Background
Dyspnoea is defined as “a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that is comprised of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity” [1]. The symptom can be caused by a broad spectrum of diseases from mostly trivial and self-limiting (e.g. common cold, somatisation disorder) to acute life-threatening (e.g. pulmonary embolism) ones.
Clinical decision making has to rely on disease distributions and probabilities of underlying aetiologies and the expected course of disease, as well as the nature and pattern of symptoms. To deal adequately with dyspnoea general practitioners need to know the prevalences of different diseases causing dyspnoea in the respective age group, area and season, the likelihood of avoidable life-threatening conditions and of worsening or recovery from disease.
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There is empirical evidence of the respective probabilities in the secondary care setting: Mockel et al. described a dyspnoea prevalence of 7.4 % in the emergency departments [2]. Also, data from the U.S. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey showed a rate of 8.4 % among 15 to 64 year old emergency patients [3], leading to a considerably high in-hospital mortality of 9.4 % [2].
However, access to primary or secondary care differs, since general practitioners are often the first point of contact, whereas secondary care physicians are consulted by those patients who suffer from more severe symptoms, who do not recover or in whom general practitioners suspect a more severe underlying cause of disease. Prevalences and probabilities from secondary care are not applicable to at the primary care situation. So far there are no evidence-based algorithms or guidelines for the diagnostic work-up of patients presenting with dyspnoea in general practice. Aim of our project was to conduct a systematic review of symptom-evaluating studies on the prevalence, aetiology, and prognosis of dyspnoea (as main or secondary complaint) as presented to general practitioners in daily setting.
Methods
Types of studies
This is a systematic review including symptom-evaluating studies about dyspnoea at general practice. According to Donner-Banzhoff et al., symptom evaluating studies are defined as studies examining patients presenting with a defined symptom in health care settings. They aim to investigate prevalence/incidence, differential diagnosis and prognosis for patients presenting with the symptom [4].
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
We included all studies investigating the complaint “dyspnoea” as a primary or secondary consulting reason at general practice. The findings of the studies had to comprise data about the incidence or prevalence of dyspnoea, a statement about underlying diagnoses and/or prognosis. Apart from qualitative studies, all kind of study designs independent from type of data assessment, outcome measurement or study quality were included. Symptom-evaluating studies from other settings than primary care (primary care is defined as the first-contact care of patients at the health care system which is accessible at the time of need, continued, comprehensive and coordinated [5]; secondary care is offered by medical specialists who usually do not have first contact with patients at the health care system or only temporally in emergency cases) and studies which exclusively included children (age <18 years) were excluded from the review. Studies selecting patients prior to recruitment, e.g. because of an increased probability for a particular diagnosis, were also excluded.
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Search strategy
We did a computer-based search with the PubMed database in May 2012. The following search syntax was used: The term “dyspnoea” in title or abstract OR the MESH term “dyspnea” AND the term “general practice” in title or abstract OR a journal representing our research area OR the term “general practice” (in affiliation of authors) OR the MESH terms “family practice”, “physicians, family” and “primary health care”. All terms were used in various notations. The entire syntax is available on request from the authors (Appendix).
Selection of publications
All identified references went to a two step-selection process. First, we screened titles and abstracts regarding to the three criteria, “original research article”, “inclusion of patients because of dyspnoea”, and “primary care setting”. References meeting all criteria were classified as potential appropriate. In the second step, we analysed the full texts of the potentially appropriate studies with respect to inclusion- and exclusion criteria. Every step of the selection process was done and documented by two independent review authors (DB, MB). Different appraisals were resolved by discussion between DB und MB. In cases of persisted diversities, a third author (AV) was consulted.
Data extraction
We extracted the following descriptive data of the included studies: Bibliographic information (author, publication year, title, journal), country, setting, study design, inclusion and exclusion criteria, type of recruitment, study population (age, gender distribution), and study duration. To answer the first research question (prevalence/incidence), we registered the number of patients with the consultation reason dyspnoea, the number and type of the population from which the cases descended from (e.g. number of all practice consultations or all registered patients in a practice). Furthermore, we extracted all diagnostic categories and their absolute and relative frequencies (second question “aetiology”). Finally, every kind of prognostic outcome was documented (third research question).
