Background
Methods
Area characteristics
1994 | 2004 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Description | Mean | Std | Min | Max | Mean | Std | Min | Max |
Townsend index
| |||||||||
Unemployment | Percentage of economically active residents aged 18–64 who are unemployed. | 5.4 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 9.7 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 6.9 |
Car ownership | Percentage of private households who do not posses a car. | 48.4 | 16.4 | 16.8 | 89.8 | 45.5 | 16.0 | 27.1 | 78.8 |
Home ownership | Percentage of private dwellings not owner occupied. | 48.4 | 28.3 | 0.0 | 99.6 | 29.2 | 25.8 | 0.0 | 80.9 |
Overcrowding | Percentage of private households with children with >2 people per room, kitchen and 1 room uncounted. | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Index values
|
0.0
|
2.5
|
-6.3
|
4.7
|
0.0
|
2.6
|
-6.9
|
4.9
| |
Congdon index
| |||||||||
Private renting | Percentage of private households in rented accommodation. | 48.4 | 28.3 | 0.0 | 99.6 | 29.2 | 25.8 | 0.0 | 80.9 |
Single person household | Percentage of residents aged <65 and living alone. | 45.5 | 13.6 | 25.2 | 81.9 | 48.6 | 12.2 | 28.8 | 81.0 |
Unmarried | Percentage of residents aged >15 and not married. | 46.9 | 8.7 | 22.3 | 61.4 | 43.1 | 7.9 | 22.2 | 58.5 |
Mobility | The percentage of residents that moved in or out during the previous year. | 23.1 | 7.3 | 10.4 | 39.7 | 23.9 | 6.7 | 8.0 | 40.9 |
Index values
|
0.0
|
1.9
|
-4.0
|
4.0
|
0.0
|
2.0
|
-4.4
|
4.5
|
Economic deprivation 2004 | |||||||
Index group | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | No. of parishes | |
Economic deprivation 1994
| 1 | 16 | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 28 |
2 | 10 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 28 | |
3 | 1 | 11 | 13 | 2 | 1 | 28 | |
4 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 19 | 3 | 28 | |
5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 21 | 26 | |
Total | 27 | 31 | 28 | 27 | 25 | 138 | |
Social fragmentation 2004
| |||||||
Index group | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | No. of parishes | |
Social fragmentation 1994
| 1 | 13 | 10 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 27 |
2 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 29 | |
3 | 3 | 6 | 14 | 4 | 1 | 28 | |
4 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 18 | 3 | 28 | |
5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 21 | 26 | |
Total | 27 | 28 | 31 | 27 | 25 | 138 |
Injury causes
Cause of injury | ICD-10 | ICD-9 |
---|---|---|
Fall injuries
| W00–W19 | E880–E888 |
Vulnerable road user-related injuries
