Background
Methods
Results
Patient population
Disposition during acute COVID-19 illness | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | All patients (N = 3792) | No hospitalization (n = 3546) | Hospitalization without ICU admission (n = 164) | ICU admission (n = 82) |
Sex, n (%) | ||||
Female | 1648 (43.5) | 1571 (44.3) | 56 (34.1) | 21 (25.6) |
Male | 2144 (56.5) | 1975 (55.7) | 108 (65.9) | 61 (74.4) |
Age, years | ||||
Mean ± SD | 40.4 ± 12.2 | 39.9 ± 12.2 | 46.4 ± 11.8 | 48.0 ± 10.3 |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 40 (31; 50) | 39 (30; 50) | 47 (36.5; 56) | 50.5 (41; 56) |
Age group, years, n (%) | ||||
18–29 | 859 (22.7) | 838 (23.6) | 15 (9.1) | 6 (7.3) |
30–49 | 1900 (50.1) | 1791 (50.5) | 78 (47.6) | 31 (37.8) |
50–64 | 1033 (27.2) | 917 (25.9) | 71 (43.3) | 45 (54.9) |
Race or ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
White | 1670 (44.0) | 1599 (45.1) | 49 (29.9) | 22 (26.8) |
Black | 397 (10.5) | 359 (10.1) | 21 (12.8) | 17 (20.7) |
Hispanic | 1078 (28.4) | 984 (27.7) | 66 (40.2) | 28 (34.1) |
Asian | 229 (6.0) | 215 (6.1) | 10 (6.1) | 4 (4.9) |
Unknown | 418 (11.0) | 389 (11.0) | 18 (11.0) | 11 (13.4) |
Geographic division, n (%) | ||||
New England | 236 (6.2) | 227 (6.4) | 7 (4.3) | 2 (2.4) |
Mid-Atlantic | 764 (20.1) | 730 (20.6) | 27 (16.5) | 7 (8.5) |
East North Central | 729 (19.2) | 670 (18.9) | 39 (23.8) | 20 (24.4) |
West North Central | 402 (10.6) | 374 (10.5) | 20 (12.2) | 8 (9.8) |
South Atlantic | 664 (17.5) | 617 (17.4) | 33 (20.1) | 14 (17.1) |
East South Central | 93 (2.5) | 87 (2.5) | 4 (2.4) | 2 (2.4) |
West South Central | 330 (8.7) | 305 (8.6) | 14 (8.5) | 11 (13.4) |
Mountain | 295 (7.8) | 285 (8.0) | 5 (3.0) | 5 (6.1) |
Pacific | 252 (6.7) | 236 (6.7) | 10 (6.1) | 6 (7.3) |
Insurance, n (%) | ||||
Commercial | 3756 (99.1) | 3523 (99.4) | 155 (94.5) | 78 (95.1) |
Medicare | 36 (0.9) | 23 (0.6) | 9 (5.5) | 4 (4.9) |
Care setting of COVID-19 diagnosis, n (%) | ||||
Inpatient | 181 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 128 (78.0) | 53 (64.6) |
Outpatient | 3611 (95.2) | 3546 (100) | 36 (22.0) | 29 (35.4) |
Disposition during acute COVID-19 illness, n (%) | ||||
No hospitalization | 3546 (93.5) | |||
Hospitalization without ICU admission | 164 (4.3) | |||
ICU admission | 82 (2.2) | |||
COVID-19 inpatient stay that overlaps acute and post-acute phases (> 30 days), n (%) | 9 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.2) | 7 (8.5) |
Diagnoses
No hospitalization (n = 3546) | Hospitalization without ICU admission (n = 164) | ICU admission (n = 82) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ICD diagnosis description | ICD diagnosis code | Baseline phase, n (%) | Post-acute phase, n (%) | Change from baseline to post-acute phase, Δ (% change) | Baseline phase, n (%) | Post-acute phase, n (%) | Change from baseline to post-acute phase, Δ (% change) | Baseline phase, n (%) | Post-acute phase, n (%) | Change from baseline to post-acute phase, Δ (% change) |
Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism | D50-D89 | 96 (2.7) | 242 (6.8) | 146 (152.1) | 6 (3.7) | 20 (12.2) | 14 (233.3) | 1 (1.2) | 12 (14.6) | 11 (1100.0) |
Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases | E00-E90 | 476 (13.4) | 1008 (28.4) | 532 (111.8) | 19 (11.6) | 67 (40.9) | 48 (252.6) | 6 (7.3) | 43 (52.4) | 37 (616.7) |
