Background
Methods
Chemicals and reagents
Plant materials and extraction
Voucher number | Parts used | Scientific name | Yield % (w/w) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Petroleum ether | Dichloromethane | Ethanol | |||
A 015122 (BCU) | Leaf |
Ardisia elliptica Thunb. | 19.89 | 3.25 | 31.11 |
A 015123 (BCU) | Leaf |
Stemona curtisii Hook.f. | 7.55 | 4.10 | 6.34 |
A 015124 (BCU) | Leaf |
Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC. | 8.00 | 2.76 | 3.79 |
A 015125 (BCU) | Leaf |
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. | 5.84 | 3.52 | 7.63 |
A 015126 (BCU) | Leaf |
Croton roxburghii N.P.Balakr | 7.50 | 4.82 | 8.17 |
A 015127 (BCU) | Leaf |
Croton sublyratus Kurz | 7.33 | 4.03 | 3.32 |
A 015128 (BCU) | Leaf |
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels | 9.70 | 2.86 | 4.20 |
A 015129 (BCU) | Leaf |
Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz | 4.43 | 2.86 | 5.35 |
A 015130 (BCU) | Leaf |
Hibiscus mutabilis L. | 6.30 | 2.79 | 0.73 |
A 015131 (BCU) | Leaf |
Streblus asper Lour. | 3.87 | 2.53 | 3.56 |
A 015132 (BCU) | Leaf |
Annona squamosa L. | 8.69 | 3.81 | 5.47 |
A 015133 (BCU) | Leaf |
Datura metel L. | 6.44 | 4.13 | 14.15 |
A 015250 (BCU) | Leaf |
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.br. | 6.38 | 4.50 | 3.98 |
A 015279 (BCU) | Pericarp |
Garcinia mangostana Linn. | 4.94 | 11.07 | 18.64 |
Determination of total phenolic content
Flavonoid content determination
DPPH scavenging activity
ABTS scavenging activity
Determination of mushroom tyrosinase inhibition
Determination of collagenase inhibition
Statistical analyses
Results
Extraction yields
Phenolic content of 14 Thai plants
Extract | Total phenolic content (mg GAE/g dry material) | Total flavonoid content (mg QE/g dry material) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Petroleum ether | Dichloromethane | Ethanol | Petroleum ether | Dichloromethane | Ethanol | |
Annona squamosa L. | 4.13 ± 0.38 | 9.26 ± 0.29 | 62.67 ± 2.32 | 8.91 ± 0.77 | 9.70 ± 0.24 | 12.99 ± 0.65 |
Ardisia elliptica Thunb | 22.26 ± 1.77 | 59.97 ± 2.90 | 84.00 ± 6.23 | 19.87 ± 1.26 | 23.14 ± 1.10 | 18.56 ± 1.45 |
Croton roxburghii N.P.Balakr | 3.57 ± 0.25 | 9.60 ± 0.46 | 19.41 ± 0.81 | 4.25 ± 0.35 | 12.34 ± 0.29 | 7.54 ± 0.35 |
Croton sublyratus Kurz | 4.73 ± 0.38 | 6.74 ± 0.51 | 16.28 ± 0.29 | 18.55 ± 0.53 | 20.78 ± 1.49 | 14.86 ± 0.95 |
Datura metel L. | 8.30 ± 0.29 | 11.43 ± 0.17 | 18.92 ± 1.50 | 17.65 ± 1.62 | 16.77 ± 1.30 | 2.04 ± 0.16 |
Garcinia mangostana Linn. | 19.75 ± 1.44 | 31.07 ± 2.30 | 80.79 ± 2.94 | 5.35 ± 0.10 | 11.13 ± 0.37 | 3.20 ± 0.05 |
Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC. | 3.26 ± 0.11 | 9.18 ± 0.65 | 12.76 ± 0.81 | 4.87 ± 0.35 | 18.60 ± 1.06 | 3.69 ± 0.21 |
Hibiscus mutabilis L. | 3.44 ± 0.14 | 7.14 ± 0.48 | 17.05 ± 0.64 | 3.71 ± 0.24 | 18.79 ± 1.78 | 3.71 ± 0.09 |