| V01–V19, V80 | E819F-G, E826, E838A,D,E,X |
- Pedestrian | V01–V09 | E838A,D,E,X |
- Cyclist | V10–V19 | E819G, E826 |
- Animal-rider or occupant | V80 | E819F |
Motor-vehicle rider-related injuries
| V20–V79, V81–V99 | E819A-E,J-X, E841, E849 |
- Moped rider | V20–V29 | E819C-E,J-X |
- Car passenger | V40–V79 | E819A-B |
- Other land transport accident | V81–V89 | |
- Water-, air- or other unspec transport accidents | V90–V99 | E841, E849 |
Violence-related injuries
| W50–W529, X60–Y09 | E950–E969 |
- Deliberate self-harm | X60–X84 | E950–E959 |
- Inter-personal violence | W50–W529, X85–Y09 | E960–E969 |
Data analysis
Results
Association between two area-based indices and injury rates by time period (1993–95 and 2003–05) and across time periods
Economic deprivation | Boys 10–14 yr 1993–95 | 2003–05 | Boys 15–19 yr 1993–95 | 2003–05 | Girls 10–14 yr 1993–95 | 2003–05 | Girls 15–19 yr 1993–95 | 2003–05 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fall injuries | ||||||||
I
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
II
| 1.18 (0.68–2.02) | 1.32 (0.85–2.06) | 0.93 (0.51–1.70) | 0.80 (0.45–1.41) | 0.83 (0.39–1.78) | 0.96 (0.52–1.78) | 0.82 (0.38–1.76) | 2.36 (1.05–5.31) |
III
| 1.45 (0.91–2.33) | 1.17 (0.76–1.80) | 1.69 (1.03–2.77) | 0.81 (0.48–1.37) | 1.75 (0.95–3.24) | 1.02 (0.58–1.82) | 0.65 (0.42–0.99) | 2.87 (1.37–6.01) |
IV
| 1.47 (0.92–2.34) | 1.18 (0.77–1.81) | 1.38 (0.84–2.27) | 0.90 (0.53–1.50) | 1.60 (0.87–2.95) | 0.83 (0.46–1.48) | 0.62 (0.41–0.94) | 2.21 (1.05–4.63) |
V
| 1.62 (1.01–2.58) | 1.12 (0.73–1.71) | 1.50 (0.91–2.48) | 0.94 (0.56–1.57) | 1.48 (0.80–2.75) | 1.07 (0.60–1.89) | 0.65 (0.42–0.99) | 2.62 (1.25–5.51) |
No of injuries
|
722
|
877
|
613
|
481
|
418
|
392
|
424
|
198
|
Vulnerable road user | ||||||||
I
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
II
| 1.07 (0.46–2.49) | 0.65 (0.32–1.31) | 1.92 (0.40–9.22) | 0.72 (0.16–3.21) | 0.80 (0.26–2.48) | 3.94 (0.48–31.99) | ||
III
| 1.01 (0.48–2.12) | 0.73 (0.39–1.38) | 2.49 (0.60–10.34) | 1.96 (0.60–6.33) | 0.58 (0.20–1.71) | 3.99 (0.54–29.34) | ||
IV
| 0.86 (0.41–1.79) | 0.57 (0.30–1.08) | 2.73 (0.66–11.24) | 1.19 (0.36–3.90) | 0.56 (0.19–1.64) | 2.99 (0.40–22.139) | ||
V
| 0.97 (0.46–2.03) | 0.53 (0.28–1.01) | 1.65 (0.39–7.04) | 0.70 (0.20–2.40) | 0.52 (0.18–1.53) | 2.19 (0.29–16.57) | ||
No of injuries
|
192
|
233
|
111
|
58
|
90
|
74
|
74
|
35
|
Motor-vehicle rider | ||||||||
I
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
II
| 0.68 (0.26–1.84) | 0.81 (0.32–2.02) | 0.84 (0.47–1.49) | 0.71 (0.42–1.18) | 1.51 (0.54–4.19) | 1.24 (0.52–3.01) | 1.87 (0.52–6.81) | 1.59 (0.81–3.12) |
III