Diseases of the nervous system | G00-G99 | 231 (6.5) | 477 (13.5) | 246 (106.5) | 10 (6.1) | 27 (16.5) | 17 (170.0) | 3 (3.7) | 21 (25.6) | 18 (600.0) |
Diseases of the digestive system | K00-K95 | 326 (9.2) | 560 (15.8) | 234 (71.8) | 21 (12.8) | 39 (23.8) | 18 (85.7) | 3 (3.7) | 18 (22.0) | 15 (500.0) |
Mental and behavioral disorders | F00-F99 | 349 (9.8) | 582 (16.4) | 233 (66.8) | 7 (4.3) | 23 (14.0) | 16 (228.6) | 2 (2.4) | 20 (24.4) | 18 (900.0) |
Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue | L00-L99 | 383 (10.8) | 585 (16.5) | 202 (52.7) | 12 (7.3) | 31 (18.9) | 19 (158.3) | 2 (2.4) | 16 (19.5) | 14 (700.0) |
External causes of morbidity and mortality | V00-Y99 | 96 (2.7) | 137 (3.9) | 41 (42.7) | 5 (3.0) | 9 (5.5) | 4 (80.0) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (2.4) | 1 (100.0) |
Injury, poisoning, and certain other consequences of external causes | S00-T98 | 379 (10.7) | 503 (14.2) | 124 (32.7) | 14 (8.5) | 32 (19.5) | 18 (128.6) | 4 (4.9) | 10 (12.2) | 6 (150.0) |
Diseases of the genitourinary system | N00-N99 | 558 (15.7) | 726 (20.5) | 168 (30.1) | 16 (9.8) | 27 (16.5) | 11 (68.8) | 2 (2.4) | 23 (28.0) | 21 (1050.0) |
Factors influencing health status and contact with health services | Z00-Z99 | 2166 (61.1) | 2834 (79.9) | 668 (30.8) | 79 (48.2) | 120 (73.2) | 41 (51.9) | 31 (37.8) | 60 (73.2) | 29 (93.5) |
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue | M00-M99 | 843 (23.8) | 1063 (30.0) | 220 (26.1) | 37 (22.6) | 59 (36.0) | 22 (59.5) | 11 (13.4) | 31 (37.8) | 20 (181.8) |
Diseases of the eye and adnexa | H00-H59 | 280 (7.9) | 354 (10.0) | 74 (26.4) | 16 (9.8) | 27 (16.5) | 11 (68.8) | 7 (8.5) | 7 (8.5) | 0 (0.0) |
Diseases of the ear and mastoid process | H60-H95 | 184 (5.2) | 206 (5.8) | 22 (12.0) | 7 (4.3) | 9 (5.5) | 2 (28.6) | 4 (4.9) | 3 (3.7) | –1 (–25.0) |
Symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical laboratory findings not elsewhere classified | R00-R99 | 1715 (48.4) | 1735 (48.9) | 20 (1.2) | 75 (45.7) | 104 (63.4) | 29 (38.7) | 31 (37.8) | 56 (68.3) | 25 (80.6) |
Certain infectious and parasitic diseases | A00-B99 | 574 (16.2) | 430 (12.1) | –144 (–25.1) | 24 (14.6) | 26 (15.9) | 2 (8.3) | 8 (9.8) | 23 (28.0) | 15 (187.5) |
Diseases of the respiratory system | J00-J99 | 1107 (31.2) | 764 (21.5) | –343 (–31.0) | 42 (25.6) | 60 (36.6) | 18 (42.9) | 22 (26.8) | 37 (45.1) | 15 (68.2) |
Medication use
USC medication class description | Baseline phase, n (%) | Post-acute phase, n (%) | Change from baseline to post-acute phase, Δ (% change) |
---|---|---|---|
Hormones | 228 (6.0) | 658 (17.4) | 430 (188.6) |
Vascular agents | 130 (3.4) | 277 (7.3) | 147 (113.1) |
Musculoskeletal | 153 (4.0) | 249 (6.6) | 96 (62.7) |
Antihyperlipidemic agents | 148 (3.9) | 239 (6.3) | 91 (61.5) |
Neurological/neuromuscular disorders | 118 (3.1) | 190 (5.1) | 72 (61.0) |
Analgesics | 302 (8.0) | 485 (12.8) | 183 (60.6) |
Psychotherapeutic drugs | 354 (9.3) | 560 (14.8) | 206 (58.2) |
Gastrointestinal | 191 (5.0) | 285 (7.5) | 94 (49.2) |
Ophthalmic preparations | 112 (3.0) | 157 (4.1) | 45 (40.2) |
Genitourinary | 168 (4.4) | 235 (6.2) | 67 (39.9) |
Antinauseants | 162 (4.3) | 213 (5.6) | 51 (31.5) |
Antiarthritics | 381 (10.0) | 492 (13.0) | 111 (29.1) |
Dermatologicals | 139 (3.7) | 171 (4.5) | 32 (23.0) |
Thyroid therapy | 105 (2.8) | 129 (3.4) | 24 (22.9) |
Anti-fungal agents | 206 (5.4) | 236 (6.2) | 30 (14.6) |
Contraceptives | 278 (7.3) | 281 (7.4) | 3 (1.1) |
