Background
Methods
Design and sample
Measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Quality of sleep | p value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | n (%) | Good n (%) | Poor n (%) | |
Age (years) (59 ± 7.3) | 0.020# | |||
< 65 | 227 (80.2) | 161 (70.9) | 66 (29.1) | |
65 ~ 74 | 45 (15.9) | 38 (54.4) | 7 (15.6) | |
≥ 75 | 11 (3.9) | 5 (45.5) | 6 (54.5) | |
Sex | 0.317 | |||
Male | 60 (21.2) | 47 (78.3) | 13 (21.7) | |
Female | 223 (78.8) | 157 (71.2) | 66 (22.6) | |
Religious beliefs | 0.513 | |||
No | 61 (21.6) | 46 (75.4) | 15 (24.6) | |
sYes | 222 (78.4) | 158 (71.2) | 64 (28.8) | |
Smoking history | 0.284 | |||
No | 268 (94.7) | 195 (72.8) | 73 (27.2) | |
Yes | 15 (5.3) | 9 (60.0) | 6 (40.0) | |
Alcohol consumption | 0.048 | |||
No | 232 (82.0) | 162 (69.8) | 70 (30.2) | |
At least once a week | 51 (18.0) | 42 (82.4) | 9 (17.6) | |
Tea consumption | 0.407 | |||
No | 116 (41.0) | 85 (73.3) | 31 (26.7) | |
At least once a week | 167 (59.0) | 119 (72.3) | 48 (28.7) | |
Coffee consumption | 0.521 | |||
No | 110 (38.9) | 79 (71.8) | 31 (28.2) | |
At least once a week | 173 (61.1) | 125 (72.3) | 48 (27.7) | |
Regular exercise | 0.526 | |||
No | 143 (50.5) | 101 (70.6) | 42 (29.4) | |
Yes | 140 (49.5) | 103 (73.6) | 37 (26.4) | |
Chronic disease a | 0.025 | |||
No | 121 (42.8) | 95 (78.5) | 26 (21.5) | |
Yes | 162 (57.2) | 109 (67.3) | 53 (32.7) | |
Heart disease | 0.017 | |||
No | 250 (88.3) | 186 (74.4) | 64 (25.6) | |
Yes | 33 (11.7) | 18 (54.5) | 15 (45.5) | |
Arthritis | 0.002 | |||
No | 258 (91.2) | 193 (74.8) | 65 (25.2) | |
Yes | 25 (8.8) | 11 (44.0) | 14 (56.0) | |
Physical activity b (Mets) | 0.949# | |||
Low | 15 (5.7) | 11 (73.3) | 4 (26.7) | |
Moderate | 135 (51.1) | 95 (70.4) | 40 (29.6) | |
High | 114 (43.2) | 83 (72.8) | 31 (27.2) | |
Depressive symptoms c | 0.004 | |||
No | 264 (94.0) | 195 (73.9) | 69 (26.1) | |
Yes | 17 (6.0) | 7 (41.2) | 10 (58.8) |
Variable items | Number | Percent |
---|---|---|
Sleep duration (h) | ||
0: ≥7 | 197 | 69.6 |
1: 6 ~ 6.9 | 66 | 23.3 |
2: 5 ~ 5.9 | 15 | 5.3 |
3: ≤4.9 | 5 | 1.8 |
Sleep disturbance (scores) | ||
0: 0 | 19 | 6.7 |
1: 1 ~ 9 | 246 | 86.9 |
2: 10 ~ 18 | 17 | 6.0 |
3: 19 ~ 27 | 1 | 0.4 |
Sleep latency (min) | ||
0: ≤15 | 142 | 50.2 |
1: 16 ~ 30 | 65 | 23.0 |
2: 31 ~ 60 | 46 | 16.3 |
3: ≥60 | 30 | 10.6 |
Daytime dysfunction | ||
0: Very good | 213 | 75.3 |
1: Fairly good | 49 | 17.3 |
2: Fairly bad | 19 | 6.7 |
3: Very bad | 2 | 0.7 |
Sleep efficiency (%) | ||
0: ≥85 | 248 | 87.6 |
1: 75 ~ 84 | 23 | 8.1 |
2: 65 ~ 74 | 7 | 2.5 |
3: ≤64 | 5 | 1.8 |
Subjective sleep quality | ||
0: Very good | 32 | 11.3 |
1: Fairly good | 162 | 57.2 |