Quality assessment
Until now, there is no published standardized and accepted quality or reporting guideline for studies of symptoms. In accordance to Donner-Banzhoff et al. [4], our research group has developed criteria to query essential quality characteristics for studies of symptoms. A validation study is ongoing. Independent of the particular research question, all included studies underwent quality assessment regarding the criteria of Table 4.
Data analysis
We did the meta-analysis with the random effects model and calculated confidence intervals to show the precision of the mean [6]. Since our review includes studies with various study sizes, we used tau2 and I2 for quantifying heterogeneity. We approximately estimated the 95 % prediction interval using [expit(PE - 2*tau); expit(PE + 2*tau)], where prediction interval is the random effects pooled estimate of the proportion on the logit scale and expit is the inverse logit function. We used the logit transformation because the included studies of our review mostly contain proportions less than 0.2 or more than 0.8 [7]. The prediction interval describes the distribution of the true effect size of the included studies and is an estimate of an interval in which the true effect size (e.g. prevalence of a symptom) of a future study will fall with a probability of 95 % [8]. While the confidence interval quantifies the uncertainty in the estimation of the true effect size, the prediction interval reflects the between study heterogeneity. The fact that the values of the prediction intervals are equal to the scale of the original results simplifies the clinical interpretation and makes it more ostensive. We did no data pooling in cases where prediction intervals were broader than 10 %.
Data analysis was done with the statistical program R 2.14.0 (R Foundation for statistical analysis, Vienna, Austria). We used the R package “meta: Meta-Analysis with R” [9]. Confidence intervals of frequencies were calculated as exact binomial confidence intervals according to Clopper Pearson.
Results
Search results and study selection
We identified 1915 references via the computer-based search in PubMed. After title and abstract screening, 117 studies underwent full text analysis. Thereby, six studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria [10‐15]. During the full text analysis, we excluded the following studies for the following reasons: not primary care (26 publications); inadaequate study design/population (five publications); pre-selected study population (ten publications); dyspnoea was not the reason for consultation (52 publications); missing outcome (one publication); full texts not available or other language than English or German (17 studies).
Included studies
Apart from a study by Charles et al., which was performed in Australia, all studies originate from European countries. The publication time ranges from 2002 to 2012. The studies included patients of every age group, mostly with a slightly female surplus. All studies recruited data at general practices; recruitment duration was 11.5 to 120 months. The study by Charles et al. extracted data out of a database in a retrospective way; all other studies showed prospective patient recruitment. Half of the studies were primarily performed to answer a symptom evaluating research question. In contrast, the studies from Burri and Nielsen et al. mainly evaluated diagnostic tests for diagnostic decision making of dyspnoea while the symptom evaluation data derive from a secondary analysis. Further details of the included studies are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Brief description of the included studies
