Main text
Background
Methods
Data sources
Study cohorts
Measure of socioeconomic status
Outcome measure
Control variables
Statistical analyses
Results
Characteristics of diabetes patients
Variables (n = 57,791)
|
% or Mean(SD)
|
---|---|
Individual-level variables
| |
Gender | |
Male | 50.70 |
Female | 49.30 |
Age (Mean (SD))
| 62.59 (13.07) |
<55 | 26.69 |
55-65 | 29.09 |
65-75 | 24.15 |
≥75 | 20.06 |
Income | |
Dependents | 32.43 |
Low (low-income households, veterans, and unemployed) | 16.90 |
Middle (< NTD 30,000) | 33.46 |
High ( ≥ NTD 30,000) | 17.21 |
Time of diabetes diagnosis | |
New patients in 2010 | 18.10 |
Previous patients | 81.90 |
Comorbidities | |
0 | 28.26 |
1 | 41.04 |
≥2 | 30.7 |
Participated in the P4P program | |
Yes | 19.29 |
No | 80.71 |
Receives regular care from a health care professional | |
Yes | 90.11 |
No | 9.89 |
Health care provider ownership (n = 52,074) | |
Public | 24.93 |
Private | 75.07 |
Health care provider level (n = 52,074) | |
Medical Center | 23.23 |
Regional Hospital | 29.58 |
Local Hospital | 15.60 |
Clinic | 31.58 |
Regional-level variables
| |
Ratio of individuals with a higher education | |
Highest | 47.75 |
High | 18.27 |
Median | 20.00 |
Low | 13.98 |
Level of urbanization | |
Urban | 24.16 |
Rural | 75.84 |
Variables (n = 57,791)
|
n
|
%
|
---|---|---|
Diabetes-related preventable hospitalization | ||
Short-term complications upon admission | 224 | 0.39 |
Long-term complications upon admission | 702 | 1.21 |
Uncontrolled diabetes upon admission | 256 | 0.44 |
Lower-extremity amputation | 116 | 0.20 |
Any type of admission | 1040 | 1.80 |
Results of multilevel logistic regressions
Variables
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR
|
95% CI
|
OR
|
95% CI
| |||
Individual level
| ||||||
Gender | ||||||
Male | 1.027 | 0.905 | 1.166 | 1.038 | 0.903 | 1.194 |
Female | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
Age | ||||||
<55 | 0.966 | 0.806 | 1.158 | 1.036 | 0.847 | 1.267 |
55-65 | 0.602‡
| 0.501 | 0.723 | 0.657‡
| 0.536 | 0.805 |
65-75 | 0.721‡
| 0.609 | 0.854 | 0.754†
| 0.624 | 0.911 |
≥75 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
Income | ||||||
Dependents | 2.657‡
| 2.021 | 3.493 | 2.475‡
| 1.854 | 3.303 |
Low | 2.892‡
| 2.186 | 3.827 | 2.443‡
| 1.812 | 3.295 |
Middle | 2.092‡
| 1.598 | 2.738 | 2.079‡
| 1.568 | 2.758 |
High | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
Time of diabetes diagnosis | ||||||
New patients in 2010 | 0.759†
| 0.637 | 0.905 | 0.887 | 0.732 | 1.076 |
Previous patients | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
Comorbidities | ||||||
0 | 0.647‡
| 0.547 | 0.765 | 0.704‡
| 0.585 | 0.846 |
1 | 0.574‡
| 0.497 | 0.664 | 0.588‡
| 0.501 | 0.690 |
≥2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
Participated in the P4P program | ||||||
Yes | 0.704‡
| 0.589 | 0.841 | 0.640‡
| 0.528 | 0.776 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
HCP Ownership | ||||||
Public | 1.005 | 0.861 | 1.172 | |||
Private | 1.000 | |||||
HCP Level | ||||||
Medical center | 3.514‡
| 2.709 | 4.558 | |||
Regional hospital | 4.917‡
| 3.867 | 6.254 | |||
Local hospital | 3.818‡
| 2.929 | 4.977 | |||
Clinic | 1.000 | |||||
Regional level
| ||||||
Ratio of individuals with a higher education | ||||||
Highest | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
High | 1.541‡
| 1.257 | 1.889 | 1.463†
| 1.163 | 1.84 |
Median | 1.328†
| 1.097 | 1.608 | 1.380†
| 1.116 | 1.706 |
Low | 1.330†
| 1.099 | 1.610 | 1.316* | 1.065 | 1.626 |
Level of urbanization | ||||||
Urban | 0.837 | 0.686 | 1.022 | 0.826 | 0.665 | 1.026 |
Rural | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
−2 Log likelihood (random effects) | 10116.81 | 8253.20 |