| 0.55 (0.24–1.26) | 0.46 (0.19–1.13) | 0.67 (0.41–1.10) | 0.50 (0.31–0.82) | 0.42 (0.15–1.17) | 1.00 (0.43–2.33) | 1.77 (0.55–5.75) | 1.68 (0.92–3.07 |
IV
| 0.20 (0.08–0.51) | 0.54 (0.22–1.29) | 0.41 (0.25–0.69) | 0.46 (0.28–0.74) | 0.42 (0.15–1.13) | 0.49 (0.20–1.18) | 1.41 (0.43–4.60) | 1.04 (0.56–1.93) |
V
| 0.16 (0.06–0.43) | 0.26 (0.10–0.67) | 0.33 (0.19–0.57) | 0.30 (0.18–0.50) | 0.33 (0.12–0.95) | 0.47 (0.20–1.15) | 0.73 (0.21–2.52) | 0.99 (0.52–1.87) |
No of injuries
|
63
|
94
|
249
|
316
|
62
|
135
|
98
|
168
|
Self-inflicted | ||||||||
I
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
II
| 1.19 (0.45–3.12) | 2.69 (0.59–12.29) | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.38–1.76) | 4.87 (2.05–11.61) | |||
III
| 1.15 (0.49–2.68) | 3.31 (0.80–13.65) | 1.05 (0.50–2.21) | 1.10 (0.59–2.07) | 4.41 (1.92–10.17) | |||
IV
| 0.73 (0.31–1.73) | 2.40 (0.58–9.93) | 0.97 (0.46–2.03) | 1.64 (0.89–3.03) | 4.33 (1.89–9.93) | |||
V
| 0.98 (0.41–2.31) | 2.16 (0.52–9.02) | 1.07 (0.51–2.21) | 1.71 (0.92–3.17) | 9.97 (4.41–22.53) | |||
No of injuries
|
48
|
16
|
142
|
59
|
127
|
82
|
384
|
343
|
Violence-related | ||||||||
I
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
II
| 3.57 (0.85–15.01) | 0.99 (0.48–2.08) | 1.06 (0.57–2.00) | 4.53 (0.60–34.06) | 2.44 (0.96–6.18) | |||
III
| 2.53 (0.61–10.46) | 0.69 (0.36–1.32) | 1.10 (0.61–2.00) | 5.13 (0.71–37.29) | 2.66 (1.13–6.27) | |||
IV
| 3.00 (0.73–12.31) | 1.00 (0.54–1.87) | 1.19 (0.66–2.15) | 3.59 (0.49–26.26) | 2.25 (0.69–5.29) | |||
V
| 2.64 (0.64–10.84) | 1.05 (0.56–1.98) | 1.00 (0.55–1.80) | 4.27 (0.59–31.06) | 2.72 (1.16–6.39) | |||
No of injuries
|
28
|
181
|
253
|
446
|
12
|
131
|
35
|
148
|
Social fragmentation | Boys 10–14 yr 1993–95 | 2003–05 | Boys 15–19 yr 1993–95 | 2003–05 | Girls 10–14 yr 1993–95 | 2003–05 | Girls 15–19 yr 1993–95 | 2003–05 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fall injuries | ||||||||
I
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
II
| 0.91 (0.52–1.62) | 1.03 (0.68–1.54) | 1.69 (0.81–3.53) | 1.01 (0.59–1.73) | 1.11 (0.46–2.68) | 1.05 (0.61–1.81) | 1.05 (0.57–1.91) | 1.72 (0.78–3.80) |
III
| 1.09 (0.67–1.77) | 1.14 (0.78–1.67) | 1.94 (0.99–3.79) | 0.91 (0.55–1.51) | 1.74 (0.81–3.74) | 0.80 (0.48–1.33) | 0.84 (0.49–1.43) | 2.46 (1.23–4.94) |
IV
| 1.17 (0.73–1.89) | 0.96 (0.66–1.40) | 2.21 (1.14–4.30) | 1.05 (0.64–1.72) | 2.11 (0.99–4.49) | 0.83 (0.50–1.43) | 0.82 (0.48–1.40) | 2.23 (1.10–4.51) |
V
| 1.26 (0.78–2.03) | 1.00 (0.68–1.47) | 2.06 (1.05–4.03) | 0.95 (0.57–1.59) | 1.66 (0.77–3.57) | 0.99 (0.59–1.67) | 0.76 (0.44–1.30) | 2.22 (1.09–4.53) |
No of injuries
|
722
|
877
|
613
|
481
|
418
|
392
|
424
|
198
|