Anti-infectives, systemic | 1020 (26.9) | 928 (24.5) | –92 (–9.0) |
Respiratory therapy | 469 (12.4) | 369 (9.7) | –100 (–21.3) |
Antivirals | 287 (7.6) | 147 (3.9) | –140 (–48.8) |
Cough/cold/flu preparations | 302 (8.0) | 80 (2.1) | –222 (–73.5) |
USC medication class description | No hospitalization (n = 3546) | Hospitalization without ICU admission (n = 164) | ICU admission (n = 82) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline phase, n (%) | Post-acute phase, n (%) | Change from baseline to post-acute phase, Δ (% change) | Baseline phase, n (%) | Post-acute phase, n (%) | Change from baseline to post-acute phase, Δ (% change) | Baseline phase, n (%) | Post-acute phase, n (%) | Change from baseline to post-acute phase, Δ (% change) | |
Hormones | 214 (6.0) | 617 (17.4) | 403 (188.3) | 9 (5.5) | 27 (16.5) | 18 (200.0) | 5 (6.1) | 14 (17.1) | 9 (180.0) |
Vascular agents | 114 (3.2) | 227 (6.4) | 113 (99.1) | 9 (5.5) | 25 (15.2) | 16 (177.8) | 7 (8.5) | 25 (30.5) | 18 (257.1) |
Musculoskeletal | 140 (3.9) | 232 (6.5) | 92 (65.7) | 11 (6.7) | 12 (7.3) | 1 (9.1) | 2 (2.4) | 5 (6.1) | 3 (150.0) |
Antihyperlipidemic agents | 136 (3.8) | 208 (5.9) | 72 (52.9) | 8 (4.9) | 17 (10.4) | 9 (112.5) | 4 (4.9) | 14 (17.1) | 10 (250.0) |
Neurological/neuromuscular disorders | 110 (3.1) | 171 (4.8) | 61 (55.5) | 5 (3.0) | 10 (6.1) | 5 (100.0) | 3 (3.7) | 9 (11.0) | 6 (200.0) |
Analgesics | 274 (7.7) | 438 (12.4) | 164 (59.9) | 17 (10.4) | 29 (17.7) | 12 (70.6) | 11 (13.4) | 18 (22.0) | 7 (63.6) |
Psychotherapeutic drugs | 341 (9.6) | 520 (14.7) | 179 (52.5) | 9 (5.5) | 24 (14.6) | 15 (166.7) | 4 (4.9) | 16 (19.5) | 12 (300.0) |
Gastrointestinal | 178 (5.0) | 258 (7.3) | 80 (44.9) | 12 (7.3) | 19 (11.6) | 7 (58.3) | 1 (1.2) | 8 (9.8) | 7 (700.0) |
Ophthalmic preparations | 102 (2.9) | 143 (4.0) | 41 (40.2) | 8 (4.9) | 12 (7.3) | 4 (50.0) | 2 (2.4) | 2 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) |
Genitourinary | 161 (4.5) | 222 (6.3) | 61 (37.9) | 7 (4.3) | 6 (3.7) | –1 (–14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (8.5) | 7 (NC) |
Antinauseants | 149 (4.2) | 194 (5.5) | 45 (30.2) | 10 (6.1) | 13 (7.9) | 3 (30.0) | 3 (3.7) | 6 (7.3) | 3 (100.0) |
Antiarthritics | 345 (9.7) | 452 (12.7) | 107 (31.0) | 25 (15.2) | 26 (15.9) | 1 (4.0) | 11 (13.4) | 14 (17.1) | 3 (27.3) |
Dermatologicals | 135 (3.8) | 160 (4.5) | 25 (18.5) | 2 (1.2) | 3 (1.8) | 1 (50.0) | 2 (2.4) | 8 (9.8) | 6 (300.0) |
Thyroid therapy | 103 (2.9) | 123 (3.5) | 20 (19.4) | 1 (0.6) | 3 (1.8) | 2 (200.0) | 1 (1.2) | 3 (3.7) | 2 (200.0) |
Anti-fungal agents | 197 (5.6) | 221 (6.2) | 24 (12.2) | 6 (3.7) | 8 (4.9) | 2 (33.3) | 3 (3.7) | 7 (8.5) | 4 (133.3) |
Contraceptives | 273 (7.7) | 273 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.8) | 6 (3.7) | 3 (100.0) | 2 (2.4) | 2 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) |
Anti-infectives, systemic | 963 (27.2) | 867 (24.5) | –96 (–10.0) | 39 (23.8) | 43 (26.2) | 4 (10.3) | 18 (22.0) | 18 (22.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Respiratory therapy | 442 (12.5) | 328 (9.3) | –114 (–25.8) | 18 (11.0) | 25 (15.2) | 7 (38.9) | 9 (11.0) | 16 (19.5) | 7 (77.8) |
Antivirals | 280 (7.9) | 142 (4.0) | –138 (–49.3) | 2 (1.2) | 4 (2.4) | 2 (100.0) | 5 (6.1) | 1 (1.2) | –4 (–80.0) |
Cough/cold/flu preparations | 282 (8.0) | 70 (2.0) | –212 (–75.2) | 14 (8.5) | 6 (3.7) | –8 (–57.1) | 6 (7.3) | 4 (4.9) | –2 (–33.3) |
Medical care and hospitalizations