2: Fairly bad | 63 | 22.3 |
3: Very bad | 26 | 9.2 |
Use of sleep medication | ||
0: Not during past month | 237 | 83.7 |
1: Less than once a week | 10 | 3.5 |
2: Once or twice a week | 7 | 2.5 |
3: Three or more times a week | 29 | 10.2 |
Global sleep quality | ||
Good quality (≤5) | 204 | 72.1 |
Poor quality (> 5) | 79 | 27.9 |
Variables | Good Sleepers (n = 207) | Bad Sleepers (n = 79) | z/p |
---|---|---|---|
median (IQR) | median (IRQ) | ||
Age | 58.00 (54.00–63.00) | 57.00 (53.00–63.00) | −0.585/0.558 |
Depression | 0 (0–2) | 4 (2–7) | −7.190/0.000 |
Chronic disease numbers | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–2) | −2.125/0.034 |
Self-rate health | 3 (3–4) | 3 (2–3) | −5.399/0.000 |
Anthropometric index | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.50 (21.50–25.80) | 22.90 (20.85–25.45) | −1.278/0.201 |
FFMI | 16.30 (15.40–17.41) | 16.42 (15.50–17.33) | −0.050/0.960 |
Mid-arm circumference (cm) | 28.90 (27.23–31.00) | 28.60 (26.80–30.50) | − 1.239/0.215 |
Waist / hip ratio | 0.85 (0.80–0.90) | 0.84 (0.79–0.89) | −0.206/0.837 |
Physical Fitness | |||
Sit-and-reach (cm) | 10.10 (1.60–16.50) | 7.10 (0.00–13.83) | −1.351/0.177 |
One leg stance (sec) | 60.00 (55.00–60.00) | 60.00 (49.75–60.00) | −1.860/0.853 |
Two-min step (times) | 113.00 (99.00–124.00) | 107.5 (89.0–118.75) | −1.782/0.075 |
Chair stand in 30s (times) | 16.00 (13.00–20.00) | 15.00 (12.00–19.00) | −1.593/0.111 |
Grip muscle strength (kg) | 24.10 (20.20–30.10) | 23.30 (17.70–28.40) | −1.682/0.093 |
Up and go (sec) | 6.00 (5.00–6.00) | 7.00 (6.00–7.00) | −2.324/0.020 |
Back muscle strength (kg) | 48.00 (31.50–64.50) | 44.25 (30.38–59.00) | 1.388/0.165 |
PSQI | ||
---|---|---|
r | p | |
Basic condition | ||
Age | .004 | 0.952 |
Depression | .491 | 0.000 |
Self-rate health | −.391 | 0.000 |
Chronic disease (Numbers) | 0.200 | 0.001 |
Anthropometric index | ||
BMI | −.076 | 0.204 |
FFMI | .001 | 0.987 |
Waist / hip ratio | .011 | 0.857 |
Physical Fitness | ||
Sit-and reach | −.131 | 0.028 |
One-leg stand | −.080 | 0.179 |
Two-min steps | −.133 | 0.026 |
Chair stand in 30s | −.158 | 0.080 |
Grip muscle strength | −.105 | 0.195 |
Up-and-go | −.169 | 0.004 |
Back muscle strength | −.100 | 0.096 |
Variable | Odds ratio | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poor sleep quality | Short sleep duration | Sleep disturbance | Longer sleep latency | Daytime dysfunction | Poor sleep efficiency | Poor subjective sleep quality | Use of sleep medication | |
Age | 1.005 | 1.010 | 0.925 | 0.974 | 1.010 | 1.008 | 0.986 | 1.036 |
Sex | 1.529 | 4.753 | 3.910 | 0.836 | 1.027 | 2.465 | 1.238 | 0.737 |