Vulnerable road user | ||||||||
I
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
II
| 2.31 (0.27–19.74) | 1.61 (0.72–3.60) | 4.86 (1.14–20.68) | 4.13 (0.52–32.57) | 0.75 (0.26–2.13) | 1.34 (0.14–12.93) | ||
III
| 3.45 (0.47–25.21) | 1.24 (0.57–2.69) | 2.56 (0.62–10.55) | 3.80 (0.52–27.77) | 0.57 (0.21–1.51) | 2.58 (0.35–19.06) | ||
IV
| 4.24 (0.59–30.65) | 1.00 (0.46–2.17) | 2.77 (0.68–11.31) | 2.71 (0.37–19.85) | 0.41 (0.15–1.10) | 2.54 (0.35–18.59) | ||
V
| 2.41 (0.32–17.88) | 0.89 (0.40–2.01) | 2.88 (0.70–11.82) | 1.50 (0.20–11.37) | 0.66 (0.24–1.79) | 1.61 (0.21–12.20) | ||
No of injuries
|
192
|
233
|
111
|
58
|
90
|
74
|
74
|
35
|
Motor-vehicle rider | ||||||||
I
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
II
| 2.21 (0.48–10.09) | 0.85 (0.36–1.99) | 0.86 (0.47–1.59) | 0.74 (0.46–1.21) | 2.98 (0.67–13.21) | 0.94 (0.46–1.92) | 3.59 (0.45–28.67) | 1.01 (0.53–1.91) |
III
| 1.39 (0.33–5.85) | 0.48 (0.21–1.10) | 0.60 (0.35–1.02) | 0.55 (0.35–0.86) | 1.12 (0.26–4.78) | 0.62 (0.31–1.24) | 3.87 (0.53–28.21) | 1.22 (0.72–2.09) |
IV
| 0.59 (0.14–2.60) | 0.48 (0.21–1.08) | 0.35 (0.20–0.60) | 0.39 (0.24–0.61) | 0.68 (0.16–2.95) | 0.33 (0.16–0.68) | 3.36 (0.46–24.40) | 1.02 (0.58–1.76) |
V
| 0.52 (0.11–2.39) | 0.13 (0.04–0.40) | 0.29 (0.16–0.51) | 0.32 (0.19–0.52) | 0.59 (0.13–2.65) | 0.35 (0.16–0.76) | 1.29 (0.17–9.91) | 0.48 (0.25–0.91) |
No of injuries
|
63
|
94
|
249
|
316
|
62
|
135
|
98
|
168
|
Self-inflicted | ||||||||
I
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
II
| 1.04 (0.32–3.37) | 1.38 (0.28–6.89) | 1.41 (0.30–6.53) | 0.70 (0.30–1.61) | 3.67 (1.70–7.89) | |||
III
| 1.24 (0.45–3.44) | 2.24 (0.54–9.25) | 1.70 (0.40–7.16) | 1.01 (0.51–2.02) | 2.77 (1.33–5.77) | |||
IV
| 0.96 (0.34–2.66) | 1.82 (0.44–7.52) | 1.46 (0.35–6.13) | 1.35 (0.69–2.64) | 6.34 (3.11–12.92) | |||
V
| 1.03 (0.37–2.90) | 1.87 (0.45–7.77) | 1.85 (0.43–7.93) | 1.52 (0.77–2.98) | 4.73 (2.30–7.93) | |||
No of injuries
|
48
|
16
|
142
|
59
|
127
|
82
|
384
|
343
|
Violence-related | ||||||||
I
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
II
| 1.24 (0.47–3.28) | 0.77 (0.34–1.76) | 0.85 (0.59–1.48) | 1.57 (0.45–5.41) | 1.96 (0.69–5.55) | |||
III
| 1.44 (0.58–3.58) | 0.72 (0.36–1.45) | 1.01 (0.61–1.67) | 2.12 (0.66–6.83) | 3,36 (1.34–8.42) | |||
IV
| 1.22 (0.49–3.03) | 0.86 (0.43–1.70) | 0.87 (0.53–1.44) | 1.48 (0.46–4.77) | 3,31 (1.32–8.33) | |||
V
| 1.21 (0.47–3.10) | 0.94 (0.47–1.88) | 0.88 (0.52–1.47) | 1.62 (0.49–5.36) | 2,89 (1.13–7.40) | |||
No of injuries
|
28
|
181
|
253
|
446
|
12
|
131
|
35
|
148
|
Simple and partial correlations between indices and injury causes in two periods