Visit or procedure | Baseline phase, n (%) | Post-acute phase, n (%) | Change from baseline to post-acute phase, Δ (% change) |
---|---|---|---|
Outpatient lab tests | |||
Tests | 2200 | 4750 | 2550 (115.9) |
Patients | 1253 | 1768 | 515 (41.1) |
Mean ± SD | 0.6 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 2.6 | 0.7 |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 0 (0; 1) | 0 (0; 2) | 0 |
Outpatient visits (specialist or nonspecialist) | |||
Visits | 18,691 | 39,570 | 20,879 (111.7) |
Patients | 3026 | 3316 | 290 (9.6) |
Mean ± SD | 4.9 ± 6.7 | 10.4 ± 14.0 | 5.5 |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 3 (1; 6) | 6 (2; 13) | 3 |
Emergency department visits | |||
Visits | 492 | 662 | 170 (34.6) |
Patients | 392 | 471 | 79 (20.2) |
Mean ± SD | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.0 |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 |
Prescription classes | |||
Prescriptions | 5713 | 7539 | 1826 (32.0) |
Patients | 2255 | 2541 | 286 (12.7) |
Mean ± SD | 1.5 ± 1.8 | 2.0 ± 2.2 | 0.5 |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 1 (0; 2) | 1 (0; 3) | 0 |
Inpatient visits | |||
Visits | 22 | 138 | 116 (527.3) |
Patients | 21 | 94 | 73 (347.6) |
Mean ± SD | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.3 | 0.0 |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 |
Inpatient lab tests | |||
Tests | 1 | 32 | 31 (3100) |
Patients | 1 | 11 | 10 (1000.0) |
Mean ± SD | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | 0.0 |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 |
Length of hospital stay | |||
Days | 86 | 1177 | 1091 (1268.6) |
Patients | 21 | 94 | 73 (347.6) |
Mean ± SD | 4.1 ± 3.8 | 12.5 ± 25.8 | 8.4 (205.8) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 3 (2; 5) | 4 (3; 8) | 1 |
Length of ICU stay | |||
Days | 1 | 31 | 30 (3000.0) |
Patients | 1 | 17 | 16 (1600.0) |
Mean ± SD | 0.0 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 1.1 | 0.3 (592.6) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 |
Invasive mechanical ventilation use, patient n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.1) | 5 (NC) |
Noninvasive mechanical ventilation use, patient n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.1) | 4 (NC) |
Supplemental oxygen use, patient n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (0.2) | 7 (NC) |
Readmission within 30 days, patient n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 23 (0.6) | 23 (NC) |
Visit or procedure | No hospitalization (n = 3546) | Hospitalization without ICU admission (n = 164) | ICU admission (n = 82) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline phase | Post-acute phase | Change from baseline to post-acute phase, Δ (% change) | Baseline phase | Post-acute phase | Change from baseline to post-acute phase, Δ (% change) | Baseline phase | Post-acute phase | Change from baseline to post-acute phase, Δ (% change) | |
Outpatient lab tests | |||||||||
Tests, n | 2121 | 4518 | 2397 (113.0) | 60 | 156 | 96 (160.0) | 19 | 76 | 57 (300.0) |
Patients, n | 1204 | 1662 | 458 (38.0) | 37 | 71 | 34 (91.9) | 12 | 35 | 23 (191.7) |
Mean ± SD | 0.6 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 2.6 | 0.7 | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 1.0 ± 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 1.4 | 0.7 |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 0 (0; 1) | 0 (0; 2) | 0 | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 1) | 0 | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 1) | 0 |
