Background
There is desperate need for stable, well trained and fully engaged nursing staff to provide effective patient care in China. However, the turnover rate of the contract nurses at the hospital in the first two years of employment is approximately 70 %, which is a major issue impacting on the performance and profitability of hospital [1, 2]. While the factors that cause nursing turnover can be fairly complex, more attention has been paid to the two major elements including mental health and interpersonal relationships. Rogers [3] explained in his analysis that behavior changes, such as nurses’ determination of changing jobs, concomitantly or resultantly with the change of self perception and individual’s perception of reality. Thus, if we would probe the reason of nurses’ turnover, the concept of self should be measured. Self as it is emphasized in Rogers’ theory, is the consistency of the inner self, and the identification of oneself and experience. Self could also be understood as the cognition and comprehension of oneself. Wang [4] defines the self-harmony as lower self-stereotype (the feeling of inconsistency) and self-conflict (conflicts and assessment of confidence), and higher self-flexibility (the ability of coping with common events and situational demands).
Psychosocial job characteristics, social support, and sense of coherence are the key determinants of occupational mental health among nurses. Psychosocial job characteristics require nursing staff with high self-consistency and good mental health [5, 6]. Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) has been used to measure the nurses’ mental health, which focuses on description of psychosomatic symptoms [7]. However, SCL-90 was unable to further consider the situation and examine the relations between self-congruence and mental health. Mental well-being integrates pleasant physiological and emotional state, and good social adaptation. Therefore, it may not be accurate to evaluate the inner harmony using SCL-90 questionnaire [8]. In the present study, the Self-Consistency and Congruence Scale (SCCS) was employed in evaluation of mental health. Based on the current meta-analysis of nurses’ mental health measured by SCL-90, which indicates that, in general, Chinese nurses show higher scales (or worse mental health status) than normal samples [7], we assumed that the measurement of self-consistency and congruence are same.
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Social support has a favorable impact on the maintenance of health and on coping with illness. Thus, social support as a valuable psychosocial factor could be used to predict the mental health status. Social support refers to one’s social bonds, social integration, and primary group relations. Strong social support to mental health has beneficial effects, such as feelings of love, care, respect and gratification [9]. The study of social support and its relationship to mental health has become one of the fastest growing areas of research and application in psychology [10, 11]. In early studies, social support was annotated with the society structural factors [12, 13]. Recently, researchers are focusing on the analysis of different social support resources and characteristics to probe their association with mental health [14]. Social support has been classified into objective support and subjective support [15]. Social support and mental health of special groups of nurses have received concerns in other cultures and positive correlation between social support and nurses’ turnover has been demonstrated [16, 17]. The researchers have explored the impact of social support on mental health of bedside nurses [17, 18]. However, the attention and effort of such study remained very limited in China. We propose a reconceptualization of social support by hypothesizing that the inner harmony with confident and tranquil emotional state may be influenced by the social relationships. We report empirical findings in order to provide the impact of social factors on social support.
Methods
Study design
A cross-sectional study was designed to test the correlation between the levels of social support and mental health in the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China. Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) (see Additional file 1) was used to measured social support, and Self Consistency and Congruence Scale (SCCS) (see Additional file 2) were used to measure the levels of mental health [4, 19].
Study subjects
Participants signed a consent form allowing investigators to analyze their information. The recruited participants from different departments in the hospital have been working at least 36 h per week in 6 months. Three groups of bedside nurses were excluded from this study: nursing managers, supporting staff that worked on quality control, infection control and indirectly care for patients, and those who had been off work for more than one month in 6 consecutive months. The norm-referenced group, which were employed to compare with the sample group in SCCS scores, included 502 college students (260 males and 242 females, with an average of 18.5 (17–22) years old) [4].
Data collection
The anonymous self-administered questionnaire was distributed by a trained investigator during a meeting with the participants. The questionnaire included different items and scale to measure psychosocial risk, working and socio-demographic characteristics, the SCCS and the SSRS. The questionnaire also included an open-ended question to gather subjective opinions of participants on their working conditions and major problems. A total of 218 bedside nurses were administered the survey and required to complete the questionnaires in 30 min. Data from the group of college students were obtained from the published article [4], which were employed as standards in most published studies.
