Background
Methods
Data
Outcome and exposure variables
Variable description | |
---|---|
Age Group | Re-coded into four categories of 15–19 coded as 1, 20–29 coded as 2, 30–39 coded as 3 and 40–49 coded as 4. |
Birth Order | Re–coded into four categories: 1 for having first order birth, 2 for having second order birth, 3 for having third order birth, and 4 for having birth order four and above. |
Ethnic Origin | Re-coded in four major ethnic groups: 4 for being Oromo, 3 for being Tigre, 2 for being Amhara and 1 for being other Ethiopian ethnic group categories as most of the other ethnic groups in this category are small in number. |
Religion | Re-coded 1 for being Orthodox, 2 for being Muslim and 3 for being in other religious category (combining Protestant, Catholic, traditional and the other religious categories as most women in this category are small in number). |
Maternal Education | Re-coded as no education, primary education and secondary or higher combining the secondary and higher education categories together. |
Maternal Occupation | Re-coded as 1 for not working (combining it with domestic household work category), 2 for sales and services (combining sales, services and professional/technical/managerial categories), 3 for skilled manual, 4 for unskilled manual and agricultural laborers (combining unskilled manual categories, agricultural employee and self-employed categories). |
Media Access | A composite index combining whether respondents read a newspaper or magazine, listen to radio and watch TV. Coded 1 for having no access to media,2 for having medium access to media (at least one) and 3 for having high access to media with access to more than one media at least once a week. |
Wealth Index | The datasets contained wealth index that had been created using principal components analysis, coded 1 as poorest, 2 as poorer, 3 as middle, 4 as richer and 5 as richest. |
Urban-rural residence | The variable place of residence in the dataset was retained without change and was re-coded 1 as rural and 2 urban. |
Data analysis
Results
Study population
Women’s Characteristics | Year 2000 (N = 7917) | Year 2005 (N = 7273) | Year 2011 (N = 7836) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | Frequency | Percent | Frequency | Percent | Frequency | Percent |
15–19 | 468 | 5.9 | 430 | 5.9 | 393 | 5.0 |
20–29 | 3703 | 46.8 | 3416 | 47.0 | 3936 | 50.2 |
30–39 | 2710 | 34.2 | 2561 | 35.2 | 2721 | 34.7 |
40–49 | 1036 | 13.1 | 866 | 11.9 | 787 | 10.0 |
Birth order | ||||||
1st order birth | 1313 | 16.6 | 1163 | 16.0 | 1346 | 17.2 |
2nd order birth | 1274 | 16.1 | 1082 | 14.9 | 1337 | 17.1 |
3rd order birth | 1087 | 13.7 | 1000 | 13.8 | 1109 | 14.2 |
Birth order 4+ | 4243 | 53.6 | 4028 | 55.4 | 4044 | 51.6 |
Education | ||||||
No education | 6524 | 82.4 | 5723 | 78.7 | 5246 | 66.9 |
Primary | 993 | 12.5 | 1189 | 16.3 | 2236 | 28.5 |
Secondary or higher | 401 | 5.1 | 361 | 5.0 | 355 | 4.5 |
Occupation | ||||||
Not working | 2756 | 34.8 | 5014 | 68.9 | 3486 | 44.5 |
Sales and Services | 901 | 11.4 | 624 | 8.6 | 1464 | 18.7 |
Skilled manual | 664 | 8.4 | 113 | 1.6 | 558 | 7.1 |
Unskilled manual and Agri workers | 3587 | 45.3 | 1509 | 20.7 | 2252 | 28.7 |
Ethnic origin | ||||||