Studies | Recruitment duration [month] | Region | Setting | Age distribution of study sample | Female (%) | Data assessment | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | Answered research questions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burri, 2012 | --- | Germany + Switzerland | 29 primary care physicians | Median age: 72 years | 53.9 | prospective | - all patients presented with dyspnoea as their primary symptom | - < 18 years | 2b + 3c |
- obvious traumatic cause of dyspnoea | |||||||||
- Dyspnoea had to be of new onset or clearly worsening if preexisting | - severe renal disease [defined by a serum | ||||||||
creatinine level of more than 250 μmol /L−1 (2.8 mg/dL−1) | |||||||||
- sepsis | |||||||||
Charles, 2005 (BEACH Program) | 72 | Australien | 6021 general practitioners | <5 years: 3.0 % | 53.2 | retrospective | - all documented patients with shortness of breath | --- | 1a + 2b |
5–14 years: 3.3 % | |||||||||
15–24 years: 4.6 % | |||||||||
25–44 years:10.8 % | |||||||||
45–64 years: 21.2 % | |||||||||
65–74 years: 21.7 % | |||||||||
75+ years: 35.3 % | |||||||||
Frese, 2011 (SESAM Study) | 12 | Germany | 270 general practitioners | Mean age: 51.2 years, SD +/−20.86 | 56.9 | prospective | - all patients with a direct (face to face) GP contact; independent from consultation reason | none | 1a + 2b |
Median age: 55 years | |||||||||
Nielsen, 2001 | 11.5 | Denmark | 74 general practitioners | Mean age: 63.0 years | 47.7 | prospective | - all patients with dyspnoea of at least 2 weeks duration | - patients with dyspnoea of at least less 2 weeks duration | 2b + 3c |
Nielsen, 2003 | 24 | Denmark | 74 general practitioners | Median age: 65.0 years | 49.0 | prospective | - all patients with dyspnoea of at least 2 weeks duration | - patients with dyspnoea of at least less 2 weeks duration | 2b |
Okkes, 2002 | 12–120 (mean: 2.4 years) | Netherlands | 54 family physicians | --- | 56.5 | prospective | - all patients with a direct (face to face) GP contact; independent from consultation reason | none | 1a + 2b |
Frese, 2011 (Transition Projectd) |
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Prevalence of “dyspnoea” in general practice
We extracted prevalence data out of three studies referring to 9 051 dyspnoea cases and 760 215 consultations. The prevalence of dyspnoea in general practice ranges from 0.87 to 2.59 % (Table 2). The database study by Charles et al. reports a prevalence of 0.87 % (CI 0.85–0.89) and the non-database studies from Frese and Okkes et al. found a prevalence of 1.05 % (CI 0.85–1.29) and 2.59 % (2.43–.2.59). Due to the low number of studies, we performed no a meta-analysis. Please see Table 2 for further details.
Table 2
Prevalence
Number of patients with the consultation reason dyspnoeaa | Overall consultations | Prevalence | CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Charles, 2005 (BEACH Program) | 5215 | 602100 b | 0.87 % | 0.85–0.89 |
Frese, 2011 (SESAM Study) | 93 | 8877 b | 1.05 % | 0.85–1.29 |
Okkes, 2002 | 3743 | 149238 c | 2.59 % | 2.43–2.59 |
Frese, 2011 (Transition Project d) |
Aetiologies of “dyspnoea” in general practice
All six included studies provided data about the underlying aetiologies of dyspnoea. The authors described a broad spectrum of differential diagnoses which were summarized in twelve categories, see Table 3. The presented diagnoses show a high heterogeneity which was confirmed by both heterogeneity sizes (I2 and tau2). Therefore we omitted meta-analysis. Merely the analysis of the diagnostic category “pneumonia” turns out with high homogeneity (I2 and tau2 = 0) enabling meta-analysis: The probability for pneumonia as an underlying reason for dyspnoea at primary care setting is 2.7 % (CI 2.2–3.3).