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Questionnaire
There are two parts in the questionnaire survey.
Part-1 is the multiple choice format of assessment, including questions on the bedside nurse’s working department, marital status, years of work, cooperation with other health workers, health status, income, career decision, and education. Only one best possible answer was marked during the survey.
Part-2 is composed of the SCCS and SSRS. In SCCS, 35 questions are divided into three subscales. Subscale-1 included 16 questions on self-conflict; Subscale-2 had 12 questions on self-flexibility; Subscale-3 included 7 questions on self-stereotyping. The total SCCS score is the sum of results from the three subscales. Participants who have the higher scores of the subscale-1 (self-conflict) and subscale-3 (self-stereotype) showed the lower levels of self-consistency and mental health. In contrast, those who have the higher scores of the subscale-2 (self-flexibility) exhibited the higher levels of the interpersonal flexibility [4]. SSRS comprises three subscales: Subjective Support (question # 1 and 3–5), Objective Support (question # 2 and question 6–7), and Utilization of Social Support (question 8–10). The total SSRS score is the sum of the score from the three subscales. A higher score indicates more social support [19].
Statistical analysis
Each questionnaire was numbered and entered into a spreadsheet (Excel). Input errors were corrected by a third party. The statistical program SPSS version 10.0 was used for statistical analysis. A descriptive analysis was conducted on the demographic variables, SCCS and SSRS subscales. Questions such as only child, marital status, working department, position, years of work and career decision were coded as categorical variables; questions such as cooperation with other health worker, health status, income, and education were coded as ranked data; SCCS and SSRS were coded as continuous variables. Comparison tests were made between the participants and the college students. Correlation analysis was performed between subscales of the SCCS and SSRS. ANVOA was performed to test SSRS and subscale scores among different demographic groups. The level of statistical significance in each analysis was 5 %.
Results
Survey response
A total of 218 registered bedside nurses were administered the survey and required to complete the questionnaires in 30 min. 188 participants completed and returned the questionnaire with an overall return rate of 86 %. Out of the 188 participants, 16 participants didn’t response more than 5 questions and therefore were discarded. Thus, the effective response rate is 79 %.
Demographic characteristics of participants
In this study, participants were from different departments in the hospital and their demographic characteristics were listed in Table 1. The 172 effective responders aged from 19 to 42 years old with an average of 25.2 years old. About 55.8 % of participants were from the only child family. The percentage of participants with junior college was 70.3 %, and less than five years of work experience was 64.5 %. A total of 70.5 % of the participants was unmarried.
Table 1
Demographic character of the participants
Variable | Groups | Frequency | % |
|---|---|---|---|
Department | Medicine | 90 | 52.3 |
Surgery | 32 | 18.6 | |
Other | 50 | 29.1 | |
Years of work | Less than 5 years | 111 | 64.5 |
More than 5 years | 61 | 35.5 | |
Education | Vocational school | 17 | 9.9 |
Junior college | 121 | 70.3 | |
College | 34 | 19.8 | |
Marital status | Not married | 112 | 70.5 |
Married | 60 | 34.9 | |
Only child family | Yes | 96 | 55.8 |
No | 76 | 44.2 |
Participants’ SCCS scores compared with college students
The subscales of SCCS between the participants and the college students were analyzed by t test (Table 2). The score of self-conflict of the participants were lower than those of college students.