Other Ethnic Ethiopians | 2108 | 26.6 | 2173 | 29.9 | 2305 | 29.4 |
Amhara | 2529 | 31.9 | 2117 | 29.1 | 2232 | 28.5 |
Oromo | 2734 | 34.5 | 2499 | 34.4 | 2740 | 35.0 |
Tigray | 542 | 6.8 | 467 | 6.4 | 517 | 6.6 |
Religion | ||||||
Orthodox | 4012 | 50.7 | 3233 | 44.5 | 3266 | 41.7 |
Muslim | 2330 | 29.4 | 2382 | 32.7 | 2562 | 32.7 |
Other religions | 1576 | 19.9 | 1658 | 22.8 | 1916 | 24.4 |
Media Access | ||||||
No access | 5775 | 72.9 | 4560 | 62.7 | 3154 | 40.2 |
Moderate access | 2064 | 26.1 | 2573 | 35.4 | 4112 | 52.5 |
High access | 69 | .9 | 111 | 1.5 | 554 | 7.1 |
Urban-rural residence | ||||||
Urban | 875 | 11.1 | 621 | 8.5 | 1160 | 14.8 |
Rural | 7042 | 88.9 | 6652 | 91.5 | 6676 | 85.2 |
Wealth Status | Minimum of one ANC | Four or more ANCs | First trimester initiation of ANC | Two or more doses of TT injection | Delivery in health facilities | Skilled delivery assistant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year 2000 | ||||||
Poorest | 0.180 | 0.077 | 0.237 | 0.152 | 0.041 | 0.046 |
Poorer | 0.200 | 0.075 | 0.214 | 0.159 | 0.038 | 0.042 |
Middle | 0.230 | 0.084 | 0.210 | 0.151 | 0.032 | 0.036 |
Richer | 0.303 | 0.086 | 0.195 | 0.181 | 0.033 | 0.034 |
Richest | 0.524 | 0.296 | 0.260 | 0.318 | 0.173 | 0.194 |
Ethiopia | 0.267 | 0.110 | 0.227 | 0.182 | 0.055 | 0.061 |
Year 2005 | ||||||
Poorest | 0.163 | 0.078 | 0.209 | 0.217 | 0.052 | 0.048 |
Poorer | 0.230 | 0.100 | 0.181 | 0.249 | 0.048 | 0.046 |
Middle | 0.278 | 0.104 | 0.199 | 0.289 | 0.034 | 0.035 |
Richer | 0.345 | 0.124 | 0.187 | 0.356 | 0.057 | 0.061 |
Richest | 0.502 | 0.332 | 0.314 | 0.428 | 0.247 | 0.256 |
Ethiopia | 0.276 | 0.125 | 0.223 | 0.290 | 0.068 | 0.069 |
Year 2011 | ||||||
Poorest | 0.228 | 0.134 | 0.244 | 0.275 | 0.081 | 0.073 |
Poorer | 0.279 | 0.149 | 0.208 | 0.343 | 0.071 | 0.066 |
Middle | 0.286 | 0.172 | 0.231 | 0.341 | 0.066 | 0.061 |
Richer | 0.444 | 0.230 | 0.251 | 0.405 | 0.113 | 0.112 |
Richest | 0.653 | 0.409 | 0.354 | 0.490 | 0.436 | 0.443 |
Ethiopia | 0.343 | 0.196 | 0.260 | 0.355 | 0.122 | 0.119 |
Inequalities in uptake of maternal health services in Ethiopia
Year | Minimum of one ANC | Four or more ANCs | First trimester initiation of ANC | Two or more doses of TT injection | Delivery in health facilities | Skilled delivery assistant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year 2000 | ||||||
Standard concentration index | 0.308 | 0.409 | 0.253 | 0.270 | 0.492 | 0.478 |
CI with inequality-aversion parameter = 3 | 0.409 | 0.479 | 0.255 | 0.346 | 0.518 | 0.508 |
CI with inequality-aversion parameter = 4 | 0.478 | 0.533 | 0.258 | 0.409 | 0.552 | 0.543 |
Standard achievement index | 0.184 | 0.065 | 0.170 | 0.132 | 0.027 | 0.031 |
AI with inequality-aversion parameter = 3 | 0.157 | 0.057 | 0.169 | 0.119 | 0.026 | 0.030 |
AI with inequality-aversion parameter = 4 | 0.139 | 0.051 | 0.168 | 0.107 | 0.024 | 0.027 |
Year 2005 | ||||||
Standard concentration index | 0.323 | 0.404 | 0.291 | 0.257 | 0.483 | 0.515 |
CI with inequality-aversion parameter = 3 | 0.444 | 0.489 | 0.315 | 0.359 | 0.528 | 0.569 |
CI with inequality-aversion parameter = 4 | 0.523 | 0.551 | 0.332 | 0.433 | 0.566 | 0.608 |
Standard achievement index | 0.187 | 0.074 | 0.158 | 0.216 | 0.035 | 0.033 |
