Background
Methods
Data collection
Cold hypersensitivity in the hands and feet
Disease
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Hypertension: Blood pressure was measured from the upper right arm using a sphygmomanometer (FT-500R PLUS, Jawon Medical, Korea). According to the Seventh Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-7), hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure (sBP) higher than 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (dBP) higher than 90 mmHg, or a diagnosis of hypertension with blood pressure managed by medication.
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Hypotension: Generally, hypotension is not defined as a disease and has no standard for diagnosis, but there are claims that hypotension accompanies CHHF [10, 13]. Thus, according to the standard mainly used in Korea [19], hypotension is defined as a sBP lower than 90 mmHg or dBP lower than 60 mmHg.
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IFG and DM: Blood analysis was performed using an ADVIA 1800 Auto Analyzer (Siemens, USA). Fasting blood sugar (FBS) was measured after 12 h of fasting. IFG was defined as an FBS between 100 mg/dL and 125 mg/dL, and DM was defined as an FBS higher than 126 mg/dL or a diagnosis of DM with medication for lowering blood sugar, according to the American Diabetes Association.
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Dyslipidaemia: According to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adults Treatment Panel III, dyslipidaemia was defined as a total cholesterol (TC) higher than 240 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) higher than 160 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) lower than 40 mg/dL, triglycerides (TG) higher than 200 mg/dL, or a diagnosis of dyslipidaemia with medication.
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Anaemia: Haemoglobin (Hb) levels were measured using ADIVA2120i (Siemens, USA). According to a standard established by the World Health Organization [20], anaemia was defined as a haemoglobin level lower than 13 g/dL in men and 12 g/dL in women, or a diagnosis of anaemia managed with medication.
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Dysmenorrhoea: Dysmenorrhoea was defined as lower abdominal, back, or pelvic pain occurring just before or during menstruation [21]. However, this study did not distinguish primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Among answers of “almost none” (1), “little” (2), “serious” (3), and “very serious” (4) in the menstrual pain questionnaire, answers of “serious” (3) or “very serious” (4) were regarded as indicative of dysmenorrhoea [18, 22].
Statistical methods
Results
Demographic characteristics
Non-CHHF | CHHF | Total | P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 1332 (44.1) | 366 (19.2) | 1698 (34.5) | <0.001 |
Female | 1685 (55.9) | 1543 (80.8) | 3228 (65.5) | ||
Age (y) | 48.1 ± 14.0 | 44.6 ± 13.8 | 46.8 ± 14.0 | <0.001 | |
Height (cm) | 163 ± 8.7 | 161.1 ± 7.5 | 162.3 ± 8.3 | <0.001 | |
Weight (kg) | 64.6 ± 11.5 | 57.6 ± 8.9 | 61.9 ± 11.1 | <0.001 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 3.3 | 22.2 ± 2.8 | 23.4 ± 3.3 | <0.001 | |
Body temperature (°C) | 36.3 ± 0.4 | 36.3 ± 0.4 | 36.3 ± 0.4 | 0.072 | |
Systolic blood pressure | 122.8 ± 15.4 | 117.8 ± 15.6 | 120.9 ± 15.7 | <0.001 | |
Diastolic blood pressure | 80.2 ± 11.2 | 76.7 ± 11.0 | 78.8 ± 11.2 | <0.001 | |
Fasting blood sugar | 98.3 ± 27.7 | 92.6 ± 21.6 | 96.1 ± 25.6 | <0.001 | |
Triglyceride | 136.8 ± 96.1 | 105.1 ± 63.2 | 124.4 ± 86.1 | <0.001 | |
Total cholesterol | 187.7 ± 34.5 | 183.7 ± 33.3 | 186.2 ± 34.1 | <0.001 | |
High-density lipoprotein | 48.5 ± 13.0 | 54.4 ± 13.8 | 50.8 ± 13.6 | <0.001 | |
Low-density lipoprotein | 110.7 ± 30.9 | 105.9 ± 29.8 | 108.8 ± 30.6 | <0.001 | |
Haemoglobin | 13.9 ± 1.6 | 13.2 ± 1.5 | 13.6 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
Chi-Square tests analysing the relationship between CHHF and disease
Non-CHHF | CHHF | Total | P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anaemia | No | 2650 (89.6) | 1608 (84.5) | 4258 (87.6) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 306 (10.4) | 296 (15.5) | 602 (12.4) | ||
Angina pectoris | No | 2926 (97.0) | 1875 (98.2) | 4801 (97.5) | 0.007 |
Yes | 91 (3.0) | 34 (1.8) | 125 (2.5) | ||
Asthma | No | 2891 (95.8) | 1829 (95.8) | 4720 (95.8) | 0.980 |
Yes | 126 (4.2) | 80 (4.2) | 206 (4.2) | ||
Chronic gastritis | No | 2683 (88.9) | 1537 (80.5) | 4220 (85.7) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 334 (11.1) | 372 (19.5) | 706 (14.3) | ||
Chronic rhinitis | No | 2739 (90.8) | 1664 (87.2) | 4403 (89.4) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 278 (9.2) | 245 (12.8) | 523 (10.6) | ||
Chronic sinusitis | No | 2879 (95.4) | 1799 (94.2) | 4678 (95.0) | 0.063 |
Yes | 138 (4.6) | 110 (5.8) | 248 (5.0) | ||
Degenerative arthritis | No | 2731 (90.5) | 1714 (89.8) | 4445 (90.2) | 0.397 |
Yes | 286 (9.5) | 195 (10.2) | 481 (9.8) | ||
Diabetes mellitus | No | 2683 (90.8) | 1815 (95.4) | 4498 (92.6) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 272 (9.2) | 87 (4.6) | 359 (7.4) | ||
Dyslipidaemia | No | 1722 (58.3) | 1437 (75.6) | 3159 (65.0) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 1234 (41.7) | 465 (24.4) | 1699 (35.0) | ||
Dysmenorrhoea | No | 422 (78.9) | 561 (72.6) | 983 (75.2) | 0.009 |
Yes | 113 (21.1) | 212 (27.4) | 325 (24.8) | ||
Fatty liver | No | 2737 (90.7) | 1817 (95.2) | 4554 (92.4) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 280 (9.3) | 92 (4.8) | 372 (7.6) | ||
Gastroduodenal ulcer | No | 2896 (96.0) | 1806 (94.6) | 4702 (95.5) | 0.023 |
Yes | 121 (4.0) | 103 (5.4) | 224 (4.5) | ||
Hypertension | No | 1992 (66.5) | 1460 (76.5) | 3452 (70.4) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 1004 (33.5) | 449 (23.5) | 1453 (29.6) | ||
Hypotension | No | 2824 (94.3) | 1733 (90.8) | 4557 (92.9) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 172 (5.7) | 176 (9.2) | 348 (7.1) | ||
Impaired fasting glucose | No | 2050 (91.6) | 1749 (96.4) | 4206 (93.5) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 633 (8.4) | 66 (3.6) | 292 (6.5) | ||
Reflux oesophagitis | No | 2733 (90.6) | 1626 (85.2) | 4359 (88.5) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 284 (9.4) | 283 (14.8) | 567 (11.5) | ||
Rheumatoid arthritis | No | 2958 (98.0) | 1860 (97.4) | 4818 (97.8) | 0.154 |
Yes | 59 (2.0) | 49 (2.6) | 108 (2.2) | ||
Stroke | No | 2700 (89.5) | 1795 (94.0) | 4495 (91.3) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 317 (10.5) | 114 (6.0) | 431 (8.7) |