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.br. | 4.72 ± 0.29 | 11.18 ± 0.53 | 37.91 ± 3.36 | 27.48 ± 2.59 | 18.68 ± 0.66 | 17.66 ± 0.29 |
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels | 4.65 ± 0.46 | 10.05 ± 0.74 | 50.52 ± 2.66 | NA | 15.80 ± 1.04 | 11.74 ± 0.74 |
Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz | 5.04 ± 0.30 | 9.14 ± 0.39 | 17.09 ± 1.44 | 16.98 ± 0.40 | 19.88 ± 1.98 | 9.53 ± 0.26 |
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. | 4.59 ± 0.21 | 9.48 ± 0.44 | 36.83 ± 2.30 | 7.71 ± 0.36 | 13.97 ± 1.10 | 31.38 ± 0.81 |
Stemona curtisii Hook.f. | 2.51 ± 0.22 | 7.76 ± 0.30 | 59.67 ± 3.28 | NA | NA | 14.50 ± 0.86 |
Streblus asper Lour. | 4.19 ± 0.30 | 8.22 ± 0.39 | 23.10 ± 1.84 | NA | 18.66 ± 1.28 | 11.29 ± 1.04 |
Flavonoid content of 14 Thai plants
DPPH radical scavenging activity in different extracts from 14 Thai plants
Extract | Percent Scavenging Activity (%) | mg VCEAC/g dry weight | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Petroleum ether | Dichloromethane | Ethanol | Petroleum ether | Dichloromethane | Ethanol | |
Annona squamosa L. | NA | 17.91 ± 0.88 | 94.01 ± 0.40 | NA | 3.08 ± 0.29 | 23.60 ± 0.62 |
Ardisia elliptica Thunb. | 49.29 ± 1.29 | 71.35 ± 6.11 | 96.17 ± 0.05 | 12.09 ± 0.94 | 20.23 ± 0.99 | 24.93 ± 0.19 |
Croton roxburghii N.P.Balakr | 8.34 ± 0.57 | 15.79 ± 1.21 | 36.89 ± 1.37 | 1.03 ± 0.09 | 2.38 ± 0.13 | 8.45 ± 0.84 |
Croton sublyratus Kurz | 7.11 ± 0.59 | 14.34 ± 0.65 | 27.64 ± 0.91 | 0.67 ± 0.07 | 1.85 ± 0.06 | 5.29 ± 0.30 |
Datura metel L. | 14.67 ± 1.10 | 14.85 ± 0.64 | 28.72 ± 0.67 | 2.00 ± 0.12 | 2.30 ± 0.06 | 5.83 ± 0.26 |
Garcinia mangostana Linn. | 28.90 ± 0.99 | 80.87 ± 0.47 | 94.54 ± 0.15 | 6.18 ± 0.33 | 20.42 ± 0.20 | 24.28 ± 0.20 |
Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC. | NA | 11.90 ± 0.71 | 13.54 ± 0.67 | NA | 1.49 ± 0.03 | 1.82 ± 0.13 |
Hibiscus mutabilis L. | NA | NA | 26.28 ± 0.93 | NA | NA | 4.29 ± 0.21 |
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.br. | NA | 16.27 ± 0.14 | 64.06 ± 1.23 | NA | 2.49 ± 0.19 | 16.79 ± 0.41 |
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels | NA | 17.64 ± 1.05 | 94.17 ± 0.61 | NA | 3.06 ± 0.28 | 23.84 ± 0.73 |
Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz | 7.38 ± 0.46 | 15.35 ± 1.27 | 29.63 ± 1.41 | 1.01 ± 0.08 | 2.32 ± 0.21 | 6.50 ± 0.16 |
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. | 11.18 ± 0.99 | 17.99 ± 0.61 | 63.74 ± 0.54 | 1.48 ± 0.14 | 3.13 ± 0.31 | 15.35 ± 0.13 |
Stemona curtisii Hook.f. | NA | NA | 93.63 ± 0.22 | NA | NA | 23.55 ± 0.55 |
Streblus asper Lour. | NA | 14.65 ± 0.92 | 45.14 ± 0.67 | NA | 1.94 ± 0.13 | 10.45 ± 0.30 |
ABTS radical scavenging activity in different extracts from 14 Thai plants