Alcohol consumption | 0.573 | 0.876 | 1.015 | 0.790 | 0.826 | 1.747 | 0.648 | 0.405 |
CES-D score | 1.220*** | 1.172* | 1.225*** | 1.096* | 1.143* | 1.003 | 1.260*** | 1.148** |
Chronic disease numbers | 0.524* | 0.404 | 0.8722 | 0.604* | 0.629 | 0.830 | 0.650* | 0.962 |
Self-rated health | 0.865*** | 0.948 | 0.972 | 0.885** | 0.960 | 0.926 | 0.856*** | 0.869** |
Arthritis | 4.562** | 4.180 | 5.815** | 2.38 | 2.126 | 2.922 | 2.959 | 1.622 |
Heart disease | 2.296 | NA | 0.869 | 1.430 | 1.665 | NA | 1.046 | 2.298 |
Sit-and-reach | 0.991 | 0.956 | 0.962 | 0.994 | 0.980 | 0.985 | 1.004 | 0.994 |
Two-min step | 1.000 | 0.984 | 0.981 | 0.985* | 1.003 | 0.998 | 0.993 | 0.993 |
Up-and-go | 1.109 | 1.130 | 1.384 | 1.044 | 1.109 | 1.063 | 1.098 | 0.994 |
Variable | 95% Confidence interval | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poor sleep quality | Short sleep duration | Sleep disturbance | Longer sleep latency | Daytime dysfunction | Poor sleep efficiency | Poor subjective sleep quality | Use of sleep medication | |
Age | (0.960, 1.052) | (0.936, 1.090) | (0.846, 1.011) | (0.931, 1.018) | (0.941, 1.083) | (0.937, 1.084) | (0.943, 1.032) | (0.979, 1.095) |
Sex | (0.625, 3.742) | (0.494, 45.703) | (0.512, 29.751) | (0.383, 1.825) | (0.283, 3.725) | (0.487, 12.475) | (0.528, 2.902) | (0.283, 1.923) |
Alcohol consumption | (0.234, 1.404) | (0.173, 4.427) | (0.193, 5.338) | (0.356, 1.751) | (0.212, 3.222) | (0.503, 6.072) | (0.281, 1.497) | (0.114, 1.435) |
CES-D score | (1.116, 1.333) | (1.043, 1.318) | (1.091, 1.376) | (1.015, 1.183) | (1.034, 1.262) | (0.884, 1.137) | (1.145, 1.387) | (1.051, 1.235) |
Chronic disease numbers | (0.789, 6.684) | (0.165, 0.986) | (0.389, 1.951) | (0.382, 0.954) | (0.306, 1.294) | (0.401, 1.719) | (0.403, 1.049) | (0.568, 1.630) |
Self-rated health | (0.792, 0.944) | (0.822, 1.093) | (0.833, 1.135) | (0.815, 0.961) | (0.838, 1.100) | (0.808, 1.063) | (0.785, 0.934) | (0.784, 0.963) |
Arthritis | (1.513, 13.753) | (0.503, 34.773) | (1.115, 30.324) | (0.701, 5.926) | (0.410, 11.408) | (0.556, 15.351) | (0.995, 8.798) | (0.994, 5.329) |
Heart disease | (0.315, 0.873) | NA | (0.148, 5.087) | (0.511, 3.999) | (0.339, 8.183) | NA | (0.358, 3.053) | (0.776, 6.808) |
Sit-and-reach | (0.963, 1.020) | (0.914, 0.999) | (0.916, 1.011) | (0.967, 1.023) | (0.938, 1.024) | 0.941, 1.031) | (0.975, 1.033) | (0.961, 1.028) |
Two-min step | (0.986, 1.015) | (0.960, 1.009) | (0.954, 1.010) | (0.972, 0.999) | (0.980, 1.028) | (0.975, 1.021) | (0.979, 1.007) | (0.975, 1.011) |
Up-and-go | (0.890,1.415) | (0.767, 1.666) | (0.902, 2.123) | (0.826, 1.319) | (0.761, 1.616) | (0.726, 1.554) | (0.865, 1.393) | (0.752, 1.315) |