Table 3
Aetiologies of the symptom “dyspnoea” in general practice
N | Burri et al. 323 | Charles et al. 5200 | Frese et al. 93 | Nielsen (2001) et al. 284 | Nielsen et al. (2004) 345 | Okkes et al.f Frese et al.f (Transition Project) 3743 | Prädiktions-intervall [%] | Tau2 | I2 | P value | Random effects model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simple respiratory infect (mostly viral) | --- | 587 | 37 | --- | --- | 1498 | 3.7–79.0 | 1.3146 | 99.8 % | <0.0001 | --- |
11.3 % | 39.8 % | 40.1 % | |||||||||
10.5–12.2 | 29.9–50.5 | 38.5–41.6 | |||||||||
Pneumonia | 11 | --- | 3 | --- | --- | 99 | 2.7–2.7 | 0 | 0 % | 0.6907 | 2.7 [2.2–3.3] |
3.4 % | 3.2 % | 2.6 % | |||||||||
1.8–6.2 | 0.8–9.8 | 2.2–3.2 | |||||||||
COPD / chronic bronchitis | 94 | 998 | 9 | --- | --- | 112 | 1.3–58.6 | 1.3833 | 99.3 % | <0.0001 | --- |
29.1 % | 19.2 % | 9.7 % | 3.0 % | ||||||||
24.3–34.4 | 18.1–20.3 | 4.8–18.0 | 2.5–3.6 | ||||||||
Asthma / Allergy | --- | 1092 | 5 | --- | --- | 431 | 4.9–28.6 | 0.2632 | 98.6 % | <0.0001 | --- |
21.0 % | 5.4 % | 11.5 % | |||||||||
19.9–22.1 | 2.0–12.7 | 10.5–12.6 | |||||||||
Other pulmonary diseases (neoplasia, pulmonary embolism) | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 18 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
0.5 % | |||||||||||
0.3–0.8 | |||||||||||
Heart failure | 115 | 946 | 6 | --- | --- | 153 | 1.6–54.8 | 1.1580 | 99.3 % | <0.0001 | --- |
35.6 % | 18.2 % | 6.5 % | 4.1 % | ||||||||
30.4–41.1 | 17.2–19.3 | 2.7–14.1 | 3.5–4.8 | ||||||||
Other cardiovascular diseases | --- | 650 | 9 | --- | 20 | 79 | 0.6–40.6 | 1.3523 | 98.8 % | <0.0001 | --- |
12.5 % | 9.7 % | 5.8 % | 2.1 % | ||||||||
11.6-13.4 | 4.8–18.0 | 3.7–9.0 | 1.7–2.6 | ||||||||
Psychosomatic cause | 13 | 177 | 1 | --- | 2 | 314 | 0.9–12.3 | 0.4524 | 96.5 % | <0.0001 | --- |
4.0 % | 3.4 % | 1.1 % | 0.1 % | 8.4 % | |||||||
2.3-7.0 | 2.9–3.9 | 0.06–6.7 | 0.1–2.3 | 7.5–9.3 | |||||||
Musculoskeletal cause | --- | --- | 2 | --- | --- | 3 | 0.0–26.9 | 5.0575 | 92.3 % | 0.0003 | --- |
2.2 % | 0.1 % | ||||||||||
0.4-8.3 | 0.02–0.3 | ||||||||||
Obesity Lack of fitness | 29 | --- | 1 | --- | 31 | 5 | 0.1–31.9 | 2.3909 | 96.6 % | <0.0001 | --- |
9.0 % | 1.1 % | 9.0 % | 0.1 % | ||||||||
6.2-12.8 | 0.06–6.7 | 6.3–12.6 | 0.05–0.3 | ||||||||
Anaemia / metabolism | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4 | 8 | 0.1–4.3 | 1.2567 | 86.9 % | 0.0057 | --- |
1.2 % | 0.2 % | ||||||||||
0.4-3.2 | 0.1–0.4 | ||||||||||
No diagnosis | 61 | 447 | 12 | 42 | 62 | 529 | 7.0–26.3 | 0.1503 | 95.0 % | <0.0001 | --- |
18.9 % | 8.6 % | 12.9 % | 14.8 % | 18.0 % | 14.1 % | ||||||
14.9-23.7 | 7.9–9.4 | 7.1–21.8 | 11.0–19.6 | 14.2–22.5 | 13.0–15.3 | ||||||
Other | --- | a | b | c | d | e | |||||
Prognosis of “dyspnoea” in general practice
Two studies reported prognostic outcome parameters. Burri et al. documented 94 hospitalizations and 20 case of death among 323 patient during a one year follow-up [10]. In addition, a symptom evaluation after three month was done showing 32 % of the respective patients to be symptom free [10]. Nielsen et al. assessed the mortality rates and the symptom status among 269 dyspnoea patients during a six month follow-up [13]: 58 % of the patients reported symptom improvement, 34 % experienced no change and 5 % showed worsening; 3 % were dead (all reasons).