Outpatient visits (specialist or nonspecialist) | |||||||||
Visits, n | 17,763 | 36,146 | 18,383 (103.5) | 687 | 2172 | 1485 (216.2) | 241 | 1252 | 1011 (419.5) |
Patients, n | 2865 | 3106 | 241 (8.4) | 113 | 145 | 32 (28.3) | 48 | 65 | 17 (35.4) |
Mean ± SD | 5.0 ± 6.7 | 10.2 ± 13.5 | 5.2 | 4.2 ± 6.5 | 13.2 ± 18.8 | 9.1 | 2.9 ± 7.9 | 15.3 ± 21.7 | 12.3 |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 3 (1; 7) | 6 (2; 13) | 3 | 2 (0; 5.5) | 7 (2; 16) | 5 | 1 (0; 3) | 7 (2; 15) | 6 |
Emergency department visits | |||||||||
Visits, n | 445 | 595 | 150 (33.7) | 34 | 51 | 17 (50.0) | 13 | 16 | 3 (23.1) |
Patients, n | 356 | 428 | 72 (20.2) | 27 | 34 | 7 (25.9) | 9 | 9 | 0 (0.0) |
Mean ± SD | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.7 | 0.0 |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 |
Prescription classes | |||||||||
Prescriptions, n | 5374 | 6882 | 1508 (28.1) | 235 | 397 | 162 (68.9) | 104 | 260 | 156 (150.0) |
Patients, n | 2128 | 2373 | 245 (11.5) | 91 | 112 | 21 (23.1) | 36 | 56 | 20 (55.6) |
Mean ± SD | 1.5 ± 1.8 | 1.9 ± 2.2 | 0.4 | 1.4 ± 1.9 | 2.4 ± 2.8 | 1.0 | 1.3 ± 1.9 | 3.2 ± 3.6 | 1.9 |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 1 (0; 2) | 1 (0; 3) | 0 | 1 (0; 2) | 1 (0; 4) | 0 | 0 (0; 2) | 3 (0; 5) | 3 |
Inpatient visits | |||||||||
Visits, n | 19 | 76 | 57 (300.0) | 3 | 22 | 19 (633.3) | 0 | 40 | 40 (NC) |
Patients, n | 18 | 63 | 45 (250.0) | 3 | 16 | 13 (433.3) | 0 | 15 | 15 (NC) |
Mean ± SD | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 1.5 | 0.5 |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 |
Inpatient lab tests | |||||||||
Tests, n | 1 | 10 | 9 (900.0) | 0 | 9 | 9 (NC) | 0 | 13 | 13 (NC) |
Patients, n | 1 | 6 | 5 (500.0) | 0 | 3 | 3 (NC) | 0 | 2 | 2 (NC) |
Mean ± SD | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 1.2 | 0.2 |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 |
Length of hospital stay | |||||||||
Days, n | 77 | 388 | 311 (403.9) | 9 | 162 | 153 (1700.0) | 0 | 627 | 627 (NC) |
Patients, n | 18 | 63 | 45 (250.0) | 3 | 16 | 13 (433.3) | 0 | 15 | 15 (NC) |
Mean ± SD | 4.3 ± 4.0 | 6.2 ± 7.3 | 1.9 (44.0) | 3.0 ± 2.0 | 10.1 ± 10.6 | 7.1 (237.5) | NC | 41.8 ± 54.3 | NC |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 3 (2; 5) | 4 (3; 5) | 1 | 3 (1; 5) | 5.5 (3.5; 14.0) | 2.5 | NC | 7 (3; 79) | NC |
Length of ICU stay | |||||||||
Days, n | 1 | 6 | 5 (500.0) | 0 | 9 | 9 (NC) | 0 | 16 | 16 (NC) |
Patients, n | 1 | 6 | 5 (500.0) | 0 | 4 | 4 (NC) | 0 | 7 | 7 (NC) |
Mean ± SD | 0.06 ± 0.24 | 0.10 ± 0.30 | 0.04 (71.4) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 1.5 | 0.6 (NC) | NC | 1.1 ± 2.1 | NC |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0.5) | 0 | NC | 0 (0; 1) | NC |
Patients with invasive mechanical ventilation use, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 1 (NC) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (NC) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (3.7) | 3 (NC) |
Patients with noninvasive mechanical ventilation use, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 1 (NC) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (NC) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.4) | 2 (NC) |
Patients with supplemental oxygen use, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 1 (NC) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (NC) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (6.1) | 5 (NC) |