Table 2
Comparison of SCCS scores between bedside nurses and college students (\( \overline{\mathrm{x}}\pm \mathrm{s} \))
Bedside nurses (n = 172) | College students (n = 502) |
t
|
P
| |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-conflict | 40.20 ± 9.16 | 46.13 ± 10.00 | 6.85 | <0.01 |
Self-flexibility | 46.67 ± 8.97 | 45.44 ± 7.44 | −1.77 | 0.08 |
Self-stethoscope | 17.34 ± 3.92 | 18.12 ± 5.09 | 1.83 | 0.07 |
Correlation analysis between SCCS and SSRS and subscales
The correlation analysis between SCCS and SSRS and subscales were performed (Shown in Table 3). There were negative correlations between subjective support and self-conflict, subjective support and self-flexibility, subjective support and total SCCS score, objective support and self-flexibility, and utilization of social support and self-stereotype.
Table 3
Correlation analysis between total-score and sub-scores of SCCS and SSRS in bedside nurses
Objective support | Utilization of support | Subjective support | Total SSRS | Self–conflict | Self-stereotype | Self-flexibility | Total SCCS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Objective support | 1.00b | -- | -- | -- | −0.11b | −0.13b | −0.33b | −0.14b |
Utilization of Support | -- | 1.00b | -- | -- | −0.06b | −0.22b | 0.11b | −0.13b |
Subjective support | -- | -- | 1.00b | -- | −0.23b | −0.06b | −0.20b | −0.27b |
Total SSRS | -- | -- | -- | 1.00b | −0.23b | −0.20b | −0.25b | −0.22b |
Self-conflict | 0.27a | 0.53a | 0.02a | 0.02a | 1.00b | -- | -- | -- |
Self-stethoscope | 0.18a | 0.02a | 0.56a | 0.05a | -- | 1.00b | -- | -- |
Self-flexibility | <0.01a | 0.28a | 0.04a | 0.01a | -- | -- | 1.00b | -- |
Total SCCS | 0.70a | 0.08a | 0.03a | 0.01a | -- | -- | -- | 1.00b |
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SSRS and subscale scores in different social demographic groups
ANVOA F-test was performed for SSRS among different groups with different demographic features, and the results were summarized in Table 4. There were significant statistical differences in the total SSRS scores between years of work, level of health status, type of the career decision, income, marriage status, whether the only child family, and level of cooperation with other health workers. It showed significant statistical difference in Objective Support between marriage status, and level of cooperation with other health worker. There were also significant statistical differences in Subjective Support between years of work, level of education, marriage status, income and whether the only child family. A significant statistical difference was observed in Utilization of Social Support between level of health status and type of the career decision.
Table 4
ANVOA F-test of SSRS between different groups under different demographic features (\( \overline{\mathrm{x}}\pm \mathrm{s} \))
Demographic features | n | Total SSRS score | Objective support score | Subjective support score | Utilization of social support |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Department | |||||
Medicine | 90 | 34.02 ± 4.67 | 11.60 ± 2.00 | 8.47 ± 1.47 | 8.34 ± 1.59 |
Surgery | 32 | 34.94 ± 4.73 | 11.84 ± 2.41 | 8.41 ± 1.24 | 8.88 ± 1.62 |
Other department | 50 | 32.71 ± 4.65 | 10.96 ± 2.27 | 8.38 ± 1.56 | 8.42 ± 1.32 |
F | 1.43 | 1.03 | 0.97 | 1.08 | |
Years of work | |||||
Less than 5 years | 111 | 33.27 ± 4.63 | 11.25 ± 2.14 | 8.18 ± 1.24 | 8.46 ± 1.62 |
More than 5 years | 61 | 35.04 ± 4.89 | 12.00 ± 1.89 | 8.83 ± 1.61 | 8.38 ± 1.67 |
F | 2.56* | 2.29 | 4.77** | 0.98 | |
Education | |||||
Vocation school | 17 | 31.76 ± 4.15 | 10.65 ± 1.32 | 8.12 ± 1.77 | 7.82 ± 1.77 |
Junior college | 121 | 34.12 ± 4.83 | 11.58 ± 2.23 | 8.33 ± 1.39 | 8.58 ± 1.54 |