Quality of included studies
Regarding to domain A (selection of patients and GPs), risk of bias of most included studies (5/6) was classified as unclear, because quality assessment criteria regarding to selection of patients and GPs were not adequately described. In the study of Burri et al., the risk that the selection of patients introduced bias was judged as low. All included studies showed a low risk that the mode of data collection and/or patients flow introduced bias (domain B). Quality assessment for the determination of the underlying aetiology of the symptom (domain C) was done for every diagnostic category of each study. The two studies from Nielsen et al. had the lowest risk that the diagnostic work up introduce bias. In contrast, the three studies from Charles et al. Frese et al. and Okkes et al. showed a predominantly high risk that the diagnostic work up introduce bias. Regarding to the determination of prognosis (domain D), the two studies containing prognostic information contain a high risk for bias. The detailed results of the quality assessment are described at Table 4.
Table 4
Methodical quality of the included studies
Burri et al. | Charles et al. | Frese et al. | Nielsen et al. (2001) | Nielsen et al. (2004) | Okkes et al. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Domain A: Selection of patients and GPs (refers to all studies regardless the review question)
| ||||||
Was the symptom to be investigated clearly described? | no | no | no | no | no | no |
Were the selection criteria of the patients clearly described? | yes | yes | yes | unclear | unclear | yes |
Was a consecutive or random sample of patients enrolled? | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Was it a multi-centre study? | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Did the selection criteria of the patients permit the study population to represent the full spectrum of those presenting with the symptom in the respective setting/ addressed in the review question? | yes | unclear | unclear | yes | no | unclear |
Were the participating health care professionals/ institutions representative for setting to be investigated in the review? | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Concern that the selection of patients and GPs introduced substantial variation
|
low
|
low
|
low
|
unclear
|
unclear
|
low
|
Risk that the selection of patients introduced bias: low, unclear, high
|
low
|
unclear
|
unclear
|
unclear
|
unclear
|
unclear
|
Domain B: Data collection and patient flow (refers to all studies regardless of the review question)
| ||||||
Were data about the symptom und the inclusion criteria collected directly from the patients (as opposed to a proxy like a register, routine documentation)? | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Was the same mode of data collection used for all patients? | unclear | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Was the number of non-responders/ dropouts unlikely to affect the results? | yes | unclear | unclear | yes | yes | unclear |
Risk that the mode of data collection and/ or patient flow introduced bias: low, unclear, high
|
low
|
low
|
low
|
low
|
low
|
low
|
Domain C: Determination of the underlying aetiology of the symptom (refers only to review question “What are the underlying conditions and their respective frequencies (differential diagnosis)?”)
| ||||||
Was the etiologic category clearly defined? | Yes (3/6) No (2/6) a (1/6) | Yes (5/7) No (1/7) a (1/7) | Yes (9/10) a (1/10) | Yes (4/6) No (1/6) a (1/6) | Yes (4/6) Unclear (1/6) a (1/6) | Yes (11/12) a (1/12) |
Was the diagnostic work up likely to correctly classify the respective aetiology? | Yes (5/6) a (1/6) | Yes (6/7) a (1/7) | Yes (9/10) a (1/10) | Yes (3/6) Unclear (2/6) a (1/6) | Yes (4/6) Unclear (1/6) a (1/6) | Yes (11/12) a (1/12) |
Did every patient receive the same diagnostic work up to detect the respective aetiology? | No (5/6) a (1/6) | No (6/7) a (1/7) | Yes (9/10) a (1/10) | Yes (3/6) No (1/6) Unclear (1/6) a (1/6) | Yes (3/6) No (2/6) a (1/6) | No (11/12) a (1/12) |
Risk that the diagnostic work up introduce bias
|
low (2/6)
|
high (6/7)
|
high (9/10)
|
low (3/6)
|
low (4/6)
|
High (11/12)
|
unclear (2/6)
|
a
(1/7)
|
a
(1/10)
|
Unclear (2/6)
|
unclear (1/6)
|
a
(1/12)
| |
a
(1/6)
|
a
(1/6)
|
a
(1/6)
| ||||
Domain D: Determination of the prognosis (refers only to review question “What is the prognosis of patients with the respective symptom presenting in the respective setting?”)