Patients with readmission within 30 days, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (0.2) | 7 (NC) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (4.3) | 7 (NC) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (11.0) | 9 (NC) |
Baseline phase | Post-acute phase | |
---|---|---|
Hospitalizations, N | 22 | 138 |
Discharge status, n (%) | ||
Discharged to home or self-care | 21 (95.5) | 90 (65.2) |
Discharged to home under care of home health service organization | 0 (0.0) | 5 (3.6) |
Discharged to other facilitya | 0 (0.0) | 16 (11.6) |
Still patient/transferred within institution | 0 (0.0) | 8 (5.8) |
Unknown status | 1 (4.5) | 19 (13.8) |
Healthcare costs
Cost description | Baseline phase | Post-acute phase | Change from baseline to post-acute phase, Δ (% change) |
---|---|---|---|
Inpatient visits | |||
Total cost | 337,095 | 3,531,778 | 3,194,684 (947.7) |
Standard costs, patient n | 21 | 94 | |
Mean ± SD | 16,052 ± 9903 | 37,572 ± 44,018 | 21,520 (134.1) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 14,335 (11,150; 20,114) | 17,503 (11,376; 45,755) | 3169 (22.1) |
Nonzero costs, patient n | 21 | 91 | 70 (333.3) |
Mean ± SD | 160,052 ± 9903 | 38,811 ± 44,199 | 22,759 (141.8) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 14,335 (11,150; 20,114) | 17,633 (11,786; 53,778) | 3298 (23.0) |
Readmission | |||
Total cost | 0 | 1,295,928 | 1,295,928 (NC) |
Standard costs, patient n | 0 | 23 | |
Mean ± SD | NC | 56,345 ± 51,072 | 56,345 (NC) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | NC | 38,770 (14,209; 100,488) | 38,770 (NC) |
Nonzero costs, patient n | 0 | 22 | 22 (NC) |
Mean ± SD | NC | 58,906 ± 50,740 | 58,906 (NC) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | NC | 39,325 (16,802; 100,488) | 39,325 (NC) |
Outpatient visits | |||
Total cost | 4,701,415 | 12,257,210 | 7,555,795 (160.7) |
Standard costs, patient n | 3026 | 3316 | |
Mean ± SD | 1554 ± 2609 | 3696 ± 10,454 | 2143 (137.9) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 664 (278; 1773) | 1371 (511; 3369) | 707 (106.6) |
Nonzero costs, patient n | 3025 | 3315 | 290 (9.6) |
Mean ± SD | 1554 ± 2609 | 3698 ± 10,455 | 2143 (137.9) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 664 (278; 1773) | 1371 (511; 3372) | 707 (106.5) |
Emergency department visits | |||
Total cost | 778,045 | 1,088,805 | 310,760 (39.9) |
Standard costs, patient n | 392 | 471 | |
Mean ± SD | 1985 ± 1487 | 2312 ± 2205 | 327 (16.5) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 1638 (1057; 2665) | 1687 (1074; 2774) | 48 (3.0) |
Nonzero costs, patient n | 391 | 471 | 80 (20.5) |
Mean ± SD | 1990 ± 1485 | 2312 ± 2205 | 322 (16.2) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 1643 (1061; 2668) | 1687 (1074; 2774) | 44 (2.7) |
Prescription claims | |||
Total cost | 1,227,016 | 1,620,145 | 393,129 (32.0) |
Standard costs, patient n | 2327 | 2603 | |
Mean ± SD | 527 ± 2081 | 622 ± 2212 | 95 (18.0) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 74 (21; 239) | 86 (31; 304) | 13 (17.6) |
Nonzero costs, patient n | 2327 | 2603 | 276 (11.9) |
Mean ± SD | 527 ± 2081 | 622 ± 2212 | 95 (18.0) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 74 (21; 239) | 86 (31; 304) | 13 (17.6) |
All medical costs (outpatient, inpatient, and prescription claims) | |||
Total cost | 6,265,526 | 17,409,133 | 11,143,608 (177.9) |