College | 34 | 34.15 ± 4.59 | 11.73 ± 1.89 | 8.91 ± 1.52 | 8.21 ± 1.86 |
F | 1.91 | 1.37 | 2.79* | 2.09 | |
Health status | |||||
So-so | 37 | 33.54 ± 4.81 | 11.42 ± 1.97 | 8.62 ± 1.53 | 8.80 ± 1.65 |
Good | 43 | 33.47 ± 4.74 | 11.45 ± 1.97 | 8.35 ± 1.43 | 8.12 ± 1.70 |
Excellent | 91 | 34.54 ± 4.64 | 11.70 ± 2.19 | 8.37 ± 1.36 | 8.56 ± 1.56 |
F | 2.92* | 1.98 | 0.32 | 3.11* | |
Career decision | |||||
Self-decision | 97 | 34.41 ± 4.71 | 11.76 ± 2.11 | 8.51 ± 1.32 | 8.57 ± 1.72 |
By parents | 58 | 33.28 ± 4.75 | 11.11 ± 2.02 | 8.30 ± 1.42 | 8.21 ± 1.47 |
By others | 7 | 36.28 ± 4.53 | 12.14 ± 2.11 | 8.57 ± 1.81 | 10.00 ± 0.57 |
Unknow | 10 | 31.53 ± 4.29 | 11.15 ± 2.33 | 8.15 ± 1.77 | 7.61 ± 1.44 |
F | 2.44* | 1.53 | 0.47 | 4.02** | |
Income | |||||
1000–2000 RMB | 37 | 32.58 ± 4.81 | 10.84 ± 2.12 | 8.17 ± 1.23 | 8.25 ± 1.66 |
2001–3000 RMB | 92 | 33.51 ± 4.39 | 11.65 ± 2.01 | 8.15 ± 1.22 | 8.39 ± 1.63 |
3001–4000 RMB | 22 | 34.62 ± 4.93 | 11.56 ± 2.35 | 8.71 ± 1.74 | 8.43 ± 1.58 |
> 4001 RMB | 21 | 36.41 ± 4.81 | 12.08 ± 1.93 | 9.33 ± 1.40 | 8.91 ± 1.66 |
F | 3.84* | 2.05 | 5.61** | 0.87 | |
Marital status | |||||
Single | 112 | 32.78 ± 4.68 | 10.96 ± 2.09 | 8.02 ± 1.11 | 8.48 ± 1.61 |
Married | 60 | 36.41 ± 4.57 | 12.56 ± 1.73 | 9.16 ± 1.67 | 8.35 ± 1.69 |
F | 20.56** | 26.00** | 30.70** | 0.27 | |
Only child family | |||||
Yes | 96 | 34.35 ± 6.46 | 8.06 ± 3.72 | 8.53 ± 3.68 | 7.76 ± 1.39 |
No | 76 | 40.93 ± 6.37 | 9.32 ± 3.12 | 13.00 ± 3.96 | 8.51 ± 1.62 |
F | 3.84** | 1.31 | 4.47** | 1.94 | |
Cooperation with other health worker | |||||
Smooth | 25 | 35.62 ± 4.90 | 12.48 ± 2.06 | 8.51 ± 1.86 | 8.55 ± 1.76 |
So-so | 142 | 33.71 ± 4.65 | 11.43 ± 2.01 | 8.39 ± 1.29 | 8.39 ± 1.62 |
Not well | 5 | 30.66 ± 4.63 | 9.16 ± 2.56 | 8.50 ± 1.97 | 9.16 ± 1.32 |
F | 3.38* | 7.10** | 0.09 | 0.72 |
Discussion
SCCS scores showed good self-consistency and congruence status
The difference between the realistic self-concept and ideal self-concept is an important index of the mental health. Accordingly, our study employed SCCS to measure mental health of bedside nurse from the inner side of self. Contrary to the result of systematic review of nurses’ mental health measured by SCL-90 [7], the scores of self-consistency and congruence in the sample group show a good inner harmony status, with higher self-flexibility, lower self-conflict and self-stethoscope. This could lead us to the explanation that the symptoms detected by SCL-90 may come from outside, rather the inner self as Wang and Rogers indicated that the inconsistency between oneself and experience includes the evaluation of one’s ability and emotion, self-consistence and the feeling of helplessness [4, 20]. Those who take nursing profession as the lifelong career need to adjust individual self-concept and adapt to the role of caregiver. Therefore, improved self-flexibility is highly demanded. Only those who show higher levels of self-flexibility and lower levels of self-conflict could enjoy the job and show optimism at workplace. In present study, participants had the lower self-conflict score compared to the college students reported in previous study [4]. Our results showed that it is more natural for the bedside nurses to accept their role as the public health workers. The bedside nurses also receive positive recognition from patients, peers and family, whereas the college student has less respond from working environment. Working experience is the major difference between bedside nurses and college students besides their age difference. Therefore, the respond and support from work environment may play an important role to the bedside nurses’ self- consistency.