AI with inequality-aversion parameter = 3 | 0.153 | 0.063 | 0.153 | 0.186 | 0.032 | 0.029 |
AI with inequality-aversion parameter = 4 | 0.131 | 0.056 | 0.149 | 0.164 | 0.029 | 0.027 |
Year 2011 | ||||||
Standard concentration index | 0.310 | 0.353 | 0.267 | 0.222 | 0.501 | 0.527 |
CI with inequality-aversion parameter = 3 | 0.424 | 0.453 | 0.312 | 0.319 | 0.575 | 0.606 |
CI with inequality-aversion parameter = 4 | 0.499 | 0.522 | 0.345 | 0.396 | 0.621 | 0.652 |
Standard achievement index | 0.236 | 0.127 | 0.191 | 0.276 | 0.061 | 0.056 |
AI with inequality-aversion parameter = 3 | 0.197 | 0.107 | 0.179 | 0.241 | 0.052 | 0.046 |
AI with inequality-aversion parameter = 4 | 0.171 | 0.093 | 0.170 | 0.214 | 0.046 | 0.041 |
Decomposition analysis
Standardizing (need) variables | A minimum of one ANC | Four or more ANC | First trimester initiation of ANC | Two or more doses of TT injection | Delivery in health facilities | Skilled delivery assistant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
coef | coef | coef | coef | coef | coef | |
Year 2000 | ||||||
Age in group | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.019 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.007 |
Birth order | −0.002 | −0.001 | 0.012 | −0.001 | −0.001 | −0.002 |
Educational level | 0.571 | 0.571 | 0.520 | 0.571 | 0.571 | 0.571 |
Maternal occupation | −0.018 | −0.018 | −0.037 | −0.018 | −0.018 | −0.018 |
Ethnic Origin | 0.052 | 0.052 | 0.066 | 0.052 | 0.052 | 0.052 |
Religion | 0.032 | 0.032 | 0.013 | 0.032 | 0.032 | 0.032 |
Media access | 0.120 | 0.120 | 0.173 | 0.120 | 0.120 | 0.120 |
Control variable | ||||||
Wealth Status | 0.267 | 0.267 | 0.214 | 0.267 | 0.267 | 0.267 |
Year 2005 | ||||||
Age in group | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.027 | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.026 |
Birth order | 0.020 | 0.020 | 0.014 | 0.020 | 0.020 | 0.020 |
Educational level | 0.571 | 0.572 | 0.536 | 0.572 | 0.572 | 0.571 |
Occupation | 0.132 | 0.132 | 0.055 | 0.132 | 0.132 | 0.132 |
Ethnic Origin | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.023 | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.024 |
Religion | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.019 | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.032 |
Media access | 0.408 | 0.407 | 0.365 | 0.407 | 0.407 | 0.409 |
Control variable | ||||||
Wealth Status | 0.267 | 0.267 | 0.209 | 0.267 | 0.267 | 0.267 |
Year 2011 | ||||||
Age in group | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.017 | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.024 |
Birth order | 0.013 | 0.013 | −0.004 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.013 |
Educational level | 0.449 | 0.448 | 0.415 | 0.448 | 0.448 | 0.448 |
Occupation | 0.025 | 0.025 | −0.041 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.025 |
Ethnic Origin | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.042 | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.051 |
Religion | 0.029 | 0.029 | 0.016 | 0.029 | 0.029 | 0.029 |
Media access | 0.112 | 0.112 | 0.116 | 0.112 | 0.112 | 0.112 |
Control variable | ||||||
Wealth Status | 0.272 | 0.272 | 0.231 | 0.272 | 0.272 | 0.272 |