Standard costs, patient n | 3215 | 3430 | |
Mean ± SD | 1949 ± 3655 | 5076 ± 15,425 | 3127 (160.4) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 768 (286; 2068) | 1536 (526; 3921) | 767 (99.9) |
Nonzero costs, patient n | 3214 | 3430 | 216 (6.7) |
Mean ± SD | 1949 ± 3655 | 5076 ± 15,425 | 3126 (160.4) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 769 (286; 2068) | 1536 (526; 3921) | 767 (99.7) |
Cost description | No hospitalization (n = 3546) | Hospitalization without ICU admission (n = 164) | ICU admission (n = 82) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline phase | Post-acute phase | Change from baseline to post-acute phase, Δ (% change) | Baseline phase | Post-acute phase | Change from baseline to post-acute phase, Δ (% change) | Baseline phase | Post-acute phase | Change from baseline to post-acute phase, Δ (% change) | |
Inpatient visits | |||||||||
Total cost | 304,291 | 2,062,445 | 1,758,153 (577.8) | 32,803 | 486,273 | 453,469 (1382.4) | 0 | 983,061 | 983,061 (NC) |
Standard costs, patient n | 18 | 63 | 3 | 16 | 0 | 15 | |||
Mean ± SD | 16,905 ± 9847 | 32,737 ± 38,912 | 15,832 (93.7) | 10,934 ± 10,516 | 30,392 ± 28,430 | 19,458 (177.9) | NC | 65,537 ± 65,556 | 65,537 (NC) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 14,777 (11,159; 20,114) | 16,007 (11,786; 44,054) | 1229 (8.3) | 10,701 (537; 21,566) | 27,602 (2506; 49,195) | 16,902 (158.0) | NC | 40,266 (4928; 120,540) | 40,266 (NC) |
Nonzero costs, patient n | 18 | 63 | 45 (250.0) | 3 | 13 | 10 (333.3) | 0 | 15 | 15 (NC) |
Mean ± SD | 16,905 ± 9847 | 32,737 ± 38,912 | 15,832 (93.7) | 10,934 ± 10,516 | 37,406 ± 26,946 | 26,471 (242.1) | NC | 65,537 ± 65,556 | 65,537 (NC) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 14,777 (11,159; 20,114) | 16,007 (11,786; 44,054) | 1229 (8.3) | 10,701 (537; 21,566) | 38,496 (16,802; 53,778) | 27,795 (259.7) | NC | 40,266 (4928; 120,540) | 40,266 (NC) |
Readmission | |||||||||
Total cost | 0 | 367,979 | 367,979 (NC) | 0 | 236,797 | 236,797 (NC) | 0 | 691,151 | 691,151 (NC) |
Standard costs, patient n | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 9 | |||
Mean ± SD | NC | 52,568 ± 56,501 | 52,568 (NC) | NC | 33,828 ± 24,414 | 33,828 (NC) | NC | 76,795 ± 58,354 | 76,795 (NC) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | NC | 25,493 (12,064; 125,240) | 25,493 (NC) | NC | 37,651 (16,802; 53,778) | 37,651 (NC) | NC | 65,694 (38,770; 118,210) | 65,694 (NC) |
Nonzero costs, patient n | 0 | 7 | 7 (NC) | 0 | 6 | 6 (NC) | 0 | 9 | 9 (NC) |
Mean ± SD | NC | 52,568 ± 56,501 | 52,568 (NC) | NC | 39,466 ± 21,171 | 39,466 (NC) | NC | 76,795 ± 58,354 | 76,795 (NC) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | NC | 25,493 (12,064; 125,240) | 25,493 (NC) | NC | 38,766 (17,217; 53,778) | 38,766 (NC) | NC | 65,694 (38,770; 118,210) | 65,694 (NC) |
Outpatient visits | |||||||||
Total cost | 4,440,316 | 10,621,198 | 6,180,882 (139.2) | 186,676 | 1,180,731 | 994,056 (532.5) | 74,423 | 455,281 | 380,857 (511.7) |
Standard costs, patient n | 2865 | 3106 | 113 | 145 | 48 | 65 | |||
Mean ± SD | 1550 ± 2616 | 3420 ± 8433 | 1870 (120.6) | 1652 ± 2294 | 8143 ± 29,601 | 6491 (392.9) | 1550 ± 2910 | 7004 ± 13,389 | 5454 (351.7) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 667 (280; 1762) | 1351 (510; 3300) | 684 (102.5) | 626 (275; 1962) | 1752 (465; 5795) | 1126 (180.0) | 393 (160; 1229) | 1672 (743; 4673) | 1279 (325.5) |