Social support, self-consistency, and congruence
Published studies suggested an alleviating effect of social support on mental stress and psychological barrier [21]. People with strong social support have less stress and fewer negative. Indeed, social support plays a substantial role in improving individual’s mental health [22]. Better social support has positive correlation with higher level of mental health in nursing workforces [5] [10, 23‐25]. The present study found a significant correlation between SCCS and SSRS scores in bedside nurses. Social support offers a resolution to relive life and career stress. It helps the individual to reduce the perceived importance of problems and the detrimental effects of stress [5, 22, 24]. There was also a negative correlation between subjective support and self-conflict subscales. This indicated that the more self-conflict the person has, the less support she thinks she receives. Thus, it suggests that the clinical manager should offer help to this type of person to let her to realize there is supportive resources around.
Factors influence bedside nurses’ social support
In the present study, the participants with more than 5 years of work experience have higher SSRS scores and subjective support scores. These findings may also suggest that those with higher subjective support may stay longer in the nursing position. Education is another factor that causes the difference in social support scores. The higher education the individual receives the higher score of her subjective social support is. Utilization of social support is a factor that has partially impact on health status. Those who know where and how to get help from people around show a higher level of utilization of social support. This is further demonstrated in this study on the career decision and marital status since the couple or family is one of the most important resources of social support [26]. Similarly, relationship with co-workers as an important factor that affects objective scores is also well explained by the basic concept of social support. Some study found that the nurses need more support from organization and co-workers to reduce workplace stress, and the social support from co-workers is associated with the status of nurses’ mental health [27]. Meanwhile, poor personal relationship at workplace is associated with difficult in judgment and decision making [28]. Thus, improvement in workplace support and individual interpersonal skills is highly recommended. Only-child family and income are the influence factors that have impact on the score of SSRS. However, these factors having the local and complex feature are affected by the policy of population and education, and the economic status.
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Conclusion
Bedside nurses in this study show better self-congruence compared to the college students. Their mental health closely correlates with the levels of social support. Individual characteristics such as marriage, years of work, education, self-assessed health, career decision, cooperation with other health worker, only-child family and income have influence on social support the person receives and perceives. Therefore, it is substantial to improve inner perception of support and external workplace support, and offer beneficial social environment to decrease the high turnover rate of bedside nurses.
Abbreviations
ANVOA, analysis of variance; SCCS, Self-Consistency and Congruence Scale; SCL-90, Symptom Checklist-90; SRRS, Social Support Rating Scale
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. Hong Wang from MD Anderson Cancer Center for his help in the final manuscript. Also, we would like to thank Fang Xie and Li Yang for their help in the clinical investigation.
Availability of data and materials
Data are available on request.
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Authors’ contributions
YG carried out the investigation of bedside nurses, and drafted the manuscript. JW participated in the design of the study. JH performed the statistical analysis. YH participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Informed consent
Participants in the study signed an informed consent from allowing investigators to use their information. Nurses were assured that no names would be attached to the data, to ensure that no one could be personally indentified.
Ethical approval
The present study was approved by Ethic Committee of HeBei Medical University.
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