Simple correlation | Partial correlation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Economic deprivation | Social fragmentation | Economic deprivation | Social fragmentation | |
First period (1993–1995)
| ||||
Girls 10–14 years
| ||||
Fall | 0.36** | 0.36** | 0.12 | 0.11 |
Vulnerable road user | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.04 |
Motor-vehicle rider | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Self-inflicted | 0.28** | 0.32** | 0.02 | 0.17* |
Violence-related | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
Girls 15–19 years
| ||||
Fall | 0.32** | 0.34** | 0.08 | 0.13 |
Vulnerable road user | 0.20* | 0.20* | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Motor-vehicle rider | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
Self-inflicted | 0.48** | 0.47** | 0.16* | 0.16 |
Violence-related | 0.28** | 0.25** | 0.12 | 0.05 |
Boys 10–14 years
| ||||
Fall | 0.42** | 0.40** | 0.17* | 0.10 |
Vulnerable road user | 0.37** | 0.37** | 0.12 | 0.12 |
Motor-vehicle rider | 0.01 | 0.07 | -0.10 | 0.12 |
Self-inflicted | 0.32** | 0.34** | 0.08 | 0.13 |
Violence-related | 0.23** | 0.22** | 0.10 | 0.04 |
Boys 15–19 years
| ||||
Fall | 0.37** | 0.38** | 0.12 | 0.13 |
Vulnerable road user | 0.29** | 0.31** | 0.05 | 0.14 |
Motor-vehicle rider | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.01 |
Self-inflicted | 0.29** | 0.31** | 0.05 | 0.14 |
Violence-related | 0.37** | 0.34** | 0.18* | 0.05 |
Second period (2003–2005)
| ||||
Girls 10–14 years
| ||||
Fall | 0.41** | 0.30** | 0.30** | -0.12 |
Vulnerable road user | 0.25** | 0.17* | 0.20* | -0.10 |
Motor-vehicle rider | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.12 | -0.08 |
Self-inflicted | 0.35** | 0.28** | 0.24** | -0.07 |
Violence-related | 0.22** | 0.33** | 0.28** | -0.14 |
Girls 15–19 years
| ||||
Fall | 0.30** | 0.25** | 0.16 | -0.01 |
Vulnerable road user | 0.26** | 0.24** | 0.11 | 0.03 |
Motor-vehicle rider | 0.19* | 0.09 | 0.22** | -0.14 |
Self-inflicted | 0.53** | 0.41** | 0.39** | -0.11 |
Violence-related | 0.30** | 0.23** | 0.22** | -0.07 |
Boys 10–14 years
| ||||
Fall | 0.37** | 0.27** | 0.27** | -0.09 |
Vulnerable road user | 0.28** | 0.19* | 0.23** | -0.10 |
Motor-vehicle rider | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.17* | -0.12 |
Self-inflicted | 0.30** | 0.22** | 0.23** | -0.08 |
Violence-related | 0.21* | 0.32** | 0.28** | -0.14 |
Boys 15–19 years
| ||||
Fall | 0.49** | 0.35** | 0.38** | -0.14 |
Vulnerable road user | 0.21* | 0.18* | 0.10 | 0.01 |
Motor-vehicle rider | 0.22** | 0.13 | 0.21* | -0.12 |
Self-inflicted | 0.44** | 0.34** | 0.30** | -0.08 |
Violence-related | 0.42** | 0.30** | 0.33** | -0.13 |