02 | 1.23-3.33 | 57 | 38.8 | *0.81 | 0.72 | 0.40-1.32 |
Mutual or private | 48 | 17.9 | *2.11 | 2.26 | 1.29-3.95 | 17 | 45.6 | 1.08 | 0.60 | 0.24-1.47 |
No usual PHC | 23 | 12.2 | *1.33 | 1.42 | 0.75-2.66 | 6 | 31.1 | *0.58 | 0.45 | 0.14-1.42 |
Type of Primary Health Care (PHC)
Good perceived health status | Poor perceived health status | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | n | Prev. | Bivar OR | Mvar OR | 95% CI | n | Prev. | Bivar OR | Mvar OR | 95% CI |
Age
| ||||||||||
15-34 | 64 | 11.2 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 29.3 | 1 | 1 | ||
35-54 | 86 | 14.9 | 1.4 | 1.41 | 0.94-2.11 | 42 | 32.2 | 1.14 | 1.11 | 0.43-2.87 |
55-64 | 47 | 26.6 | *2.89 | 2.84 | 1.69-4.77 | 50 | 40.5 | 1.64 | 1.87 | 0.70-4.97 |
> = 65 | 91 | 36.6 | *4.62 | 3.42 | 1.81-6.46 | 183 | 51.1 | *2.51 | 3.13 | 1.13-8.63 |
Total | 288 | 18.3 | 288 | 43.9 | ||||||
Social class
| ||||||||||
I-II | 58 | 17.6 | 1 | 1 | 22 | 50.4 | 1 | 1 | ||
III | 86 | 18.5 | 1.06 | 0.94 | 0.64-1.38 | 52 | 44.3 | *0.78 | 0.67 | 0.32-1.39 |
IV-V | 121 | 16.8 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.63-1.37 | 188 | 42.2 | *0.71 | 0.65 | 0.33-1.27 |
Employment status
| ||||||||||
Salaried employees | 107 | 15.2 | 1 | 1 | 42 | 48.1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Housewifes | 81 | 13.2 | 0.85 | 0.90 | 0.59-1.38 | 133 | 38.1 | *0.66 | 1.10 | 0.63-1.91 |
Unemployed women | 19 | 18.4 | *1.26 | 1.44 | 0.80-2.56 | 3 | 20.0 | *0.27 | 0.52 | 0.14-1.85 |
Retired women | 57 | 26.4 | *2.06 | 1.63 | 0.88-3.04 | 88 | 56.1 | *1.37 | 0.99 | 0.51-1.93 |
Students | 21 | 27.1 | *2.07 | 0.85 | 0.48-1.52 | 4 | 66.7 | *2.15 | 1.59 | 0.37-6.87 |
Type of PHC
| ||||||||||
PCR 1984-93 | 50 | 18.2 | 1 | 1 | 73 | 49.4 | 1 | 1 | ||
PCR 1994-98 | 53 | 13.6 | *0.71 | 0.76 | 0.48-1.20 | 61 | 42.4 | *0.75 | 0.74 | 0.45-1.22 |
No PCR | 101 | 20.3 | 1.14 | 1.22 | 0.81-1.83 | 110 | 42.3 | *0.74 | 0.85 | 0.54-1.32 |
Mutual or private | 53 | 16.6 | 0.89 | 0.80 | 0.49-1.30 | 32 | 43.7 | *0.79 | 0.69 | 0.36-1.31 |
No usual PHC | 29 | 15.5 | *0.82 | 0.81 | 0.47-1.41 | 8 | 26.9 | *0.37 | 0.44 | 0.15-1.27 |
Discussion
Gender and age-related trends
Social class and employment status-related trends
Type of PHC-related trends
Limitations
Conclusions and recommendations
Key points
-
There is a pattern of social variables which define a particular usage of prescribed and non prescribed drugs: age, sex and perceived health status appear to play an important role.
-
In terms of social class, a higher percentage of men with good health in the more advantaged classes took non-prescribed medicines compared with those of disadvantaged classes (38.7% vs 31.8%), whereas in this group with poor health, in the more advantaged classes took prescribed medicines compared with disadvantages classes (51.4% vs 33.3%).
-
Considering only people with good health, retired people, unemployed women and students all consumed more prescribed medicines compared to paid workers.