Background
Materials and methods
Study participants
Questionnaire
Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI)
Questions | |||
---|---|---|---|
1. Do you have difficulty opening your mouth wide? | |||
2. Do you have difficulty moving your jaw to the sides? | |||
3. Do you feel fatigue or muscle pain when you chew? | |||
4. Do you have frequent headaches? | |||
5. Do you have neck pain or stiff neck? | |||
6. Do you have earaches or pain in that area (temporomandibular joint)? | |||
7. Have you ever noticed any noise in your temporomandibular joint while chewing or opening your mouth? | |||
8. Do you have any habits such as clenching or grinding your teeth? | |||
9. Do you feel that your teeth do not come together well? | |||
10. Do you consider yourself a tense (nervous) person? |
Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4)
Data collection
Statistical analysis
Results
Study participants
Total | No TMD | TMD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | n | % | n | % | |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 1633 | 63.3 | 414 | 53.1 | 1219 | 67.7 |
Male | 947 | 36.7 | 365 | 46.9 | 582 | 32.3 |
Education | ||||||
Primary/secondary school | 89 | 3.5 | 22 | 2.8 | 67 | 3.7 |
College | 325 | 12.6 | 107 | 13.7 | 218 | 12.1 |
University | 1578 | 61.2 | 446 | 57.3 | 1132 | 62.9 |
Master/PhD | 588 | 22.8 | 204 | 26.2 | 384 | 21.3 |
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 1206 | 46.7 | 332 | 42.6 | 874 | 48.5 |
Married | 1374 | 53.3 | 447 | 57.4 | 927 | 51.5 |
Working status | ||||||
Retired | 237 | 9.2 | 96 | 12.3 | 141 | 7.8 |
Housewife | 217 | 8.4 | 50 | 6.4 | 167 | 9.3 |
Unemployed | 82 | 3.2 | 33 | 4.2 | 49 | 32.5 |
Public employee | 868 | 33.6 | 283 | 36.3 | 585 | 32.5 |
Student | 622 | 24.1 | 150 | 19.3 | 472 | 26.2 |
Private sectore employee | 554 | 21.5 | 167 | 21.4 | 387 | 21.5 |
Monthly income (Turkish liras) | ||||||
0–3000 | 908 | 35.2 | 247 | 31.7 | 661 | 36.7 |
3000–6000 | 720 | 27.9 | 96 | 12.3 | 190 | 10.5 |
6000–10,000 | 660 | 25.8 | 205 | 26.3 | 515 | 28.6 |
≥ 10,000 | 286 | 11.1 | 231 | 29.7 | 435 | 24.2 |
Parafunctional habits | ||||||
Yes | 1446 | 56.0 | 332 | 42.6 | 1114 | 61.9 |
No | 1134 | 44.0 | 447 | 57.4 | 687 | 38.1 |
Bruxism | ||||||
Yes | 928 | 36.0 | 85 | 10.9 | 843 | 46.8 |
No | 1652 | 64.0 | 694 | 89.1 | 958 | 53.2 |
Depression | ||||||
Yes | 1029 | 39.9 | 174 | 22.3 | 855 | 47.5 |
No | 1551 | 60.1 | 605 | 77.7 | 946 | 52.5 |
Anxiety | ||||||
Yes | 844 | 32.7 | 118 | 15.1 | 726 | 40.3 |
No | 1736 | 67.3 | 661 | 84.9 | 1075 | 59.7 |
Depression + anxiety | ||||||
Yes | 668 | 25.9 | 81 | 10.4 | 587 | 32.6 |
No | 1912 | 74.1 | 698 | 89.6 | 1214 | 67.4 |
Age | Mean | Std. deviation | Mean | Std. deviation | Mean | Std. deviation |
35.29 | 12.70 | 37.46 | 13.72 | 34.36 | 12.12 |
Bruxism
Parafunctional habits
Association between psychological factors and TMD
N | n (%) | Crude OR | 95% Cl | P | Adjusted OR | 95% Cl | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||||||||
18–45 | 2005 | 1441 (71.9) | 1.52 | 1.25 | 1.85 | < 0.001 | 1.08 | 0.86 | 1.36 | 0.38 |
46–64 | 545 | 351 (64.4) | 0.73 | 0.59 | 0.89 | 0.02 | ||||
65–80 (ref) | 30 | 19 (30.0) | ||||||||
Gender | ||||||||||
Male (ref) | 947 | 582 (61.5) | ||||||||
Female | 1633 | 1219 (74.6) | 1.84 | 1.55 | 2.19 | < 0.001 | 1.52 | 1.26 | 1.85 | < 0.001 |
Education | ||||||||||
Primary/secondary school | 89 | 67 (75.3) | 1.33 | 0.81 | 2.16 | 0.25 | ||||
College (ref) | 325 | 218 (67.1) | ||||||||
University | 2166 | 1516 (70.0) | 1.05 | 0.84 | 1.32 | 0.64 | ||||
Marital status | ||||||||||
Single | 1206 | 874 (72.5) | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.93 | 0.006 | 0.79 | 0.75 | 1.01 | 0.07 |
Married (ref) | 1374 | 927 (67.5) | ||||||||
Working status | ||||||||||
Unemployed (ref) | 536 | 357 (66.6) | ||||||||
Student | 622 | 472 (75.9) | 1.48 | 1.21 | 1.83 | < 0.001 | 1.12 | 0.80 | 1.56 | 0.48 |
Employee | 1422 | 972 (68.4) | 0.85 | 0.72 | 1.01 | 0.75 | ||||
Income | ||||||||||
0–3000 | 908 | 661 (72.8) | 1.24 | 1.04 | 1.49 | 0.01 | 0.89 | 0.69 | 1.15 | 0.40 |
3000–6000 | 286 | 190 (66.4) | 0.83 | 0.64 | 1.09 | 0.18 | ||||
6000–10,000 | 720 | 515 (71.5) | 1.12 | 0.92 | 1.35 | 0.23 | ||||
≥ 10,000 (ref) | 666 | 435 (65.3) | ||||||||
Parafunctional habit | ||||||||||
Yes | 1446 | 1114 (77.0) | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.54 | < 0.001 | 2.64 | 2.36 | 2.99 | < 0.001 |
No (ref) | 1134 | 687 (60.6) | ||||||||
Bruxism | ||||||||||
Yes | 928 | 843 (90.8) | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.17 | < 0.001 | 3.14 | 1.78 | 4.90 | < 0.001 |
No (ref) | 1652 | 958 (58.0) | ||||||||
Anxiety | ||||||||||
Yes | 844 | 726 (86.0) | 3.78 | 3.04 | 4.70 | < 0.001 | 2.30 | 1.76 | 3.00 | < 0.001 |
No (ref) | 1736 | 1075 (61.9) | ||||||||
Depression | ||||||||||
Yes | 1029 | 855 (83.1) | 3.14 | 2.59 | 3.80 | < 0.001 | 1.90 | 1.48 | 2.42 | < 0.001 |
No (ref) | 1551 | 946 (61.0) |