| ||||||
Was the prognostic outcome clearly defined? | Yes (3/3) | - | - | Yes (2/2) | - | - |
Did the study design include a comparison group without the symptom? | No (3/3) | - | - | No (2/2) | - | - |
Was the work up/ measurement likely to correctly classify the respective prognostic outcome? | Yes (3/3) | - | - | Yes (2/2) | - | - |
Did every patient receive the same work up/ mode of data collection to verify the respective prognostic outcome? | Yes (3/3) | - | - | Yes (2/2) | - | - |
Risk that the prognostic work up introduce bias
|
High (3/3)
|
-
|
-
|
High (2/2)
|
-
|
-
|
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Discussion
Main findings
This systematic review identified 6 symptom evaluating studies on dyspnoea in the primary care setting. The prevalence of dyspnoea as reason for consultation ranges from 0.87 to 2.59 % in general practice. Among all dyspnoea patients 2.7 % (CI 2.2–3.3) suffer from pneumonia. Further specification of underlying aetiologies seems difficult due to the studies heterogeneity showing a great variety of probabilities.
Interpretation of findings in relation to previously published work
In contrast to secondary care setting (dyspnoea prevalence at emergency departments: 7.4 % [2]), we found rather low prevalences of dyspnoea ranging from 0.87 to 2.59 % at primary care setting. The Transitions Project, provided in the article from Frese et al., showed a higher prevalence value compared to the two other studies. This can be explained by the different formations of the underlying study populations (denominator of the prevalence ratio). At BEACH- and SESAM project, the prevalence ratio was calculated by division of the number of dyspnoea patients (counter) through all direct encounters during assessment time (without double consultations) (denominator). In contrast, at Transition project the prevalence value was calculated by the number of dyspnoea patients (counter) through all active listed patients (denominator).
With exception of the diagnostic category “pneumonia”, the results of the different studies show high heterogeneity. The study by Charles et al. seems to differ from all other studies with respect to the distribution of underlying aetiologies [11]. Again this possibly refers to the chosen study design. Charles’s study refers to a retrospective primary care register. Possibly in this underlying chronic diseases of dyspnea were documented more frequently than acute illnesses (e.g. a simple respiratory infection), because documentation of chronic diseases are more relevant concerning long term care and possibly reimbursement. In contrast, the prospective studies from Okkes and Frese showed a higher rate of respiratory infections [12, 15], where recruitment of dyspnea patients was done in a consecutive way.
Furthermore, there are large differences between the studies regarding the diagnostic categories “COPD/chronic bronchitis”, “asthma/allergy” and “heart failure”. This is most likely based on the different age distribution of the study populations and different diagnostic strategies. In fact the study by Burri et al., had a special focus on the diagnosis of heart failure and the average age of the studies’ population was higher compared to the other studies’ participants [10].
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All studies of the review have included patients with dyspnea independent from duration and severity of the symptom which might result in differences in the proportionately composition between acute and chronic dyspnoea cases among the study populations. Even though we have no evidence from this review one would expect that chronic dyspnea is mainly related to diseases like heart failure, chronic bronchitis etc. whereas acute dyspnoea is most likely associated with pneumonia, viral infections or pulmonary embolism. This might be even add to the different distribution of the diagnostic categories.