Nonzero costs, patient n | 2864 | 3105 | 241 (8.4) | 113 | 145 | 32 (28.3) | 48 | 65 | 17 (35.4) |
Mean ± SD | 1550 ± 2617 | 3421 ± 8434 | 1870 (120.6) | 1652 ± 2294 | 8143 ± 29,601 | 6491 (392.9) | 1550 ± 2910 | 7004 ± 13,389 | 5454 (351.7) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 667 (280; 1764) | 1351 (510; 3300) | 684 (102.5) | 626 (275; 1962) | 1752 (465; 5795) | 1126 (180.0) | 393 (160; 1229) | 1672 (743; 4673) | 1279 (325.5) |
Emergency department visits | |||||||||
Total cost | 708,502 | 985,099 | 276,597 (39.0) | 48,565 | 81,825 | 33,260 (68.5) | 20,978 | 21,880 | 903 (4.3) |
Standard costs, patient n | 356 | 428 | 27 | 34 | 9 | 9 | |||
Mean ± SD | 1990 ± 1472 | 2302 ± 2198 | 311 (15.6) | 1799 ± 1419 | 2407 ± 2466 | 608 (33.8) | 2331 ± 2258 | 2431 ± 1595 | 100 (4.3) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 1661 (1064; 2676) | 1686 (1080; 2745) | 25 (1.5) | 1491 (951; 2391) | 1581 (724; 3152) | 90 (6.1) | 1012 (905; 3223) | 1991 (1422; 2774) | 978 (96.7) |
Nonzero costs, patient n | 355 | 428 | 73 (20.6) | 27 | 34 | 7 (25.9) | 9 | 9 | 0 (0.0) |
Mean ± SD | 1996 ± 1470 | 2302 ± 2198 | 306 (15.3) | 1799 ± 1419 | 2407 ± 2466 | 608 (33.8) | 2331 ± 2258 | 2431 ± 1595 | 100 (4.3) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 1663 (1067; 2684) | 1686 (1080; 2745) | 22 (1.3) | 1491 (951; 2391) | 1581 (724; 3152) | 90 (6.1) | 1012 (905; 3223) | 1991 (1422; 2774) | 978 (96.7) |
Prescription claims | |||||||||
Total cost | 1,169,654 | 1,417,668 | 248,013 (21.2) | 48,249 | 141,684 | 93,435 (193.7) | 9112 | 60,793 | 51,681 (567.2) |
Standard costs, patient n | 2197 | 2432 | 94 | 114 | 36 | 57 | |||
Mean ± SD | 532 ± 2109 | 583 ± 2083 | 51 (9.5) | 513 ± 1751 | 1243 ± 4089 | 730 (142.1) | 253 ± 718 | 1067 ± 2016 | 813 (321.4) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 76 (22; 243) | 84 (31; 291) | 8 (10.1) | 46 (16; 171) | 131 (35; 628) | 84 (181.1) | 43 (22.9; 148.5) | 139 (55; 760) | 95 (219.2) |
Nonzero costs, patient n | 2197 | 2432 | 235 (10.7) | 94 | 114 | 20 (21.3) | 36 | 57 | 21 (58.3) |
Mean ± SD | 532 ± 2109 | 583 ± 2083 | 51 (9.5) | 513 ± 1751 | 1243 ± 4089 | 730 (142.1) | 253 ± 718 | 1067 ± 2016 | 813 (321.4) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 76 (22; 243) | 84 (31; 291) | 8 (10.1) | 46 (16; 171) | 131 (35; 628) | 84 (181.1) | 43 (22.9; 148.5) | 139 (55; 760) | 95 (219.2) |
All medical costs (outpatient, inpatient, and prescription claims) | |||||||||
Total cost | 5,914,262 | 14,101,310 | 8,187,048 (138.4) | 267,728 | 1,808,688 | 1,540,960 (575.6) | 83,535 | 1,499,135 | 1,415,600 (1694.6) |
Standard costs, patient n | 3034 | 3211 | 128 | 152 | 53 | 67 | |||
Mean ± SD | 1949 ± 3668 | 4392 ± 11,640 | 2442 (125.3) | 2092 ± 3625 | 11,899 ± 35,146 | 9808 (468.9) | 1576 ± 2890 | 22,375 ± 50,108 | 20,799 (1319.6) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 776 (288; 2068) | 1510 (521; 3792) | 734 (94.5) | 626 (235; 2050) | 1990 (439; 7527) | 1364 (218.0) | 379 (161; 1213) | 2264 (940; 9140) | 1885 (497.8) |
Nonzero costs, patient n | 3033 | 3211 | 178 (5.9) | 128 | 152 | 24 (18.8) | 53 | 67 | 14 (26.4) |
Mean ± SD | 1950 ± 3669 | 4392 ± 11,640 | 2442 (125.2) | 2092 ± 3625 | 11,899 ± 35,146 | 9808 (468.9) | 1576 ± 2890 | 22,375 ± 50,108 | 20,799 (1319.6) |
Median (Q1; Q3) | 776 (289; 2068) | 1510 (521; 3792) | 734 (94.5) | 626 (235; 2050) | 1990 (439; 7527) | 1364 (218.0) | 379 (161; 1213) | 2264 (940; 9140) | 1885 (497.8) |