Extract | %Scavenging activity (%SC) | mg VCEAC/g dry weight | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Petroleum ether | Dichloromethane | Ethanol | Petroleum ether | Dichloromethane | Ethanol | |
Annona squamosa L. | 29.89 ± 0.79 | 36.31 ± 0.60 | 99.13 ± 0.29 | 25.76 ± 0.76 | 34.40 ± 0.32 | 96.15 ± 0.38 |
Ardisia elliptica Thunb. | 73.08 ± 1.48 | 90.01 ± 0.54 | 99.84 ± 0.07 | 65.28 ± 1.86 | 86.34 ± 1.07 | 96.97 ± 0.34 |
Croton roxburghii N.P.Balakr | 12.19 ± 0.91 | 33.54 ± 0.65 | 73.86 ± 1.22 | 9.14 ± 0.45 | 33.22 ± 0.46 | 69.62 ± 0.90 |
Croton sublyratus Kurz | 16.34 ± 0.69 | 18.47 ± 0.73 | 60.36 ± 0.17 | 13.07 ± 1.29 | 17.81 ± 1.20 | 58.62 ± 0.68 |
Datura metel L. | 20.17 ± 0.68 | 43.79 ± 0.89 | 61.94 ± 0.50 | 16.42 ± 0.65 | 42.36 ± 1.11 | 60.06 ± 0.16 |
Garcinia mangostana Linn. | 47.01 ± 2.73 | 97.96 ± 0.85 | 99.66 ± 0.05 | 45.10 ± 2.45 | 95.19 ± 1.43 | 96.52 ± 0.34 |
Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC. | NA | 28.88 ± 0.45 | 27.52 ± 1.66 | NA | 28.00 ± 0.36 | 25.37 ± 1.99 |
Hibiscus mutabilis L. | NA | 21.36 ± 0.51 | 44.74 ± 0.23 | NA | 20.34 ± 0.42 | 43.29 ± 1.26 |
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.br. | 8.03 ± 0.54 | 32.30 ± 1.93 | 77.43 ± 1.74 | 4.53 ± 0.34 | 31.41 ± 2.73 | 75.16 ± 2.37 |
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels | NA | 40.72 ± 1.25 | 99.43 ± 0.17 | NA | 40.06 ± 1.90 | 96.27 ± 0.10 |
Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz | 13.55 ± 0.49 | 28.90 ± 0.57 | 56.26 ± 0.90 | 10.60 ± 0.24 | 28.29 ± 1.77 | 53.26 ± 1.95 |
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. | 12.51 ± 0.41 | 29.21 ± 1.35 | 99.45 ± 0.11 | 8.79 ± 0.17 | 28.97 ± 0.56 | 96.28 ± 0.12 |
Stemona curtisii Hook.f. | NA | 27.65 ± 1.30 | 95.49 ± 0.25 | NA | 27.48 ± 0.11 | 91.91 ± 0.63 |
Streblus asper Lour. | NA | 33.22 ± 0.77 | 87.32 ± 0.39 | NA | 32.92 ± 1.57 | 83.78 ± 0.90 |
Tyrosinase activity inhibition by plant extracts
Plant | Extract | Tyrosinase inhibition (%) | Collagenase inhibition(%) |
---|---|---|---|
Annona squamosa Linn. | Ethanol | 21.92 ± 1.45**
| 55.12 ± 3.18***
|
Ardisia elliptica Thunb. | Petroleum ether | 19.42 ± 1.21**
| NA |
Ardisia elliptica Thunb. | Dichloromethane | 21.40 ± 1.61**
| NA |
Ardisia elliptica Thunb. | Ethanol | 49.54 ± 1.23***
| 94.88 ± 6.93***
|
Croton sublyratus Kurz | Ethanol | NA | 24.14 ± 0.98**
|
Datura metel L. | Ethanol | 20.91 ± 1.70**
| NA |
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.br. | Ethanol | 23.01 ± 1.65**
| NA |
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels. | Ethanol | 42.92 ± 3.85***
| NA |
Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz | Ethanol | 64.68 ± 5.46***
| NA |
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. | Ethanol | 23.49 ± 1.09**
| 41.49 ± 2.63***
|
Kojid acid (tyrosinase inhibitor) | 93.38 ± 1.63***
| ||
Epigallatecathechin gallate (collagenase inhibitor) | – | 90.51 ± 2.79***
|