In general, most diagnoses analyzed in the included studies are based on clinical non standardized criteria with great variety between studies. This leads to substantial blurring in the estimated probabilities. In comparison to other symptoms (like abdominal pain or dizziness), the proportion of unexplained complaints (category “no diagnosis”) is rather rare among dyspnea patients [16, 17]. GPs seem to have hypotheses concerning the underlying aetiology; although only 39 % of these turn out to be correct [13]. Nielsen et al. showed improvement of GP’s aetiological appraisal when providing diagnostic work up in a hospital. Nielsen reported that GPs tend to overdiagnose heart failure (overdiagnosed: 63 %; missed: 39 %). Diagnosis of pulmonary disease showed equipoise of overdiagnosis and missing (overdiagnosed: 50 %; missed 57 %) [13]. At present, there are no primary care decision rules for the evaluation of dyspnea.
Strengths and limitations of this study
Systematic reviews of symptom-evaluating studies underlie four factors which could bias the effect size of this systematic review from the real effect size [18]: (i) Factors which influence the internal validity of the included studies, like incomplete recruitment or imprecise inclusion criteria; (ii) Factors which might influence the external validity of the included studies, like setting or recruitment characteristics which impede transferability to the local health care system; (iii) Factors which influence the internal validity of our systematic review based on our own methodology; (iiii) Factors influencing the external validity of the review. We therefore followed a transparent and standardized protocol for the quality assessment of the included studies. The screening process was done by two independent reviewers and we defined clear inclusion criteria for the included studies.
There are few publications which describe quality criteria for prevalence studies [19, 20]: Hoy et al. defined a 10-item risk of bias tool for prevalence studies and tested its interrater-reliability [19] and the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group from Richardson et al. developed criteria to evaluate articles on disease probability for differential diagnosis [20]. These published criteria only comment on the quality of prevalence studies. We developed a more comprehensive catalogue of criteria based on an extensive literature review and the Standards for the Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) statement on diagnostic accuracy studies [18, 21]. According to our quality criteria, quality of the included studies shows a broad spectrum from low to high risk of bias.
A search update (28/08/2015) identified 649 new references since May 2012. After title and abstract screening, 12 studies underwent full text analysis. Finally, one study fulfilled the inclusion criteria [22]. This study from Currow et al. was based on the same database (BEACH Programm) like the already included publication from Charles et al. and answered the first (prevalence) and the second (aetiology) research question. In comparison to analysis from Charles at al., Currow et al. covered a longer recruitment period (Charles: 6 years vs. Currow: 9 years) and excluded persons under 18 years. Currow found a prevalence of 0.96 % (95 %-CI: 0.93–0.99). The following percentage distributions of the underlying aetiologies were described: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (10.4 %), asthma (9.6 %), heart failure (9.4 %), hypertension (4.1 %), acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis (4.0 %), ischaemic heart disease (3.0 %), sleep disturbance (2.4 %) and anxiety (2.1 %). In summary, the results of the two publications are generally similar; the existing differences are explainable due to the different age-sample.
Implication for future research, policy and practice
Although, GPs need setting specific knowledge about the pre-test probability (prevalence), the work-up probability (suspected underlying aetiology), and the impact of diagnostic testing (mainly generated from patient history and clinical examination) in dyspnoea, there are only few symptom evaluating studies published to support their decision making. A comprehensive diagnostic study with sound methodology regarding recruitment, standardized diagnosis, and follow up is needed in order to gain empirical data for future guidelines and decision rules.
Conclusion
There is a great lack of empirical evidence on the prevalence, aetiology and prognosis of dyspnoea in general practice. This might yield uncertainty in diagnosis and evaluation of dyspnoea in primary care.
Ethical approval
A systematic review does not require ethical approval.
Acknowledgements
We thank our study nurse Muazzez Ilhan for the technical support.
Funding
This work was supported by own resources of the Department for primary care, University Marburg.
PRISMA-Statement
This publication adheres to the PRISMA guidelines for the reporting of systematic reviews.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in the relation to this article.
Authors’ contributions
AV planned the study, developed methodological approach, supervised reviewers, analyzed data and wrote the manuscript, DB and MB collected and analyzed data. JH and AB planned the study, developed methodological approach and discussed the results. TF revised the manuscript critically. SB, PG, LS and SS planned study design. All authors edited the drafted version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.